Jdtcujk

Suwannee
	; Suwannee River, Florida;
	; Suwannee River Drainage Basin;
Location
Country	United States
	, Georgia (U.S. state), Florida;
Cities	; Fargo, Georgia, White Springs, Florida, Branford, Florida;
Physical characteristics
Source	Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge
- location	; Fargo, Georgia;
	;
Mouth	Gulf of Mexico
- location	; Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, Suwannee, Florida;
- coordinates	; 29°17′18″N 83°9′57″W / 29.28833°N 83.16583°W / 29.28833; -83.16583Coordinates: 29°17′18″N 83°9′57″W / 29.28833°N 83.16583°W / 29.28833; -83.16583;
- elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Length	246 mi (396 km)
Discharge
- location	Gulf of Mexico
	;
Basin features
Tributaries
- left	Santa Fe River
- right	; Alapaha River, Withlacoochee River;

The Suwannee River (also spelled Suwanee River) is a major river that runs through South Georgia southward into Florida in the southern United States. It is a wild blackwater river, about 246 miles (396 km) long.^[1] The Suwannee River is the site of the prehistoric Suwanee Straits which separated peninsular Florida from the panhandle.

Geography

The headwaters of the Suwanee River are in the Okefenokee Swamp in the town of Fargo, Georgia. The river runs southwestward into the Florida Panhandle, then drops in elevation through limestone layers into a rare Florida whitewater rapid. Past the rapid, the Suwanee turns west near the town of White Springs, Florida, then connects to the confluences of the Alapaha River and Withlacoochee River.

Starting at the confluences of those three rivers, that confluence forms the southern borderline of Hamilton County, Florida. The Suwanee then bends southward near the town of Ellaville, Florida, followed by Luraville, Florida, then joins together with the Santa Fe River (Florida) from the east, south of the town of Branford, Florida.

The river ends and drains into the Gulf of Mexico on the outskirts of Suwannee, Florida.

Etymology

The Spanish recorded the native Timucua name of Guacara for the river that would later become known as the Suwannee. Different etymologies have been suggested for the modern name.

San Juan: D.G. Brinton first suggested in his 1889 Notes on the Floridian Peninsula that Suwannee was a corruption of the Spanish San Juan.^[2] This theory is supported by Jerald Milanich, who states that "Suwannee" developed through "San Juan-ee" from the 17th-century Spanish mission of San Juan de Guacara, located on the Suwannee River.^[3]

Shawnee: The migrations of the Shawnee (Shawnee: Shaawanwaki; Muscogee: Sawanoke) throughout the South have also been connected to the name Suwannee. As early as 1820, the Indian agent John Johnson said "the 'Suwaney' river was doubtless named after the Shawanoese [Shawnee], Suwaney being a corruption of Shawanoese."^[4] However, the primary southern Shawnee settlements were along the Savannah River, with only the village of Ephippeck on the Apalachicola River being securely identified in Florida, casting doubt on this etymology.

"Echo": In 1884, Albert S. Gatschet claimed that Suwannee derives from the Creek word sawani, meaning "echo", rejecting the earlier Shawnee theory.^[5] Stephen Boyd's 1885 Indian Local Names with Their Interpretation ^[6] and Henry Gannett's 1905 work The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States repeat this interpretation, calling sawani an "Indian word" for "echo river".^[7] Gatschet's etymology also survives in more recent publications, often mistaking the language of translation. For example, a University of South Florida website states that the "Timucuan Indian word Suwani means Echo River ... River of Reeds, Deep Water, or Crooked Black Water".^[8] In 2004, William Bright repeats it again, now attributing the name "Suwanee" to a Cherokee village of Sawani, which is unlikely as the Cherokee never lived in Florida or South Georgia.^[9] This etymology is now considered doubtful: 2004's A Dictionary of Creek Muscogee does not include the river as a place-name derived from Muscogee, and also lacks entries for "echo" and for words such as svwane, sawane, or svwvne, which would correspond to the anglicization "Suwannee".^[10]

History

The Suwannee River area has been inhabited by humans for thousands of years. During the first millennium CE, it was inhabited by the people of the Weedon Island archaeological culture, and around 900 CE, a derivative local culture, known as the Suwanee River Valley culture, developed.^{[citation needed]}

By the 16th century, the river was inhabited by two closely related Timucua language-speaking peoples: the Yustaga, who lived on the west side of the river; and the Northern Utina, who lived on the east side.^[11] By 1633, the Spanish had established the missions of San Juan de Guacara, San Francisco de Chuaquin, and San Augustin de Urihica along the Suwannee to convert these western Timucua peoples.^[12]

In the 18th century, Seminoles lived by the river.^{[citation needed]}

The steamboat Madison operated on the river before the Civil War, and the sulphur springs at White Springs became popular as a health resort, with 14 hotels in operation in the late 19th century.^{[citation needed]}

Music

"Historic Suwannee River" sign with the first line of sheet music from "Old Folks at Home", at Interstate 10's crossing of the Suwannee.

This river is the subject of the Stephen Foster song "Old Folks at Home", in which he calls it the Swanee Ribber. Foster had named the Pedee River of South Carolina in his first lyrics. It has been called Swanee River because Foster had used an alternative contemporary spelling of the name.^[13] Foster never actually saw the river he made world-famous.^{[citation needed]}

George Gershwin's song, with lyrics by Irving Caesar, and made popular by Al Jolson, is also spelled "Swanee" and boasts that "the folks up North will see me no more when I get to that Swanee shore".^{[citation needed]}

Both of these songs feature banjo-strumming and reminiscences of a plantation life more typical of 19th-century South Carolina than of among the swamps and small farms in the coastal plain of south Georgia and north Florida.^{[citation needed]}

Don Ameche starred as Foster in the fictional biographical film Swanee River (1939).^{[citation needed]}

When approaching the Suwannee River via several major highways, motorists are greeted with a sign which announces they are crossing the Historic Suwannee River, complete with the first line of sheet music from "Old Folks at Home". This is Florida's state song, designated as such in 1935.^{[citation needed]}

In 2008, its original lyrics were replaced^[14] with a politically correct version.^[15] There is a Foster museum and carillon tower at Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park in White Springs. The spring itself is called White Sulphur Springs because of its high sulphur content. Since there was a belief in the healing qualities of its waters, the Springs were long popular as a health resort.^{[citation needed]}

The idiom "up the Swannee" or "down the swanny" means something is going badly wrong, analogous to "up the creek without a paddle".^{[citation needed]}

1908 postcard: "Away Down the Suwanee River"

Recreation

A unique aspect of the Suwannee River is the Suwannee River Wilderness Trail, a cooperative effort by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, the Suwannee River Water Management District, and the cities, businesses, and citizens of the eight-county Suwannee River Basin region. The boating route encompasses 170 river miles (274 river kilometers), from Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park to the Gulf of Mexico.^{[citation needed]}

The Florida National Scenic Trail runs along the Suwannee River's western banks for approximately 60 miles (97 km), from Deep Creek Conservation Area in Columbia County to Twin Rivers State Forest in Madison County.^{[citation needed]}

The Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge offers bird and wildlife observation, wildlife photography, fishing, canoeing, hunting, and interpretive walks. A driving tour is under construction, and several boardwalks and observation towers offer views of wildlife and habitat.^{[citation needed]}

In recent years, the Suwannee River has been the site of many music gatherings. Magnolia Festival, SpringFest, and Wanee have been held annually in Live Oak, Florida, at the Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park, adjacent to the river. Performing artists have included Vassar Clements, Peter Rowan, David Grisman, Allman Brothers Band, and the String Cheese Incident.^{[citation needed]}

Crossings

Image	Crossing	Carries	Location	Opened	Closed	ID number	Coordinates
Georgia
		Suwannee River Sill	Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge				30°48′14″N 82°25′04″W / 30.803778°N 82.417672°W / 30.803778; -82.417672
		Norfolk Southern Railway (Former Atlantic, Valdosta and Western Railway line)	Fargo				30°41′02″N 82°33′34″W / 30.683964°N 82.559503°W / 30.683964; -82.559503
		US 441 / SR 89 / SR 94	Edith to Fargo	1952			30°40′51″N 82°33′36″W / 30.680902°N 82.559930°W / 30.680902; -82.559930
Florida
	Turner Bridge (defunct)	Northeast 38th Trail	Cypress Creek Conservation Area		late 1950s		30°31′29″N 82°43′40″W / 30.524596°N 82.727892°W / 30.524596; -82.727892
		CR 6	Bay Creek Conservation Area	1951		290027	30°30′26″N 82°42′59″W / 30.507345°N 82.716491°W / 30.507345; -82.716491
	Cone Bridge (defunct)	Cone Bridge Road			late 1960s		30°26′42″N 82°40′16″W / 30.444933°N 82.671049°W / 30.444933; -82.671049
	Godwin Bridge (defunct)	Godwin Bridge Road			late 1950s		30°21′02″N 82°41′08″W / 30.350554°N 82.685593°W / 30.350554; -82.685593
		Norfolk Southern Railway (Former Georgia Southern and Florida Railway line)	White Springs				30°19′34″N 82°44′18″W / 30.326129°N 82.738300°W / 30.326129; -82.738300
	Ed Scott Bridge	US 41	White Springs	1980		290083	30°19′33″N 82°44′19″W / 30.325815°N 82.738476°W / 30.325815; -82.738476
	J. Graham Black-Joseph W. McAlpin Bridge	SR 136	White Springs	1954		290030	30°19′41″N 82°45′35″W / 30.328156°N 82.759784°W / 30.328156; -82.759784
		I-75		1962, 1997			30°20′47″N 82°49′58″W / 30.346492°N 82.832868°W / 30.346492; -82.832868
	Suwannee Springs Bridge (closed)	Former US 129	Suwannee Springs	1931	1974		30°23′44″N 82°56′09″W / 30.395418°N 82.935808°W / 30.395418; -82.935808
	Old Suwanee Springs Bridge (defunct)	91st Drive	Suwannee Springs		1930s		30°23′41″N 82°56′03″W / 30.394699°N 82.934293°W / 30.394699; -82.934293
		US 129	Suwannee Springs, Florida	1971		320019	30°23′53″N 82°56′16″W / 30.398143°N 82.937750°W / 30.398143; -82.937750
		Former Savannah, Florida & Western Railway line		1988			30°24′33″N 82°57′07″W / 30.409236°N 82.951814°W / 30.409236; -82.951814
	Nobels Ferry Bridge	CR 249		1984		320052	30°26′14″N 83°05′30″W / 30.437103°N 83.091613°W / 30.437103; -83.091613
	Old Nobels Ferry Bridge (defunct)						30°26′13″N 83°05′40″W / 30.436936°N 83.094566°W / 30.436936; -83.094566
		CSX Transportation (Former Pensacola and Georgia Railroad line)	Ellaville				30°23′06″N 83°10′20″W / 30.385055°N 83.172333°W / 30.385055; -83.172333
	Hillman Bridge (closed)	Former US 90	Ellaville	1926	1986		30°23′05″N 83°10′29″W / 30.384711°N 83.174660°W / 30.384711; -83.174660
		US 90	Ellaville	1986		350062	30°23′05″N 83°10′33″W / 30.384719°N 83.175780°W / 30.384719; -83.175780
		I-10	Suwannee River State Park	1971			30°21′28″N 83°11′36″W / 30.357776°N 83.193314°W / 30.357776; -83.193314
		CR 250	Dowling Park	1955		370018	30°14′40″N 83°14′59″W / 30.244572°N 83.249696°W / 30.244572; -83.249696
		Former Live Oak, Perry and Gulf Railroad line	Dowling Park	1957	1977		30°14′36″N 83°15′03″W / 30.243270°N 83.250864°W / 30.243270; -83.250864
	Hal W. Adams Bridge	SR 51	Luraville	1947		330009	30°05′57″N 83°10′18″W / 30.099254°N 83.171785°W / 30.099254; -83.171785
	Drew Bridge (closed)	Former Suwannee & San Pedro Railroad line		1901	1920		30°06′04″N 83°06′51″W / 30.101030°N 83.114136°W / 30.101030; -83.114136
	Frank R. Norris Bridge	US 27	Branford	1989			29°57′19″N 82°55′46″W / 29.955173°N 82.929550°W / 29.955173; -82.929550
	W. O. Cannon - D. W. McCollister Bridge	CR 340		1965		310002	29°47′45″N 82°55′11″W / 29.795707°N 82.919843°W / 29.795707; -82.919843
		Nature Coast State Trail (Former CSX Transportation line)	Old Town				29°36′30″N 82°58′16″W / 29.608282°N 82.971233°W / 29.608282; -82.971233
	Joe H. Anderson Sr. Bridge	US 19 / US 98 / US 27 Alt.	Fanning Springs	1963		300031, 300061	29°35′29″N 82°56′15″W / 29.591323°N 82.937398°W / 29.591323; -82.937398

Notes

^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed April 18, 2011

^ Brinton, Daniel; Brinton, Garrison Brinto Daniel Garrison (2016-10-10). Notes on the Floridian Peninsula. Applewood Books. ISBN 9781429022637..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ Milanich:12-13

^ Johnson, Byron A. "THE SUWANNEE - SHAWNEE DEBATE" (PDF). Florida Anthropologist. 25 (2, pt. 1, June 1972): 67.

^ Gatschet, Albert Samuel (1884-01-01). A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians. D.G. Brinton.

^ Boyd, Stephen G. (1885-01-01). Indian Local Names with Their Interpretation. author.

^ Gannett, Henry (1905-01-01). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.

^ "The Suwannee River, Exploring Florida: A Social Studies Resource for Students and Teachers". College of Education, University of South Florida. 2002. Retrieved 2010-08-18.

^ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 466–467. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 2011-04-11.

^ Martin, Jack B.; Mauldin, Margaret McKane (2004-12-01). A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803283024.

^ Worth vol. I, pp. 28–29.

^ Milanich, Jerald T. (1996-08-14). Timucua. VNR AG. ISBN 9781557864888.

^ http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/030707/met_8429196.shtml/

^ "Summary of Bills Related to Arts, Cultural, Arts Education. Or Historical Resources That Passed the 2008 Florida Legislature May 5, 2008", Retrieved on 2011-12-14 from http://www.flca.net/images/50508_Status_of_Bills.pdf.

^ Center for American Music. "Old Folks at Home". Center for American Music Library. Archived from the original on 2009-01-11. Retrieved 2012-10-01.

References

Milanich, Jerald T. (2006). Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. University Press of Florida.
ISBN 0-8130-2966-X

Worth, John E. (1998). Timucua Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida. Volume 1: Assimilation. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1574-X. Retrieved August 18, 2010.

"Florida Dept. of Transportation, Florida Bridge Information" (PDF).

External links

Suwannee Online

USF page with history

EPA info on Suwannee basin

Suwannee River Wilderness Trail

Info on the Suwannee River and surrounding areas from SRWMD

Suwanee River Watershed - Florida DEP

Recording of "Old Folks at Home" at the 1955 Florida Folk Festival; made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida

U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Suwannee River

Where it's SpringTime year round <http://www.springsrus.com>

v t e Significant waterways of Florida
Larger rivers	Alapaha Apalachicola Aucilla Blackwater Caloosahatchee Chattahoochee Chipola Choctawhatchee Econlockhatchee Escambia Hillsborough Indian River Kissimmee Myakka Ochlockonee Ocklawaha Pea Peace Perdido Santa Fe St. Johns St. Marys Suwannee Withlacoochee (North) Withlacoochee (South) Yellow
Lakes	Apopka Crescent Blue Cypress East Tohopekaliga George Harney Harris Iamonia Istokpoga Jackson Jesup Kissimmee Manatee Miccosukee Monroe Okeechobee Poinsett Rodman Rousseau Seminole Talquin Tohopekaliga Tsala Apopka Ward Washington Weir
Smaller rivers	Alafia Alapahoochee Anclote Banana River Braden Carrabelle Chassahowitzka Crooked Crystal Dead East East Bay Eau Gallie Econfina Estero Homosassa Hontoon Dead Ichetucknee Imperial Little (Biscayne Bay) Little (Ochlockonee) Little Econlockhatchee Little Manatee Little Wekiva Loxahatchee Manatee Matanzas Miami Mosquito Lagoon New (Broward) New (Carabelle) New (Santa Fe) Oleta Orange Pithlachascotee Rainbow Ribault Shark Silver Sopchoppy St. Lucie St. Marks St. Sebastian Steinhatchee Tomoka Trout Waccasassa Wacissa Wakulla Weeki Wachee Wekiva
Creeks and streams	Billy's Black Blackwater (Hillsborough) Blackwater (Lake) Crane Cross Econfina Fisheating Myakkahatchee Orange Pottsburg Shingle Snapper Turkey
Canals	Canaveral Barge Canal Cross Florida Barge Canal Haulover Canal Hillsboro Canal Miami Canal Mud Lake Canal St. Johns-Indian River Barge Canal Tamiami Canal Tampa Bypass Canal
See also	Coastal waters of Florida Everglades Intracoastal Waterway Indian River Lagoon List of Florida rivers List of major springs in Florida Okeechobee Waterway Okefenokee Swamp Outstanding Florida Waters Paynes Prairie

v t e Significant waterways of Georgia
Larger rivers	Alapaha Alcovy Altamaha Apalachee Aucilla Broad Chattahoochee Chattooga (Coosa River) Chattooga (Tugaloo River) Canoochee Conasauga Coosa Etowah Flint Hiwassee Little (Oconee River) Little (Savannah River) Little (Withlacoochee River) Little Tallapoosa Little Tennessee Nottely Ochlockonee Ocmulgee Oconee Ogeechee River Ohoopee Satilla Savannah South (Ocmulgee River) St. Marys Suwannee Tallapoosa Toccoa Towaliga Withlacoochee Yellow
Lakes	Allatoona Blackshear Burton Carters Chatuge Chehaw George W. Andrews Goat Rock Harding Hartwell Jackson Lanier Nottely Oconee Oliver Rabun Richard B. Russell Seminole Sinclair Strom Thurmond Tugalo Walter F. George West Point
Smaller rivers	Alabaha Alapahoochee Black (Okefenokee Swamp) Cartecay Coleman Coosawattee Dog Ellijay Hudson Jacks Jerico Little (Etowah River) Little Ochlockonee Little Ogeechee (Hancock County) Little Satilla (Satilla River) Mulberry River New (Chattahoochee River) New (Withlacoochee River) Oostanaula Soque South Newport Tallulah Tugaloo Willacoochee
Tidal rivers	Bear Belfast Broro Brunswick Buffalo Bull Chestatee Crescent Crooked Cumberland Darien Duplin Frederica Halfmoon Hampton Herb Laurel View Little Ogechee (Chatham County) Little Satilla (Atlantic Ocean) Mackay Medway Mud North (Darien River) North (St. Marys River) North Newport Odingsell Sapelo Shad Skidaway Sope Tivoli Turtle Vernon Wilmington
Creeks and streams	Alligator (Little Ocmulgee River) Big Satilla Ebenezer Ichawaynochaway Kettle Kinchafoonee Little Satilla Muckalee Noonday Okapilco Peachtree Rocky Comfort Spring (Flint River) Suwannoochee Sweetwater (Chattahoochee River) Tobesofkee Walnut (South River) Walnut (Ocmulgee River) Williamson Swamp
Canals	Augusta Canal Brunswick–Altamaha canal Savannah–Ogeechee Canal Suwannee Canal
See also	Intracoastal Waterway Okefenokee Swamp List of Georgia rivers

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Suwannee River

Contents

Geography

Etymology

History

Music

Recreation

Crossings

Georgia

Florida

See also

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

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Suwannee
Suwannee River, Florida
Suwannee River Drainage Basin
Location
Country	United States
, Georgia (U.S. state), Florida
Cities	Fargo, Georgia, White Springs, Florida, Branford, Florida
Physical characteristics

Source	Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge
- location	Fargo, Georgia

Mouth	Gulf of Mexico
- location	Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge, Suwannee, Florida
- coordinates	29°17′18″N 83°9′57″W / 29.28833°N 83.16583°W / 29.28833; -83.16583Coordinates: 29°17′18″N 83°9′57″W / 29.28833°N 83.16583°W / 29.28833; -83.16583
- elevation	0 ft (0 m)
Length	246 mi (396 km)

Discharge
- location	Gulf of Mexico

Basin features
Tributaries
- left	Santa Fe River
- right	Alapaha River, Withlacoochee River

Category

Random preview

Suwannee River

Contents

Geography

Etymology

History

Music

Recreation

Crossings

Georgia

Florida

See also

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

章鱼与海女图

Farm Security Administration