Grdan































vojvoda
Grdan
Born ca. 1570[citation needed]
Nikšić, Sanjak of Herzegovina, Bosnia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (now Montenegro)
Died 1612
Allegiance
Jovan Kantul, Patriarch of Peć
Years of service
fl. 1596–1612
Rank
vojvoda (duke)
Commands held Rebel army

Grdan (Serbian Cyrillic: Грдан; fl. 1596–d. 1612) was the vojvoda (duke) of the Nikšić nahija, part of the Sanjak of Herzegovina (Ottoman Empire), who led several uprisings against the Ottomans in between 1596 and 1612,[1] alongside Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul (s. 1592–1614).




Contents






  • 1 Life


    • 1.1 Origin


    • 1.2 Uprising of 1596–97


    • 1.3 1607–12




  • 2 Aftermath


  • 3 Annotations


  • 4 References


    • 4.1 Sources







Life



Origin


Grdan was part of the Nikšić tribe.[1] The tribe had originated from Nikša, who was the son of ban Ilijon of Grbalj and maternally a Nemanjić.[1] Nikša had moved to what is now Župa Nikšićka directly after the death of Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan (1355), his relative.[1] From Nikša sprung a powerful tribe, which gave its name to the old župa (county) of Onogošt.[1] Nikšić was conquered by the Ottomans and was organized into the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina in the late 15th century. Grdan was the vojvoda (duke) of the Nikšić nahija.[2] The "vojvoda"-title had been established after conflicts within the tribe as a compromise.[3]



Uprising of 1596–97


Main article: Serb Uprising of 1596–97

The Orthodox Christians in the Balkans sought the right moment to revolt against the Ottomans.[4] Serbian, Greek, Bulgarian and Albanian monks visited European courts for help.[4] The crushed Banat Uprising (1594) had been aided by Serbian Orthodox metropolitans Rufim Njeguš of Cetinje and Visarion of Trebinje (s. 1590–1602).[5] In 1596 revolts would spread into Ottoman Montenegro and the neighbouring tribes in Herzegovina, especially under influence of Metropolitan Visarion.[5] Visarion and the chieftains in Herzegovina asked the Pope for help.[6] A Ragusan document from the beginning of 1596 claims that many Herzegovinian chieftains with the metropolitan gathered in the Trebinje Monastery where they swore oath "to give up and donate 20,000 heroes to the emperors' light."[7] Grdan and the rebels were defeated on the Gacko Field sometime in 1597. The rebels then made peace with the Ottomans; Grdan accepted the Ottoman proposal of peace, in talks with Ahmed Pasha Khadum (Ahmet-paša Kadum), who forgave him.[8] The Beylerbey of Bosnia did nothing to him, not even stripping him of his voivodeship in Nikšić nahija.[9] However, he and Patriarch Jovan would continue to plan revolts against the Ottomans in the coming years.[1]



1607–12


In 1607, Patriarch Jovan Kantul negotiated with Emanuel I to be sent a force for the liberation of the Balkans, in exchange for "the Crown of Macedonia".[4] Jovan assured him that an army of 20,000, 25 guns and weapons for 25,000 more to be distributed in the Balkans would overwhelm the Ottoman sultan.[4] After years of planning, nothing concrete resulted in it, because such an operation "required Spanish naval and logistical support".[4]


Grdan and Patriarch Jovan continued contact with the successor of Pope Clement, Pope Paul V (s. 1605—1621), with the intention to establish a Christian league against the Ottoman Empire. The rebels asked Austria and the Imperial Spanish Kingdom of Naples for aid, in vain. In March 1608, after the assembly at the Kosijerevo monastery, Grdan, the chieftains of Herzegovina and Patriarch Jovan II sent a letter to Spanish king Emanuel I, supporting his liberation plans. In April 1608, at the assembly held at the Morača monastery, the rebels sent a letter to Pope Paul V, encouraging him to influence the Spanish decision to aid them. In the next assembly at Morača, held December 13, 1608, the chieftains (of South Herzegovina, Brda, Old Montenegro, Zadrima and Metohija) proclaimed the Duke of Savoy for their only king and lord. However, the Spanish court, having other plans in the West and being threatened by the Republic of Ragusa and the Ottoman Navy, did not want to start a crusade war in the Balkans.


In 1610 and again in 1612, Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua sent envoys to Dalmatian coast near Ragusa (Dubrovnik), to meet with Serb and Montenegrin chieftains.[4] Grdan died in 1612, and he was succeeded as vojvoda of Nikšić by his son Jovan. With the death of Grdan (1612), and the subsequent imprisonment of Jovan Kantul at Istanbul, Gonzaga never aided in revolt.[4]



Aftermath


After Grdan, the title went to his sons and relatives throughout the 17th century.[3] Nikša's descendants are the Jovanović brotherhood, a branch of the Nikšić tribe.[1]



Annotations



  • Grdan Nikšić (Грдан Никшић)


References





  1. ^ abcdefg Zapisi. 3. Cetinjsko istorijsko društvo. 1929. p. 97. Јовановићи су огранак племена Никшића. Њихов родоначелник Никша био је син грбаљскога бана Илијона, а сестрић Немањића. Никша је дошао у Жупу одмах иза смрти цара Душана. Од њега се у Жупи развило Јако племе, које је доцније натурило своје име старој жупи Оногошту. Од овог племена био је чувени херцеговачки војвода Грдан Никшић, који је 1597 — 1612 дизао буне противу Ту- рака и склапао савезе с европским владарима..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Petar N. Gaković (1939). Bosna vilajet. pisac. Једна локална побу- на у Дробњацима стала је главе чувеног Хусреф-бега, осваја- ча средње Славоније, за владе султана Сулејмана, а једну мно- го већу диже никшићки нахијски војвода Грдан Никшић при свршетку ХVI вијека, ...


  3. ^ ab Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti 1971, p. 225 .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}

    Тако је војвода Грдан Никшић био њихов за- једнички војвода и даље његови потомци и рођаци насљеђивали су војводство кроз читави XVII внјек: Јован, Гаврило, Петар и Вука- шин. Сама та чињеница говори да су Никшићи ...




  4. ^ abcdefg Gregory Hanlon; University Research Professor Gregory Hanlon (22 February 2008). The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800. Routledge. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-1-135-36143-3.


  5. ^ ab Editions speciales. Naučno delo. 1971. Дошло ]е до похреаа Срба у Ба- нату, ко]и су помагали тадаппьи црногоски владика, Херувим и тре- бюьски, Висарион. До покрета и борбе против Ту рака дошло ]е 1596. године и у Цр- иэ] Гори и сус]едним племенима у Харцеговгаш, нарочито под утица- ]ем поменутог владике Висариона. Идупе, 1597. године, [...] Али, аадика Висарион и во]вода Грдан радили су и дал>е на организован>у борбе, па су придобили и тадапньег пеЬког патри^арха 1ована. Ова] ]е папи Клименту VIII послао писмо, у коме каже да би се, у случа^у када би папа организовао напад на Нови, дигла на оруж]е и херцего- вачка племена: Зупци, Никшипи, Пивл>ани, Банъани, Дробшаци, Рудине и Гацко. Пошто ...


  6. ^ Rajko L. Veselinović (1966). (1219-1766). Udžbenik za IV razred srpskih pravoslavnih bogoslovija. (Yu 68-1914). Sv. Arh. Sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. ... од шпанских представника и других, а херцеговачки митрополит Висарион са главарима обратио се 1596. године римском папи за помоп. Следепе године, 1597., под воЬством херцеговачког митрополита Висариона и никшипког водводе Грдана дигли су се на устанак БрЬани, Ецелопавлипи, Никшипц Пиваьани и Дробъьаци али су се после пораза на Гатачком пшьу ... понуЪени опроштад од Турака. " После неуспелог устанка водвода Грдан задедно са патридархом Лованом 'П.


  7. ^ Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine (1959). Annuaire de la Société historique de Bosnie et Herzégovine. Istorisko društvo Bosne i Hercegovine. из Дубровника из почетка 1596 тврди да су се многи херцего- вачки главари са митрополитом састали у требшьском манастиру и заклели »да Ье се дати и поклонити светлости импературови су 20 тисуЪа ]унака«. Устаници ...


  8. ^ Stanojević, Gligor; Vasić, Milan (1975). Istorija Crne Gore (3): od početka XVI do kraja XVIII vijeka. Titograd: Redakcija za istoriju Crne Gore. p. ?. OCLC 799489791. Затим се Ахмет-паша Кадум помирио са војводом Грданом и опро- стио му.7 Млечанин Лацаро Соранцо, савременик догађаја и писац једне књиге о Турској, оставио је најинтересантнију и најпротиврјечнију биљешку о покрету ...


  9. ^ Petar Kočić (1936). Razvitak. 3–4. ... Грдан Никшић је потучен на Гатачком Пољу, али му босански беглербег није учинио ништа чак му није одузео ни војводство у никшикћој нахији. Исто су се тако Турци споразумјели доцније и с његовим сином. Буњавци са Цетине одселили су с пристанком турских власти у Бачку, која је онда била у турској власти. И сеобе из Босне у Аустрију десиле су се више под ...




Sources




  • Godišnjica Nikole Čupića. Štampa Državne štamparije Kraljevine Jugoslavije. 1877.


  • Вук Винавер (1953). Прве устаничке борбе против Турака. Просвета.


  • Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1971). Glas. 280-281. на коме су главну ријеч водили патријарх Јован II и војвода Грдан Никшић, одржа- но је у манастиру Морачи још скупова током




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