协商民主




协商民主（英语：Deliberative Democracy）或译作“审议民主”[1]，意指不同的主体通过平等的对话、充分的沟通以及理性的讨论，共同参与公共决策以及公共治理的民主形式[2]。协商民主强调在多元社会背景下，以公共利益为目标，通过公民的普遍参与，就决策和立法等公共事务达成共识。作为一种新型民主理论范式，协商民主兴起于20世纪后半叶的西方国家的政治学者对传统西方选举民主带来的种种问题和弊端的反思。




目录






  • 1 概要


  • 2 评价


  • 3 参见


  • 4 參考文獻





概要


荷兰學者李帕特（Arend Lijphart）分析奧地利、比利時、瑞士和荷兰政治系統，歸納出協商民主理論；在社會上不同階級、地域、文化等所產生的分裂，被所屬陣營納入系統之中，形成「柱狀化」（英语：Pillarisation；荷蘭語：Verzuiling）結構稱「柱狀體」（英语：Pillar；荷蘭語：Zuil），以此結構為前提的聯合政權內，各陣營進行「協調的政治」（politics of accommodation）。具有以下特徵：




  • 大聯合內閣，納入各柱狀體的菁英

  • 比例性，國會及公共資源等依比例分配之

  • 區域自治，創立個體意識及允許不同文化共同體的法律

  • 相互否決權，各群體共識仍需多數決，少數群體有權否決，但也會被其他群體回報否決阻撓


另外，以協商民主為基礎進而推展出「共識民主」（Consensus democracy）理論。



评价


中国大陆的马克思主义学者[谁？]高度认可协商民主，认为协商民主是现代政治的本质特征。他们认为，相较于西方式的议会民主，协商民主更容易激发普通公民参政议政的积极性，进而改善和提高民主的质量。因此之故，他们认为，政治协商会议正是协商民主的典范，彰显中国智慧[3]。但實際上皆不符西方政治學以自由選舉為基礎所具備之特徵。[原創研究？][來源請求]
此外，由于中国大陆政府所承认的“协商民主”是特指由中国共产党领导的民主形式，中国共产党的领导是整个政治框架的前提性条件[4]，这一点使得其对协商民主的声称变得极具争议性，包括学界及民众[谁？]，很多人[哪個／哪些？]都认为协商民主是威权体制之下的假民主。[原創研究？][來源請求]



参见


  • 共識民主


參考文獻





  1. ^ 我国宪法视角下的选举民主与协商民主. 人民网. [2015-11-23]. 


  2. ^ 论中国式的协商民主. 大河网. [2014-01-15]. 


  3. ^ 社会主义协商民主彰显中国智慧. 人民网. [2017-06-12]. 


  4. ^ 俞可平：中国特色协商民主的几个问题. 中国共产党新闻网. [2013-12-3].  请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)









Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th
Read more

Lambak Kiri

Image
For Lambak Kiri public housing area, see Lambak Kiri Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. Village in Brunei-Muara, Brunei Lambak Kiri Village Location in Brunei Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Country Brunei District Brunei-Muara Mukim Berakas A Government  • Village head Hamdani Omar Postcode BB1214 Lambak Kiri is a populated place in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is officially a village subdivision under Berakas A, a mukim in the district. Lambak Kiri may also refer to the greater area which includes the Lambak Kiri public housing area of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (Malay: Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati ), although the latter is a separate subdivision. Contents 1 Name 2 Administration 3 See also 4 References Name
Read more

Farm Security Administration

Image
Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration logo Agency overview Formed September 1, 1937  ( 1937-09-01 ) Preceding agencies Resettlement Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved 1946 Superseding agency Farmers Home Administration Key documents Farm Security Act Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act The Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). [1] The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of sharecroppers, tenants, very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Critics, including the Farm Bureau, strongly opposed the FSA as an experiment in collectivizing agriculture—that is, in bringing
Read more