氯胺酮由賓州立大學（Wayne State University）克雷格教授研發。於1962年交由派克-戴維斯（Parke-Davis）藥廠（目前為輝瑞的子公司）開發，作為較安全的麻醉藥，以取代當年副作用大的天使塵（PCP，phencyclidine），如產生幻覺、神經中毒及癲癇發作等。首次廣泛應用是派發予參加越戰的美國士兵。除了麻醉作用外，氯胺酮亦因其鎮痛作用強，直至目前仍廣泛應用。目前本藥也被獸醫廣泛使用，并在發展中國家被用作麻醉劑。[12]
氯胺酮在1970年代普遍作為精神科藥物及科研對象，直到1978年達到頂峰後，開始有科學家發表服用氯胺酮後的中毒現象報告，當中包括約翰·立利（John C. Lilly）等。[13]接近20世紀末，氯胺酮的應用開始變質，它成為了狂野派對及其他類似活動裡常用的迷幻藥物。各國開始管制氯胺酮的使用，並將其列為管制藥品。當中包括美國[14]、英國[15]
及加拿大[16]、中国等。
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^ 2.02.1Green, SM; Roback, MG; Kennedy, RM; Krauss, B. Clinical Practice Guideline for Emergency Department Ketamine Dissociative Sedation: 2011 Update. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2011, 57 (5): 449–61. PMID 21256625. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.11.030.
^Zgaia, AO; Irimie, A; Sandesc, D; Vlad, C; Lisencu, C; Rogobete, A; Achimas-Cadariu, P. The role of ketamine in the treatment of chronic cancer pain.. Clujul medical (1957). 2015, 88 (4): 457–61. PMC 4689236. PMID 26733743. doi:10.15386/cjmed-500.
^Zapantis, A; Leung, S. Tolerance and withdrawal issues with sedation.. Critical care nursing clinics of North America. September 2005, 17 (3): 211–23. PMID 16115529. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2005.04.011.
^ 5.05.1Ketamine - CESAR. Center for substance abuse research. University of Maryland. [26 September 2014].
^ 6.06.1Strayer, RJ; Nelson, LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2008, 26 (9): 985–1028. PMID 19091264. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.12.005.
^ 7.07.1Ketamine Side Effects. drugs.com. [1 December 2014].
^Kohrs, R; Durieux, ME. Ketamine: Teaching an old drug new tricks. Anesthesia & Analgesia. November 1998, 87 (5): 1186–93. PMID 9806706. doi:10.1213/00000539-199811000-00039.
^WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015 [8 December 2016].
^Ketamine. [12 January 2016].[永久失效連結]
^Morgan, Celia J. A.; Curran, H. Valerie. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. January 2012, 107 (1): 27–38 [25 March 2016]. PMID 21777321. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x.
^Bonanno F. Ketamine in war/tropical surgery (a final tribute to the racemic mixture). Injury. 2002, 33 (4): 323–7. PMID 12091028. doi:10.1016/S0020-1383(01)00209-1.
^Marcia Moore - Journeys into the Bright World （英语）.[永久失效連結]
^Ketamine - Schedule III of The Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Anestesiología Mexicana en Internet. [2006-12-22].
^BBC NEWS | UK | Club 'horse' drug to be outlawed
^Controlled Drugs and Substances Act
^氯胺酮 (全身麻醉药)
^ECRI Institute, under contract to AHRQ. December 2013 AHRQ Healthcare Horizon Scanning System – Potential High-Impact Interventions Report. Priority Area 05: Depression and Other Mental Health Disorders 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2014-08-08.
^Zanos, Panos; Moaddel, Ruin; Morris, Patrick J.; Georgiou, Polymnia; Fischell, Jonathan; Elmer, Greg I.; Alkondon, Manickavasagom; Yuan, Peixiong; Pribut, Heather J.; Singh, Nagendra S.; Dossou, Katina S. S.; Fang, Yuhong; Huang, Xi-Ping; Mayo, Cheryl L.; Wainer, Irving W.; Albuquerque, Edson X.; Thompson, Scott M.; Thomas, Craig J.; Zarate Jr, Carlos A.; Gould, Todd D. NMDAR inhibition-independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolites. Nature. 2016, 533 (7604): 481–486. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature17998.
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th
Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration logo Agency overview Formed September 1, 1937 ( 1937-09-01 ) Preceding agencies Resettlement Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved 1946 Superseding agency Farmers Home Administration Key documents Farm Security Act Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act The Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). [1] The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of sharecroppers, tenants, very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Critics, including the Farm Bureau, strongly opposed the FSA as an experiment in collectivizing agriculture—that is, in bringing
Mixing
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