Chanyu






Xiongnu


Chanyu (Chinese: 單于; Chinese: 单于; pinyin: Chányú; short form for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (Chinese: 撐犁孤塗單于; pinyin: Chēnglí Gūtu Chányú)) was the title used by the nomadic supreme rulers of Inner Asia for eight centuries and was superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 CE.[1] The title was used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE) and Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE).






Contents






  • 1 Etymology


  • 2 List of Xiongnu Chanyus


    • 2.1 Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)


    • 2.2 Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)




  • 3 Da Chanyu (大單于)


  • 4 Chanyu family trees


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References





Etymology


According to Book of Han, Chēnglí 撐犁 means "heaven", gūtu 孤塗 "son" and chányú 單于 "immense appearance".[2]


Linguist Alexander Vovin proposes Yeniseic etymology for 撐犁孤塗單于, in Old Chinese pronunciation *treng-ri kwa-la dar-ɢā, from tentative roots *tɨŋgVr- "high", *kwala- "son, child", *tɨl' "low, north", and *qʌ̄j ~ χʌ̄j "prince"; as a whole "Son of Heaven, Ruler of the North".[3][4]



List of Xiongnu Chanyus













































































































































































NB: Chanyu names do not always obey Chinese convention
Chinese name
Pinyin / Wade-Giles
 Guangyun Personal Name Reign Note


Touman Chanyu (頭曼單于/头曼单于)		 Tóumàn / t'ou-man 240–209 BC

Modu Chanyu (冒頓單于/冒顿单于)		 mòdú / mou-tun Luandi Modu (攣鞮冒頓 / 挛鞮冒顿) 209–174 BC a.k.a. Batur (Baγatur) [5]

Laoshang (老上單于/老上单于)		 lǎoshàng / lao-shang 174–161 BC

Gunchen (軍臣單于/军臣单于)		 jūnchén / chün-ch'en 161–126 BC

Ichise (伊稚斜單于/伊稚斜单于)		 yīzhìxié / i-chih-hsieh 126–114 BC
Uwei (烏維/乌维) 114–105 BC

Ushylu (兒單于/儿单于)		 (烏師廬/乌师庐) 105–102/101 BC "Err Chanyu" (underage) [6]
Guilihu (呴犛湖/呴犁湖) 102/101–101/100 BC

Chedi (且鞮侯)		 (且鞮侯) 101/100–96 BC a.k.a. Quidi, Chedihou

Hulugu (狐鹿姑單于/狐鹿姑单于)		 húlùgū / hu-lu-ku 96–85 BC

Huandi (壺衍鞮單于/壺衍鞮单于)		 húyǎndī / hu-yen-ti 85–68 BC

Hyuilui-Juankui (虛閭權渠單于/虚闾权渠单于)		 xūlǘquánqú / hsü-lü-ch'üan-ch'ü 68–60 BC

Uyan-Guidi (握衍朐鞮單于/握衍朐鞮单于)		 wòyǎnqúdī / wo-lu-ch'ü-ti (屠耆堂/ 屠耆堂) 60–58 BC

Huhanye (呼韓邪單于/呼韩邪单于)		 hūhánxié / hu-han-hsieh Giheushyan [7]
( 稽侯狦)		 58 – 31 BC
屠耆單于, 58–56 BC
呼揭單于, 57 BC
車犂單于, 57–56 BC
烏籍單于, 57 BC
閏振單于, 56–54 BC
Zhizhi Chanyu 郅支單于, 55 – 36 BC
伊利目單于, 49 BC

Fujulei [8]
(復株纍若鞮單于/复株累若鞮单于)		 fùzhūléiruòdī/fu-chu-lei-je-ti Dyaotao-mogao [9]
(彫陶莫皋/雕陶莫皋)		 31–20 BC
"Jodi" in Hunnic means "respectful to parents" [10]

Seuxie [11]
(搜諧若鞮單于/搜谐若鞮单于)		 Juimixui [12]
(且麋胥)		 20–12 BC Title Jodi-Chanyu

Guia [13]
(車牙若鞮單于/车牙若鞮单于)		 Juimigui [14]
(且莫車/挛鞮且莫车)		 12–8 BC Title Jodi-Chanyu

Uchjulu [15] (烏珠留若鞮單于/乌珠留若鞮单于)		 Nengzhiyasi [16]
(囊知牙斯)		 8 BC – 13 AD Title Jodi-Chanyu

Ulei Hyan [17] (烏累若鞮單于/乌累若鞮单于)		 (鹹/挛鞮咸) 13–18 AD Title Jodi-Chanyu

Yui [18] (呼都而尸道皋若鞮單于/呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于)		 (輿/挛鞮舆) 18–46 AD

Wudadi-hou [19]
 Wudadi (烏達鞮侯/乌达鞮侯) 46 AD


Northern Xiongnu (北匈奴)




















































Chinese name
Pinyin/Wade-Giles
 Guangyun Personal Name Reign Note


Punu (蒲奴)		 Punu 46–? AD

Youliu [20] (優留)		 Youliu ?–87 AD

Bey/Bi (北單于)		 Běi Chányú 88–? AD

Yuchujian [21] (於除鞬單于)		 Yuchujian 91–93 AD

Feng-hou (逢侯)		 Feng, a.k.a. Finghey 94–118 AD


Southern Xiongnu (南匈奴)








































































































































Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign

Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼韓邪)
Di II (第二)醢落尸逐鞮		 a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition
brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations
with Han China in AD 50		 48–56/55 AD
Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti
(丘浮尤提)		 Chupu-NoTi 55/56–56/57 AD
I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti
(伊伐於慮提)		 ??? 56/57–59 AD
XienTung ShiSuQuTi
(醢僮尸逐侯提)		 Shtongsi SuyGhuTi 59–63 AD


丘除車林提		 Kuchi QilinTi 63 AD
HuYeh ShiSuQuTi
(湖邪尸逐侯提)		 Ghushi Shisu Quti 63–85 AD
I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti
(伊屠於閭提)		 Iltu UluTi 85–88 AD

Tuntuhe [22] Siuan [23]
 XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭尸逐侯提) Shulan 88–93 AD

Anguo [24]
(安國)		 a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against
the Han		 93–94 AD

Shizi-hou [25]
(尸逐)		 Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨尸逐侯提) 94–98 AD
Wanchi ShiSuQuTi
(萬氏尸逐侯提)		 opposed by...
...Feng a.k.a. Finghey		 98-124AD
98–118 AD
Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi
(烏稽尸逐侯提)		 ??? 124–127/128 AD

Xiuli [26]
 Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特若尸逐就)[citation needed], committed suicide under Chinese pressure 127/128–140/142?

Cheniu [27]
 Chu-Xiu ???[citation needed], popularly elected not from Hunnic dynastic lines 140–143 AD

Deuleuchu [28]
 Ghoran, Hulan NoShiSuChin (呼蘭若尸逐就)[citation needed], pin. Touluchu,[29] puppet fictitious appointee at the Chinese court 143–147 AD

Guiguir [30]
 Illin, I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵若尸逐就)[citation needed], pin. Jucheer;[31] puppet Chinese appointee that escaped Chinese control; incarcerated by Chinese in 158 AD 147–158 AD (d. 172 AD)

Tude-joshy-zhuogu [32]
 Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特若尸逐就)[citation needed], a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti 158–178 AD

Huzheng [33](呼徵)		 a.k.a. Hu, Ching; Ghuzhin 178–179 AD

Qiangqui
(羌渠)		 a.k.a. Qiangquy, Qiangqu,[34] Jiangqu; killed in Xiuchuge Huns rebellion 179–188 AD

Yufuluo
(於扶羅)		 a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至尸逐侯)[citation needed]. The last ShiSu.
Homeless puppet Chanyu, overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Chanyu of
Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee
Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi.		 188–195 AD

Huchuquan (呼廚泉)		 Yufuluo's brother,[35] he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu
after Yufuluo died.		 195–215/6 AD


Da Chanyu (大單于)
















































































































Chinese name Data Personal Name Reign

Liu Bao (劉豹) Yufuluo's son. He changed the Chanyu clan name from
Luanti to Liu – meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu
Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only
over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the
Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South,
left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao
 216–260AD
劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule
over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as
Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王).		 260–272
劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 272–309

Liu Yuan (劉淵)		 Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title Hun Chanyu 匈奴 單于. Of Hun tribe Yuanhai, so Chinese annals use Yuanhai as his name [36]
 309–310

Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé		 Han Zhao state, personal name Xuantai 玄泰 7 days in 310

Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng		 Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, personal name Xuanmen 玄門, nickname Zai 載 310–318

Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn		 Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Yin, ch. 隱, personal name Shiguang 士光 a month and days in 318

Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò		 Han Zhao state, a.k.a. Emperor Hou Zhu 後主, personal name Yongming 永明 318–329

Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙		 Last ruler of Han Zhao; statutory Chanyu, probably never raised to the throne 329

Liu Hu 劉虎
Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Chanyu		 329–341
劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng ??? 341–356
劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu ??? 356–358
劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí ??? 358–359
劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén Posthumously named "Emperor Huan" 359–391
劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián
 391–425
赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng ??? 425–428
赫連定 Hèlián Dìng Last native ruler of Huns in China 428–431


Chanyu family trees







See also



  • Mulan

  • Tengrikut

  • Khan



References





  1. ^ Taskin V.S. "Materials on history of Dunhu group nomadic tribes", Moscow, 1984, p. 305,306, (Таскин В.С. "Mатериалы по истории древних кочевых народов группы Дунху") (in Russian)


  2. ^ Book of Han, Vol. 94-I, 匈奴謂天為「撐犁」，謂子為「孤塗」，單于者，廣大之貌也，


  3. ^ "Once again on the Etymology of the title qaɣan", in Studia Etyologica Crocoviensia, (2007) vol. 12, p. 177-185


  4. ^ "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language? Part 2: Vocabulary", in Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Budapest, June 23-28, pp. 389-394.


  5. ^ Hirth F. Sinologische Beitrage zur Geschichte der Turk-Volker. Die Ahnentafel Attila's nach Johannes von Thurocz. Bull. Imp. Acad, series V, vol. XIII, 1900, No 2, pp. 221–261.


  6. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 46


  7. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 59


  8. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86


  9. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86


  10. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 107


  11. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86


  12. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 86


  13. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87


  14. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87


  15. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, p. 87


  16. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", Australian National University Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs, New Series No.4, Canberra 1984, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-17.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  17. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", vol. 1, Sankt Petersburg, 1851, p. 105–107


  18. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 108–109


  19. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  20. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  21. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  22. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  23. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 130–134


  24. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  25. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  26. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  27. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  28. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 144


  29. ^ R. de Crespigny, "Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire", 1984


  30. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., "Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times", 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145


  31. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984


  32. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145 (True name unknown; the Chinese moniker has negative connotation; confirmed by Chinese Court as Chanyu in 172 AD)


  33. ^ Bichurin N.Ya., Collection of information on peoples in Central Asia in ancient times, 1851, vol. 1, pp. 145


  34. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984


  35. ^ R. de Crespigny, Northern Frontier: the policies and strategy of the Later Han empire, 1984


  36. ^ [1] Archived 2011-11-30 at the Wayback Machine. note 208









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