堅尾龍類
















































坚尾龙类
化石时期：
早侏罗纪–现代，201–0 Ma

PreЄ

Є

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N









Sinosaurus triassicus skull.JPG

三叠中国龙的头骨

科学分类 编辑
界：
动物界 Animalia
门：
脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：
爬行纲 Reptilia
演化支：
恐龙总目 Dinosauria
目：
蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：
兽脚亚目 Theropoda
演化支：
新兽脚类 Neotheropoda
演化支：
鸟吻类 Averostra
演化支：
坚尾龙类 Tetanurae
Gauthier（英语：Jacques Gauthier），1986
演化支[3][4]


  • †智利龙属 Chilesaurus[1]

  • †中国龙属 Sinosaurus

  • †冰脊龙属？ Cryolophosaurus

  • †川东虚骨龙属 Chuandongocoelurus

  • †单脊龙属 Monolophosaurus

  • †十字手龙属？ Cruxicheiros[2]

  • †开江龙属？ Kaijiangosaurus


  • 俄里翁龙类 Orionides




堅尾龍類（学名：Tetanurae）是個演化支，包含大部分的獸腳亞目恐龍（也包含恐龍的後代鳥類）。堅尾龍類首次出現於侏儸紀早期或中期。


許多著名的恐龍屬於堅尾龍類，包括：始祖鳥、異特龍、偷蛋龍、棘龍、暴龍、迅猛龍、以及所有現代鳥類。第一種被命名的中生代恐龍是斑龍，是一種基礎堅尾龍類恐龍。



定義





皮亞尼茲基龍的骨架模型，屬於斑龍超科


堅尾龍類意為「堅挺的尾巴」，是由嘉克斯·高斯特（Jacques Gauthier）在1986年根據親緣分支分類法來建立，包含了大群的獸腳亞目恐龍。高斯特的這份研究是首次將親緣分支分類法應用於古脊椎動物學上。


早期的獸腳類恐龍有肌肉連接股骨與尾巴中段，因此走路時尾巴會左右搖擺；堅尾龍類的股骨-尾巴肌肉經過演化縮短，尾巴後段較不靈活，但有助於奔跑時改變方向。相較於角鼻龍下目，堅尾龍類的頭顱骨較不堅實，骨頭有空腔，可以減輕頭部重量。下頜的牙齒只位於眼睛之前部分，手指數目不超過三指，小腿與踝部獨特[5]。


堅尾龍類的定義為：在獸腳亞目之中，親近於現代鳥類，而離角鼻龍較遠的所有物種（Kevin Padian等人, 1999年）。高斯特認為堅尾龍類是由肉食龍下目、虛骨龍類所構成；但在高斯特所界定的肉食龍下目之中，有許多屬後來被分類為虛骨龍類，或是基礎堅尾龍類恐龍（Oliver Rauhut, 2003年）。在1999年，保羅·塞里諾建立新堅尾龍類，包含有結狀關節的肉食龍下目、虛骨龍類，而不包含棘龍超科。也在同一年，Kevin Padian等人將堅尾龍類定義為鳥獸腳類的同義名詞（Gregory Paul, 1988年），但這個定義稍晚於保羅·塞里諾的定義。



範圍


目前仍不清楚堅尾龍類的確切起源。冰脊龍過去曾被普遍認定是堅尾龍類的第一個真正物種，但近年多認為冰脊龍較接近雙脊龍科。如果冰脊龍屬於堅尾龍類，三疊紀將沒有真正的堅尾龍類化石紀錄；堅尾龍類應該在三疊紀時期，起源於腔骨龍超科（根據舊式的角鼻龍下目定義）。近年的研究多認為，角鼻龍下目、堅尾龍類擁有最近共同祖先，兩者共組另一演化支。


棘龍科與異特龍科都是大型的掠食動物，繁盛於晚侏儸紀到早白堊紀，尤其是在岡瓦納大陸；但牠們似乎在白堊紀末之前就已滅絕，原因可能是來自於角鼻龍下目阿貝力龍科與虛骨龍類暴龍科恐龍的競爭。多樣化的虛骨龍類持續存活到中生代末期，除了鳥綱（冠群演化支）以外都滅絕了。現代鳥類是堅尾龍類演化支裡唯一存活的代表。



參考資料





  1. ^ Novas, F. E.; Salgado, L.; Suárez, M.; Agnolín, F. L.; Ezcurra, M. N. D.; Chimento, N. S. R.; de la Cruz, R.; Isasi, M. P.; Vargas, A. O.; Rubilar-Rogers, D. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature. 2015. doi:10.1038/nature14307. 


  2. ^ Benson, R. B. J.; Radley, J. D. A New Large-Bodied Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2010, 55: 35. doi:10.4202/app.2009.0083. 


  3. ^ Hendrickx, C.; Mateus, O.V. Evans, Alistair Robert, 编. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e88905. PMC 3943790. PMID 24598585. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088905. 


  4. ^ Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2012, 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927. 


  5. ^ David Lambert, Darren Naish, Elizabeth Wyse. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Life. Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd. 2002. 



  • Gauthier, J. A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. pp. 1-55 In Padian, K. (ed.) The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8.

  • Padian, K., Hutchinson, R. M., and Thomas R. Holtz Jr. 1999. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(1):69-80.

  • Paul, G. S. 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon and Schuster, New York.

  • Rauhut, O. W. M. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69:1-213.

  • Sereno, P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284:2137-2147.









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