Mixing
Santal people
 A traditional Santali dance | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 7.4 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 India,  Bangladesh,  Nepal,  Bhutan | |
| Jharkhand | 2,752,723[1] |
| West Bengal | 2,512,331[1] |
| Odisha | 894,764[1] |
| Bihar | 406,076[1] |
| Bangladesh | 300,061 (2001)[2] |
| Assam | 213,139[3] |
| Nepal | 42,698[4] |
| Languages | |
Santali, Odia, Bengali, Hindi | |
| Religion | |
Sari Dharam • Sarnaism • Hinduism • Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
Mundas • Hos • Kols • other Mon-Khmer people | |
Dhodro banam musical instruments
The Santal, or rarely Santals, are an ethnic group, native to Indian states of Jharkhand, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Santals are the largest indigenous tribe in Jharkhand in terms of population. There is also a significant Santal minority in neighboring Bangladesh, and a small population in Nepal and Bhutan. The Santals mostly speak Santali, an Austroasiatic language and that is the most widely-spoken of the Munda languages.
Contents
1 History
2 Religion
3 Culture
4 Notable people
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History
According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Austro-Asiatic language speakers probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago.[5]
Religion
One of the most studied, the Santal religion worships Marang buru or Bonga as the Supreme Deity. The majority of reverence, however, falls on a court of spirits (Bonga), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with prayers and offerings in order to ward off evil influences. These spirits operate at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers, and the forest. A characteristic feature of a Santal village is a sacred grove (known as the Jaher[6] or "Santal Sthal") on the edge of the village where many spirits live and where a series of annual festivals take place.[7] There are also a number of christians in santal tribes
A yearly round of rituals connected with the agricultural cycle, along with life-cycle rituals for birth, marriage and burial at death, involve petitions to the spirits and offerings that include the sacrifice of animals, usually birds. Religious leaders are male specialists in medical cures who practice divination and witchcraft (the socio-historic meaning of the term, used here, refers to the ritual practice of magic and is not pejorative). Similar beliefs are common among other tribes of northeast and central India such as the Kharia, Munda, and Oraon.[7]
Smaller and more isolated tribes often demonstrate articulated classification systems of the spiritual hierarchy less well documented, described as animism or a generalized worship of spiritual energies connected with locations, activities, and social groups. Religious concepts are intricately entwined with ideas about nature and interaction with local ecological systems. As in Santal religion, religious specialists are drawn from the village or family and serve a wide range of spiritual functions that focus on placating potentially dangerous spirits and coordinating rituals.[7]
Culture
Sohrai is the principal festival of Santal community. Besides that Baha, Karam, Dansai, Sakrat, Mahmore, Rundo, Magsim etc. are important. The Santal traditionally accompany many of their dances during these festivals with two drums: the Tamak‘ and the Tumdak’.[8]
Chadar Badar, a form of puppetry known also as Santal puppetry, is a folk show involving wooden puppets placed in a small cage which acts as the stage.
Notable people
Sidhu Murmu and Kanhu Murmu, freedom fighters who rebelled against the British
Raghunath Murmu, philosopher- Babulal Marandi
Draupadi Murmu, governor of Jharkhand, India- Gobinda Chandra Majhi
- G. C. Murmu
- Jauna Murmu
- Laxmirani Majhi
- Arjun Tudu, football player[9]
- Shibu Soren
- Hemant Soren
- Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
^ abcd "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2017-11-18..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Cavallaro, Francesco; Rahman, Tania. "The Santals of Bangladesh" (PDF). ntu.edu.sg. Nayang Technical University. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
^ "Santali: Also spoken in Nepal". Retrieved 2011-04-01.
^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
^ "Jaher Worshiping Place of Santals". Retrieved 2014-09-27.
^ abc "The Green Revolution in India". U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies (released in public domain). Retrieved 2007-10-06.
^ "Chadar Badar". Telegraph. 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
^ www.indiansuperleague.com. "Arjun Tudu - Forward, Delhi Dynamos FC | ISL Player Profile". www.indiansuperleague.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Bibliography
- Archer, W. G. The Hill of Flutes: Life, Love, and Poetry in Tribal India: A Portrait of the Santals. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1974.
Bodding, P. O. Santal Folk Tales. Cambridge, Massachusetts: H. Aschehoug; Harvard University Press, 1925.
Bodding, P. O. Santal Riddles and Witchcraft among the Santals. Oslo: A. W. Brøggers, 1940.
Bodding, P. O. A Santal Dictionary (5 volumes), 1933–36 Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1929.
Bodding, P. O. Materials for a Santali Grammar I, Dumka 1922
Bodding, P. O. Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore (3 volumes), 1925–40- Bompas, Cecil Henry, and Bodding, P. O. Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London: D. Nutt, 1909. Full text at Project Gutenberg.
- Chakrabarti, Dr. Byomkes, A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, KP Bagchi, Calcutta, 1994
- Culshaw, W. J. Tribal Heritage; a Study of the Santals. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.
Edward Duyker Tribal Guerrillas: The Santals of West Bengal and the Naxalite Movement, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1987, pp. 201, SBN 19 561938 2.
Hembrom. T, The Santals: Anthropological-Theological Reflections on Santali & Biblical Creation Traditions. 1st ed. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1996.- Orans, Martin. "The Santal; a Tribe in Search of a Great Tradition." Based on thesis, University of Chicago., Wayne State University Press, 1965.
- Prasad, Onkar. Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence, Tribal Studies of India Series; T 115. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1985.
- Roy Chaudhury, Indu. Folk Tales of the Santals. 1st ed. Folk Tales of India Series, 13. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973.
- Troisi, J. The Santals: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography. New Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1976.
- ———. Tribal Religion: Religious Beliefs and Practices among the Santals. New Delhi: Manohar, 2000.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santal. |
 | Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Santals. |
- Saontal Voice in Bangladesh
- Santal Rebellion
- Santal Engineers' Welfare Association – Working for all round development of Adivasi
- All India Santal Welfare and Cultural Society
- Santal Arts
- Santal Dance
- Boro Baski: Santal worries
- Santal culture on Daricha Foundation website (Kolkata)
- Banam The bowed music instrument played by the Santals
http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AF-2@view Santali language in RWAAI Digital Archive
| Ethnic groups in Bangladesh | ||
|---|---|---|
| Indo-Aryans |
|  |
| Austro-Asiatic |
| |
| Dravidian |
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| Tibeto-Burman |
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| Others |
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| Ethnic groups in Nepal by by language family | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sino-Tibetan (Trans-Himalayan) |
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| Indo-Aryan |
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| Indo-Aryan of a distinct origin | Danuar Rai Kisan of Oraon Sadri | ||||||||
| Other peoples (M, D, i) of Indus-Ganga |
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| Immigrants |
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| Other basis |
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About one third of Madhesi people are of Indian ancestry while the other two thirds are indigenous. | |||||||||
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