水溶液














在水中的鈉離子的第一層溶劑殼


水溶液是指溶劑是水的溶液。在化學反應中，若反應物或生成物為水溶液，一般會在其化學式右下方加上(aq)識別。例如食鹽NaCl的水溶液，會用NaCl(aq)表示。由於水是自然界蘊含豐富的良好溶劑，因此在化學中常用到水溶液。


具有疏水性的物質不溶於水中，而具有親水性的物質才能形成水溶液。像食鹽即為親水性的物質。若依照酸鹼電離理論，酸和鹼也是親水性物質。


物質是否溶於水，主要是根據物質和水之間是否可以產生強大的吸引力，而且需要大於水和水之間的分子间作用力。若將無法溶於水的固體物質加入水中，則會產生沉澱。


若水溶液可以有效的傳導電流，則水溶液中含有強電解質，反之則表示水溶液中只有弱電解質。強電解質是指在水中會完全解离的物質，而弱電解質在水中只會部份解离。


非電解質是指可以溶於水，但仍不會產生離子，仍保留分子完整性的物質。非電解質有糖、尿素、甘油和二甲基碸。


當計算有水溶液在內的化學反應時，一般需要知道溶液的濃度及體積莫爾濃度。


許多水溶液是透明的，但可能因為其中的離子不同，而產生不同的顏色。



常見的水溶液



  • 鹽水

  • 糖水

  • 氨水

  • 碳酸水

  • 氫氯酸



相關條目



  • 水溶液中的金屬離子（英语：Metal ions in aqueous solution）

  • 溶解性

  • 離解

  • 酸碱理论



參考資料




  • Zumdahl S. 1997. Chemistry. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p 133-145.































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溶液相关条目

溶液

理想溶液 · 水溶液 · 固溶体 · 缓冲溶液 · 弗洛里－哈金斯 · 混合物 · 悬浮液 · 膠體 · 相图 · 低共熔点 · 合金 · 饱和 · 过饱和 · 连续稀释  · 規則溶液

浓度
与相关量

體積莫耳濃度 · 重量莫耳濃度 · 体积分数 · 质量分数 · 质量浓度 · 百万分率 · 十亿分率 · 當量濃度 · 摩尔分数 · 质量百分浓度  · 丰度 · 混合比例  · 活度
溶解度

溶解平衡 · 总溶解固体 · 溶解 · 溶劑殼  · 溶解熱 · 晶格能 · 拉乌尔定律 · 亨利定律 · 溶解度表 · 溶解度图
溶剂
(分类) · 酸度系数 · 质子溶剂 · 无机非水溶剂 · 溶剂化 · 溶剂列表
分配系数 · 极性 · 疏水性 · 親水性 · 親脂性 · 两亲分子



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