正模標本










粘贴有红色类型的标签的閃彩襖蛺蝶正模标本。




正模标本Marocaster coronatus。


正模標本（英语：Holotype）是多个可能的生物型中的一个。一个生物型是把一个名称归为一个分類單元。正模標本是一个种被第一次描述的时候所使用的单一物种个体。它可以是一个单一的标本，也可以是多个标本中的一个，但是这个被专门列为正模標本。按照国际动物命名法规正模標本是多个载名模式（英语：Name-bearing type）中的一个。


比如蝴蝶Plebejus idas的正模標本位于哈佛大学比较动物学博物馆。


正模標本不一定是该分类单元的典型个体，但是在理想状态下它应该是。有时一个仅一个个体的部分是一正模標本，比如一副少见的化石。比如侏儸紀早期的草食性恐龙畸形龙的正模標本是一块在伦敦英国自然历史博物馆储藏的肱骨。虽然此后发现了更好的化石，但是正模標本已经被占据了。


假如正模標本丢失了的话，另一个个体可以被选为正模標本，至于哪个被选则可以根据情况决定。值得注意的是國際植物命名法規与国际动物命名法规在定义生物型的时候类似，但是虽然它们的用词是一样的，但是其概念却是不同的。


比如國際植物命名法規和国际动物命名法规均定义没有原始正模標本且后来定义的型为新型。但是按照国际动物命名法规假如原来的正模標本缺乏能够用来把这个物种与相似物种区分开来的辨别特征的话委员会可以使用一新型来取代正模標本。比如类似鳄的主龍類爬行动物Parasuchus hislopi是使用一块前上颚骨来描写的，但是这块正模標本不足以用来区分这个种与其近亲。这样一来这个种的名称就不清晰了。因此古生物学家建议使用一个整个的化石作为新的正模標本[1]。国际动物命名法委员会考虑了这个情况并同意使用新的正模標本[2]。


近年来有过数次因为原来的正模標本还活着因此没有被捕捉而消失，因此需要确定新的正模標本的情况[3][4]。在这种情况下没有真正能够用来作为比较的标本，假如在辨别物种的时候发现有不清晰的地方作者可以使用不同的国际动物命名法规规定确定一个新的正模標本。法规规定要确定一个新物种的话需要基于“一个被认可的科学或者教育研究所所拥有”的物理原型，但是对正模標本却没有这个要求。


根据国际动物命名法规可以确定额外和解释用的标本。在这里法规的定义非常明确和非常严格。



参看


  • 模式種


参考资料




  1. ^ Case 3165, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 58:1 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-09-28.，2001年3月30日.


  2. ^ Opinion 2045, Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60:2 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-09-28.，2003年6月30日.


  3. ^ Mendes Pontes, A.R., Malta A. and Asfora, P.H. 2006年. A new species of capuchin monkey, genus Cebus Erxleben (Cebidae, Primates): found at the very brink of extinction in the Pernambuco Endemism Centre. Zootaxa 1200: 1-12.


  4. ^ Sinha, A.,Datta, A., Madhusudan, M. D. and Mishra, C. (2004年). "The Arunachal macaque Macaca munzala: a new species from western Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India". International Journal of Primatology 26卷977号989页




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