Anisian

System/ Period	Series/ Epoch	Stage/ Age	Age (Ma)
Jurassic	Lower/ Early	Hettangian	younger
Triassic	Upper/ Late	Rhaetian	201.3	~208.5
		Norian	~208.5	~227
		Carnian	~227	~237
	Middle	Ladinian	~237	~242
		Anisian	~242	247.2
	Lower/ Early	Olenekian	247.2	251.2
		Induan	251.2	251.902
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	older
Subdivision of the Triassic system according to the ICS, as of 2018.[1]

In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from 247.2 million years ago until 242 million years ago.^[2] The Anisian age succeeds the Olenekian age (part of the Lower Triassic epoch) and precedes the Ladinian age.

Contents

• 
  1 Stratigraphic definitions
  


• 
  2 Palaeontology
  
  
  
  • 
    2.1 Amphibians
    
  
  
  • 
    2.2 Archosauromorphs
    
    
    
    • 
      2.2.1 Archosaurs
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.3 Therapsids
    
  
  
  • 
    2.4 †Nothosauroids
    
  
  
  • 
    2.5 †Placodonts
    
  
  
  • 
    2.6 †Thalattosaurians
    
  
  
  • 
    2.7 †Ceratitida
    
    
    
    • 
      2.7.1 Lower
      
    
    
    • 
      2.7.2 Middle
      
    
    
    • 
      2.7.3 Upper
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.8 †Phylloceratida
    
  
  
  • 
    2.9 Nautilida
    
    
    
    • 
      2.9.1 Lower
      
    
    
    • 
      2.9.2 Middle
      
    
    
    • 
      2.9.3 Upper
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.10 †Aulacocerida
    
    
    
    • 
      2.10.1 Lower
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.11 Pterioida
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  3 References
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Notes
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Literature
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 External links
  

Stratigraphic definitions

The stage and its name were established by Austrian geologists Wilhelm Heinrich Waagen and Carl Diener in 1895. The name comes from Anisus, the Latin name of the river Enns. The original type locality is at Großreifling in the Austrian state of Styria.

The base of the Anisian stage (also the base of the Middle Triassic series) is sometimes laid at the first appearance of conodont species Chiosella timorensis in the stratigraphic record. Other stratigraphers prefer to use the base of magnetic chronozone MT1n. The global reference profile for the base (the GSSP or golden spike) is at a flank of the mountain Deşli Caira in the Romanian Dobruja.^[3]

The top of the Anisian (the base of the Ladinian) is at the first appearance of ammonite species Eoprotrachyceras curionii and the ammonite family Trachyceratidae. The conodont species Neogondolella praehungarica appears at the same level.

Especially in Central Europe the Anisian stage is sometimes subdivided into four substages: Aegean, Bythinian, Pelsonian and Illyrian.

The Anisian contains six ammonite biozones:

• zone of Nevadites
  


• zone of Hungarites
  


• zone of Paraceratites
  


• zone of Balatonites balatonicus
  


• zone of Kocaelia
  


• zone of Acrochordiceras
  

Palaeontology

Examples of vertebrates from this age are:

• Ichthyosaurs


• Prestosuchids

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cherninia		India		Cherninia, giant temnospondyl from India
Eryosuchus

Archosauromorphs

Archosauromorphs of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Erythrosuchus	250-230 Ma, Olenekian to Carnian	South America	An early archosauriform and the largest predator of its time.	Erythrosuchus

Archosaurs

Archosaurs of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Nyasasaurus		Manda Beds, Tanzania		Sarmatosuchus
Sarmatosuchus		Donguz Formation, Russia
Ticinosuchus		Switzerland, Italy
Zanclodon		All across Europe	Zanclodon is the name formally used for fossil material that might actually belongs to at least two genera of dinosaur from the Late Triassic among other genera.

Therapsids

Therapsids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Kannemeyeria				Kannemeyeria
Rhadiodromus		Russia

†Nothosauroids

Nothosauroids of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Anarosaurus				Anarosaurus Ceresiosaurus Keichousaurus
Ceresiosaurus
Dactylosaurus
Keichousaurus		Guizhou and Hubei, China

†Placodonts

Placodonts of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Cyamodus				Cyamodus Paraplacodus
Paraplacodus		Northern Italy

†Thalattosaurians

Thalattosauria of the Anisian
Taxa	Presence	Location	Description	Images
Askeptosaurus		Italy	A very thin, elongated creature (about 2 meters long) that probably swam like an eel, that was probably a fish eater and hunted in deep waters, based on its large eyes (which would allow it to see better in dark water) and the protective bony ring around them (also seen in ichthyosaurs), which prevented them from getting squashed in by the immense water pressure at great depths.	Askeptosaurus

†Ceratitida

Ananorites
Arthaberites
Beyrichites
Bosnites
Buddhaites
Bukowskiites
Caucasites
Danubites
Gangadharites
Japonites
Laboceras
Longobarditoides
Mesocladiscites
Noetlingites
Parapinacoceras
Parasageceras
Phyllocladiscites
Proavites
Pseudodanubites
Psilocladiscites
Salterites
Tropigymnites
Xiphogymnites
Pararcestes
Sageceras

Lower

Alloptychites
Anagymnites
Grambergia
Groenlandites
Gymnites
Lenotropites
Pearylandites
Silberlingites
Isculites
Stenopopanoceras

Middle

Acrochordiceras
Alanites
Anagymnotoceras
Arctohungarites
Balatonites
Bulogites
Cuccoceras
Czekanowskites
Epacrochordiceras
Hollandites
Huishuites
Inaigymnites
Ismidites
Kiparisovia
Malletophychites
Nicomedites
Phillipites
Platycuccoceras
Pronoetlingites
Reiflingites
Discoptychites
Intornites
Nevadisculites
Paraceratites
Parapopanoceras
Proarcestes
Longobardites
Ptychites

Upper

Amphipopanoceras
Aplococeras
Arctogymnites
Eudiscoceras
Eutomoceras
Gymnotoceras
Halilucites
Judicarites
Kellnerites
Metadinarites
Nevadites
Parakellnerites
Proteusites
Repossia
Semiornites
Serpianites
Stoppaniceras
Ticinites
Tozerites
Tropigastrites
Joannites
Epigymnites
Ceratites
Flexoptychites
Frechites
Norites
Gevanites
Hungarites

†Phylloceratida

Spinoleiophyllites
Ussurites
Monophyllites

Nautilida

Trachynautilus
Thuringionautilus
Styrionautilus

Lower

Indonautilus
Sibyllonautilus

Middle

Paranautilus

Upper

Holconautilus
Proclydonautilus

†Aulacocerida

Crassiatractites
Breviatractites

Lower

Mojsisovicsteuthis

Pterioida

Ramonalinidae

References

Notes

1. 
   ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


2. 
   ^ According to Gradstein et al. (2004); Brack et al. (2005) give 248 to 241 Ma
   


3. 
   ^ The GSSP was established by Grǎdinaru et al. (2007)
   

Literature

• 
  .mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}
  Brack, P.; Rieber, H.; Nicora, A. & Mundil, R.; 2005: The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale, Episodes 28(4), pp. 233–244.


• 
  
  Grǎdinaru, E.; Orchard, M.J.; Nicora, A.; Gallet, Y.; Besse, J.; Krystyn, L.; Sobolev, E.S.; Atudorei, N.-V. & Ivanova, D.; 2007: The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Anisian Stage: Deşli Caira Hill, North Dobrogea, Romania, Albertiana 36, pp. 54–71.


• 
  
  Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press.

External links

• GeoWhen Database - Anisian


• 
  Lower Triassic timescale at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS


• 
  Lower Triassic timescale at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy.

v t e Triassic Period
Lower/Early Triassic Middle Triassic Upper/Late Triassic Induan Olenekian Anisian Ladinian Carnian Norian Rhaetian

v t e Geological history of Earth
Cenozoic era '"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000000B-QINU`"' (present–66.0 Mya)	Quaternary (present–2.588 Mya) Holocene (present–11.784 kya) Pleistocene (11.784 kya–2.588 Mya) Neogene (2.588–23.03 Mya) Pliocene (2.588–5.333 Mya) Miocene (5.333–23.03 Mya) Paleogene (23.03–66.0 Mya) Oligocene (23.03–33.9 Mya) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Mya) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Mya)
Mesozoic era (66.0–251.902 Mya)	Cretaceous (66.0–145.0 Mya) Late (66.0–100.5 Mya) Early (100.5–145.0 Mya) Jurassic (145.0–201.3 Mya) Late (145.0–163.5 Mya) Middle (163.5–174.1 Mya) Early (174.1–201.3 Mya) Triassic (201.3–251.902 Mya) Late (201.3–237 Mya) Middle (237–247.2 Mya) Early (247.2–251.902 Mya)
Paleozoic era (251.902–541.0 Mya)	Permian (251.902–298.9 Mya) Lopingian (251.902–259.8 Mya) Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 Mya) Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 Mya) Carboniferous (298.9–358.9 Mya) Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 Mya) Mississippian (323.2–358.9 Mya) Devonian (358.9–419.2 Mya) Late (358.9–382.7 Mya) Middle (382.7–393.3 Mya) Early (393.3–419.2 Mya) Silurian (419.2–443.8 Mya) Pridoli (419.2–423.0 Mya) Ludlow (423.0–427.4 Mya) Wenlock (427.4–433.4 Mya) Llandovery (433.4–443.8 Mya) Ordovician (443.8–485.4 Mya) Late (443.8–458.4 Mya) Middle (458.4–470.0 Mya) Early (470.0–485.4 Mya) Cambrian (485.4–541.0 Mya) Furongian (485.4–497 Mya) Miaolingian (497–509 Mya) Series 2 (509–521 Mya) Terreneuvian (521–541.0 Mya)
Proterozoic eon (541.0 Mya–2.5 Gya)	Neoproterozoic era (541.0 Mya–1 Gya) Ediacaran (541.0–~635 Mya) Cryogenian (~635–~720 Mya) Tonian (~720 Mya–1 Gya) Mesoproterozoic era (1–1.6 Gya) Stenian (1–1.2 Gya) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Gya) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Gya) Paleoproterozoic era (1.6–2.5 Gya) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Gya) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Gya) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Gya) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Gya)
Archean eon (2.5–4 Gya)	Eras Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya) Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya) Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya) Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago. See also: Geologic time scale, Geology Portal

Coordinates: 45°04′27″N 28°48′08″E / 45.0742°N 28.8022°E / 45.0742; 28.8022

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