Mundari language

For other uses, see Mundari (disambiguation).

Mundari
ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि
Native to	India, Bangladesh, Nepal
Ethnicity	Munda
Native speakers	1,128,228 (2011 census)[1]
Language family	Austroasiatic Munda North Munda Kherwari Mundari languages Mundari
Dialects	Bhumij
Writing system	Mundari Bani, Devanagari, Bengali script, Oriya script, Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	unr – inclusive code Individual code: unx – Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
Glottolog	mund1320[2]

Mundari (Muɳɖa) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda people in eastern India (primarily Assam and Jharkhand), Bangladesh, and Nepal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.^[3][4] It has also been written in Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin.

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Dialects
  


• 
  3 Phonology
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Vowels
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Consonants
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Counting
  


• 
  5 Relations
  


• 
  6 Verb
  


• 
  7 Samples
  


• 
  8 References
  


• 
  9 Further reading
  
  
  
  • 
    9.1 Texts
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  10 External links
  

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.^[5]

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

• 
  Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road


• 
  Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road


• 
  Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Bundu, Tamar, Silli, Baranda, and Rahe)


• 
  Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers.
^[6]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t̪	ʈ	t͡ɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	(pʰ)	(t̪ʰ)	(ʈʰ)	(t͡ɕʰ)	(kʰ)
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ	d͡ʑ	g
Fricative			s̪				h
Nasal		m	n̪	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Approximant		w	l	ɽ	j
Trill			r

Counting

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
मिसा	Missa	Once
बरसा	Birsa	Twice
अपिसा	Apisa	Thrice
उपनुसा	Upnisa	four times
मोंड़ेसा	Mondesa	Five times
तुरिसा	Turisa	Six times
ए'सा	Eh sa	Seven times
इरलसा	Erklsa	Eight Times
अरे-सा	Are sa	Nine times
गेलसा	Gelsa	Ten times

Relations

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
ऐंन्गा	Enga	Mother
आपूम	Apum	Father
हग्गा	Hagga	Brother
मिस्सी	Missi	Sister
गुया	Guya	Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंग	Gatin	Friend

Verb

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
रिकाएआ-करेगा	Rikā'ē'ā	Does
ओलेआ	Ol'ē'ā	Write
जगरेआ	Jagor'ē'ā	Talk
पढ़वएआ	Padv'ē'ā	Read
लेलेआ	Lel'ē'ā	Look/ See
सेनेआ	Sen'ē'ā	Come along with
नमेआ	Nem'ē'ā	Found
निरेआ	Nir'ē'ā	Run
सबेआ	Sab'ē'ā	Hold
लेका एआ	Leka'ē'ā	Count
मुकाएआ	Muka'ē'ā	Measure
रिका एआ	Rika'ē'ā	Cut

Samples

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
सिंग बोंगा मरांग बोंगा ।	Sing bonga marang bonga	God is almighty.
अमा नुतुम चिना ?	Amā nutum chénā	What is your name?
अायं नुतुम रिमिल तना ।	A̔iy nutum Rimil tanā.	My name is Rimil.
अम कोते सेनो तना?	Am kōtēm sēnō tanā	Where are you going?
नेते हुजू में	Nētē hijū mē	Come here.
अम चिल्का मेना ?	Am chilkā mēnāme	How are you?
आलोम नाक खुजाओ में	Ālama nāka khujā'ō maiṁ	Don't scratch your nose.
जागर लाई पैसा लॉगो।	Jāgar natin paisā lagawa	Talking costs money.
अम सिनेमा लाई सेनो तना चि का ?	Ām cinēmā lel sēnō tanā cī .	Will you go to Cinema?
अम चिकम चिका ताना ?	Am kanam cekā tānā?	What are you doing?
एमके चिकना मेना ?	Ēmakē cikanā mēnā?	you have any problem
अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ?	Ām kōtēm senoh tānā?	Where did you go?
अम कोते ते हिजु ताना ?	Koteyam hijuh tan	Where are you coming from?
थड़ीआ	Thaṛī'ā	Utensils.
बहा	Baā	Flower.
हइः	Hai	Fish
हइःपसे	Hai pase	Fishing

References

1. 
   ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


2. 
   ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mundari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
   


3. 
   ^ "BMS to intensify agitation on Mundari language". oneindia.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
   


4. 
   ^ "Adivasi. Volume 52. Number 1&2. June&December 2012". Page 22
   


5. 
   ^ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018.
   


6. 
   ^ "Keeping Munda in mind - Pune Mirror -". punemirror.in. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
   

• Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge.
  ISBN 0-415-32890-X.


• Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge.
  ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

Further reading

• Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.


• Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457


• Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.


• Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry.
  ISBN 0-921599-68-4
  

Texts

• 
  Johann Hoffmann (1903). Mundari grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  


• 
  J. C. Whitley (1873). A Mundári Primer. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  


• 
  Carl Gustav R.E. Alfred Nottrott (1882). Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  


• 
  Four gospels in Mundari. Bible Society. 1881. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  

External links

• Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany


• Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border


• 
  http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)


• 
  http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive

v t e Languages of India
Official languages	Union-level Hindi English 8th schedule to the Constitution of India Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei (Manipuri) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Santali Tamil Telugu Urdu State-level only Garo Gurung Kamatapuri Khasi Kokborok Kurmali Lepcha Limbu Magar Mizo Newari Rai Rajbangshi Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang
Major unofficial languages	Over 1 million speakers Angika Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bhojpuri Bundeli Chhattisgarhi Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Ho Kangri Khandeshi Khortha Kumaoni Kurukh Lambadi Magahi Malvi Marwari Mewari Mundari Nimadi Rajasthani Sadri Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 – 1 million speakers Adi Angami Ao Dimasa Halbi Karbi Kharia Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mishing Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou

v t e Languages of Nepal
Official language	Nepali
Indigenous languages	Sino-Tibetan Kiranti Bahing Bantawa Belhare Chamling Limbu Sampang Sunwar Thulung Vayu Waling Yakkha Magaric Bhujel Chepang Dura Kham Magar Tamangic Chantyal Gurung Manang Tamang Tibetic Jirel Kagate Kyirong Mugomt Naapa Nubri Sherpa Sikkimese Yolmo Other Baram Dhimal Kaike Lepcha Newar Raji Raute Thangmi Indo-Aryan Angika Awadhi Bhojpuri Danwar Doteli Jumli Maithili Rangpuri Tharu Kochila Marwari Other Ghandruk Sign Language Jhankot Sign Language Jumla Sign Language Kusunda Majhwar Mundari Nepali Sign Language

v t e Austroasiatic languages
Bahnaric	North Jeh Halang Kayong Kaco’ Takua Monom Todrah Sedang Rengao Hrê Duan Katua West Lavi Jru' Laven Su' Juk Nyaheun Sapuan Oi Brao Central Alak Tariang Tampuan Bahnar South Chrau Koho Stieng Ra’ong Mnong Mel-Khaonh Thmon East Cua
Katuic	Katu Phuong Bru Kuy Pacoh Ta'Oi
Vietic	Viet-Muong Vietnamese Mường Nguồn Cuoi Cuoi Chutic Thavưng Chứt Arem Maleng Kri
Khmuic	Khmu Mlabri Phai Mal Ksingmul O’du Phray Phong Khao
Palaungic	Danau Palaung Riang Lamet Kiorr Kuan Tai Loi Angkuic Hu U Man Met Mok Muak Sa-aak Va Waic Blang Lawa Wa Meung Yum Savaiq Bit-Khang Bit Quang Lam Kháng Bumang
Khasic	Khasi Pnar War Lyngngam
Mangic	Mang Bolyu Bugan
Khmeric	Khmer Northern Khmer Western Khmer Khmer Khe
Pearic	Pear Suoi Saoch Western Chong Central Chong (Samre) Somray (Samre of Siem Reap) Kasong
Monic	Mon Nyah Kur
Aslian	(Proto-Aslian) Jahaic Cheq Wong Batek Jahai Jedek Minriq Mintil Kintaq Kensiu Ten'edn Wila' Senoic Semai Temiar Lanoh Sabüm Semnam Jah Hut Jah Hut Semelaic Temoq Semelai Semaq Beri Mah Meri (unclassified) Kenaboi
Nicobaric	Car Chaura Teressa Central Nicobarese Nancowry Camorta Katchal Southern Nicobarese Shompen?
Munda	North Korku Korwa Santali Turi Birhor Mundari Ho Koda Kol Asur Birjia Agariya South Kharia Juang Gta’ Remo Gutob Gorum Sora Juray Lodhi
Proto-languages	Proto-Austroasiatic

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