Ibibio language




































Ibibio
(Ibibio proper)
Native to Southern Nigeria
Region Akwa Ibom State
Ethnicity Ibibio
Native speakers
 1.5 to 2 million (1998)[1]
Language family

Niger–Congo

  • Atlantic–Congo

    • Benue–Congo

      • Cross River

        • Lower Cross

          • Ibibio-Efik
            • Ibibio
Language codes
ISO 639-3 ibb
Glottolog
ibib1240[2]





Ibibio (proper) is the native language of the Ibibio people of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, belonging to the Ibibio-Efik dialect cluster of the Cross River languages. The name Ibibio is sometimes used for the entire dialect cluster. In pre-colonial times, it was written with Nsibidi ideograms, similar to Igbo, Efik, Anaang, and Ejagham. Ibibio has also had influences on Afro-American diasporic languages such as AAVE words like buckra, which comes from the Ibibio word mbakara, and in the Afro-Cuban tradition of abakua.




Contents






  • 1 Phonology


    • 1.1 Consonants


    • 1.2 Vowels


    • 1.3 Tones




  • 2 References


  • 3 Bibliography


  • 4 Further reading


  • 5 External links





Phonology



Consonants























































Ibibio consonant phonemes[3]


Labial
Coronal
Palatal
Velar
Labial-velar

Nasal
m
n
ɲ
ŋ

Plosive
voiceless
b
t

k
k͡p

voiced
d



Fricative
voiceless
f
s



Approximant


j

w



  • /m, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f/ is labiodental.[3]

    • /b/ has two allophones, which occur in complementary distribution: voiceless [p] and voiced [b].[4]



  • /n, d, s/ are alveolar [n, d, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].[3]

  • Stem-initial /ŋ/ is realized as [ŋ͡w].[3]


Intervocalic plosives are lenited:[3]




  • /b/ → [β]


  • /t, d/ → [ɾ]


  • /k/ → [ɢ̆] or [ɰ]



Vowels




Ranges for Ibibio monophthongs, from Urua (2004:106)

































Ibibio vowel phonemes[3]


Front
Back

unrounded
unrounded
rounded

Close
i

u

Mid
e
ʌ
o

Open
a
ɔ



  • /i, u/ are phonetically near-close [ɪ, ʊ].[3]


  • /e, ʌ, o/ are phonetically true-mid; /ʌ/ is also strongly centralized: [e̞, ʌ̝̈, o̞].[3]


  • /a, ɔ/ are phonetically near-open; /a/ is central rather than front: [ɐ, ɔ̞].[3]


Between consonants, /i, u, o/ have allophones that are transcribed [ɪ, ʉ, ə], respectively.[3] At least in case of [ɪ, ə], the realization is probably somewhat different (e.g. close-mid [e, ɘ]), because the default IPA values of the symbols [ɪ, ə] are very similar to the normal realizations of the Ibibio vowels /i, ʌ/. Similarly, [ʉ] may actually be near-close [ʉ̞], rather than close [ʉ].


In some dialects (e.g. Ibiono), /ɪ, ʉ, ə/ occur as phonemes distinct from /i, u, o/.[3]



Tones


Ibibio has two tones: high and low. As in English language, a word can be used to mean two or more different things based on the tone ascribed to it.[5]



References





  1. ^ Ibibio at Ethnologue (15th ed., 2005)


  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ibibio". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ abcdefghijk Urua (2004), p. 106.


  4. ^ Urua (2004), pp. 105–106.


  5. ^ Urua (2004), p. 107.




Bibliography


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  • Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550



Further reading





  • Bachmann, Arne (2006): "Ein quantitatives Tonmodell für Ibibio. Entwicklung eines Prädiktionsmoduls für das BOSS-Sprachsynthesesystem." Magisterarbeit, University of Bonn.

  • Kaufman, Elaine Marlowe (1972) Ibibio dictionary. Leiden: African Studies Centre / Cross River State University / Ibibio Language Board.
    ISBN 90-70110-46-6




External links




  • Uyo Ibibio Dictionary, 2004


  • Ibibio kasahorow – language resources, including dictionary, books and proverbs.


  • Bachmann's Master Thesis, Paper, Presentation

  • BOSS-IBB documentation v0.1-r4

  • ELAR Documentation of Dirge songs among the Urban people [Efik, Ibibio]

  • ELAR Documentation of documenting drums and drum language in Ibibio traditional ceremonies












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