Sultanate of Rum

Sultanate of Rum Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti سلجوقیان روم Saljūqiyān-i Rūm
1077–1308
Supposed Coat of Arms of the sultans of Rum (A double-headed eagle relief, 13th-century architectural fragment found at Konya)
Expansion of the Sultanate c. 1100–1240
Status	Sultanate
Capital	Nicaea (İznik) Iconium (Konya) Sivas
Common languages	Persian (official, court, literature)[1][2] Old Anatolian Turkish[3] Greek (court/chancery)[4]
Religion	Sunni Islam (official)
Sultan
• 1077–1086	Suleiman ibn Qutulmish
• 1303–1308	Mesud II
History
• Division from the Seljuq Empire	1077
• Battle of Köse Dağ	1243
• death of Mesud II	1308
• Karamanid conquest	1328
Area
1243	400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi)
Preceded by Succeeded by Seljuk Empire Danishmends Mengujekids Saltukids Artuqids Anatolian beyliks Ottoman Empire Ilkhanate Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

The Sultanate of Rûm (also known as the Rûm sultanate (Persian: سلجوقیان روم‎, Saljuqiyān-e Rum), Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate, Sultanate of Iconium, Anatolian Seljuk State (Turkish: Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti) or Turkey Seljuk State (Turkish: Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti)^[5] was a Turko-Persian^[6][7][8][9]Sunni Muslim state established in the parts of Anatolia which had been conquered from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Empire, which was established by the Seljuk Turks. The name Rûm was a synonym for Greek, as it remains in modern Turkish, although it derives from the Arabic name for Romans, الرُّومُ ar-Rūm, itself a loan from Greek Ῥωμαῖοι, "Romans"; ie. citizens superordinately to Latin-speakers.^[10]

The Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutulmish in 1077, following the Battle of Manzikert, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking Byzantine key ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate absorbed other Turkish states and reached Lake Van. Trade from Iran and Central Asia across Anatolia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established in eastern Anatolia (Danishmends, Mengujekids, Saltukids, Artuqids).

The Seljuq sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion in 1243 (Battle of Köse Dağ). For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuqs acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate.^[11] Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuq vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuq state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire.

Contents

• 
  1 History
  
  
  
  • 
    1.1 Establishment
    
  
  
  • 
    1.2 Crusades
    
  
  
  • 
    1.3 Mongol conquest
    
  
  
  • 
    1.4 Disintegration
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  2 Culture and society
  


• 
  3 Dynasty
  


• 
  4 See also
  


• 
  5 Notes
  


• 
  6 References
  


• 
  7 External links
  

History

Further information: Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Establishment

In the 1070s, after the battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk commander Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, a distant cousin of Malik-Shah I and a former contender for the throne of the Seljuk Empire, came to power in western Anatolia. In 1075, he captured the Byzantine cities of Nicaea (İznik) and Nicomedia (İzmit). Two years later, he declared himself sultan of an independent Seljuq state and established his capital at İznik.^[12]

Suleiman was killed in Antioch in 1086 by Tutush I, the Seljuk ruler of Syria, and Suleiman's son Kilij Arslan I was imprisoned. When Malik Shah died in 1092, Kilij Arslan was released and immediately established himself in his father's territories.

Crusades

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in 1190.

v t e Crusader battles in the Levant (1096–1303)

First Crusade Xerigordos Civetot Nicaea 1st Dorylaeum 1st Antioch Lake of Antioch 2nd Antioch Ma'arra Arqa 1st Jerusalem 1st Ascalon Period post First Crusade Arsuf Melitene Mersivan 1st Heraclea 2nd Heraclea 1st Ramla 2nd Ramla 1st Tripoli Harran 3rd Ramla Artah Sidon 1st Shaizar Al-Sannabra Sarmin Ager Sanguinis Hab Jaffa and Tyre Yibneh Aleppo Azaz Marj al-Saffar Ba'rin 2nd Shaizar Edessa Bosra Second Crusade 2nd Dorylaeum Ephesus Meander Valley Mount Cadmus Damascus Period post Second Crusade Inab Aintab 2nd Ascalon Lake Huleh al-Buqaia Harim 1st Bilbeis al-Babein 2nd Bilbeis 1st Damietta Montgisard Marj Ayyun Jacob's Ford Belvoir Castle Cresson Al-Fule Kerak Hattin 2nd Jerusalem Tyre Third Crusade 1st Acre Philomelion Iconium 1st Arsuf Jaffa Fifth Crusade 2nd Damietta 3rd Jerusalem Period post Sixth Crusade 4th Jerusalem La Forbie Seventh Crusade 3rd Damietta Mansurah Fariskur End of the Crusader states in the Levant 2nd Arsuf Caesarea Haifa 2nd Antioch Eighth Crusade Krak des Chevaliers 2nd Tripoli Ninth Crusade 3rd Tripoli 2nd Acre Ruad

Kilij Arslan was defeated by soldiers of the First Crusade and driven back into south-central Anatolia, where he set up his state with capital in Konya. In 1107, he ventured east and captured Mosul but died the same year fighting Malik Shah's son, Mehmed Tapar.

Meanwhile, another Rum Seljuq, Malik Shah (not to be confused with the Seljuq sultan of the same name), captured Konya. In 1116 Kilij Arslan's son, Mesud I, took the city with the help of the Danishmends.

Upon Mesud's death in 1156, the sultanate controlled nearly all of central Anatolia. Mesud's son, Kilij Arslan II, captured the remaining territories around Sivas and Malatya from the last of the Danishmends. At the Battle of Myriokephalon in 1176, Kilij Arslan II also defeated a Byzantine army led by Manuel I Komnenos, dealing a major blow to Byzantine power in the region. Despite a temporary occupation of Konya in 1190 by the Holy Roman Empire's forces of the Third Crusade, the sultanate was quick to recover and consolidate its power.^[13] During the last years of Kilij Arslan II's reign, the sultanate experienced a civil war with Kaykhusraw I fighting to retain control and losing to his brother Suleiman II in 1196.^[13][14]

Süleymanshah II rallied his vassal emirs and marched against Georgia, with an army of 150,000-400,000^[15] and encamped in the Basiani valley. Tamar of Georgia quickly marshaled an army throughout her possessions and put it under command of her consort, David Soslan. Georgian troops under David Soslan made a sudden advance into Basiani and assailed the enemy’s camp in 1203 or 1204.^[15][15] In a pitched battle, the Seljuqid forces managed to roll back several attacks of the Georgians but were eventually overwhelmed and defeated. Loss of the sultan's banner to the Georgians resulted in a panic within the Seljuq ranks. Süleymanshah himself was wounded and withdrew to Erzurum. Both the Rum Seljuk and Georgian armies suffered heavy casualties, but coordinated flanking attacks won the battle for the Georgians.^[15]

The Sultanate of Rûm and surrounding states, c. 1200.

Suleiman II (1196–1204) was routed by the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Basian (1203) and died in 1204.^[16] He was succeeded by his son Kilij Arslan III, whose reign was unpopular.^[16] Kaykhusraw I seized Konya in 1205 reestablishing his reign.^[16] Under his rule and those of his two successors, Kaykaus I and Kayqubad I, Seljuq power in Anatolia reached its apogee. Kaykhusraw's most important achievement was the capture of the harbour of Attalia (Antalya) on the Mediterranean coast in 1207. His son Kaykaus captured Sinop and made the Empire of Trebizond his vassal in 1214. He also subjugated Cilician Armenia but in 1218 was forced to surrender the city of Aleppo, acquired from al-Kamil. Kayqubad continued to acquire lands along the Mediterranean coast from 1221 to 1225.

In the 1220s, he sent an expeditionary force across the Black Sea to Crimea.^[17] In the east he defeated the Mengujekids and began to put pressure on the Artuqids.

Mongol conquest

The sultanate expanded towards the east during the reign of Kayqubad I.

Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) began his reign by capturing the region around Diyarbakır, but in 1239 he had to face an uprising led by a popular preacher named Baba Ishak. After three years, when he had finally quelled the revolt, the Crimean foothold was lost and the state and the sultanate's army had weakened. It is in these conditions that he had to face a far more dangerous threat, that of the expanding Mongols. The forces of the Mongol Empire took Erzurum in 1242 and in 1243, the sultan was crushed by Baiju in the Battle of Köse Dağ (a mountain between the cities of Sivas and Erzincan), and the Seljuq Turks were forced to swear allegiance to the Mongols and became their vassals.^[11] The sultan himself had fled to Antalya after the 1243 battle, where he died in 1246, his death starting a period of tripartite, and then dual, rule that lasted until 1260.

The Seljuq realm was divided among Kaykhusraw's three sons. The eldest, Kaykaus II (1246–1260), assumed the rule in the area west of the river Kızılırmak. His younger brothers, Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) and Kayqubad II (1249–1257), were set to rule the regions east of the river under Mongol administration. In October 1256, Bayju defeated Kaykaus II near Aksaray and all of Anatolia became officially subject to Möngke Khan. In 1260 Kaykaus II fled from Konya to Crimea where he died in 1279. Kilij Arslan IV was executed in 1265, and Kaykhusraw III (1265–1284) became the nominal ruler of all of Anatolia, with the tangible power exercised either by the Mongols or the sultan's influential regents.

The declining Sultanate of Rûm, vassal of the Mongols, and the emerging beyliks, c. 1300

Disintegration

The Seljuq state had started to split into small emirates (beyliks) that increasingly distanced themselves from both Mongol and Seljuq control. In 1277, responding to a call from Anatolia, the Mamluk sultan, Baibars, raided Anatolia and defeated the Mongols, temporarily replacing them as the administrator of the Seljuq realm. But since the native forces who had called him to Anatolia did not manifest themselves for the defense of the land, he had to return to his home base in Egypt, and the Mongol administration was re-assumed, officially and severely. Also, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni, from the Seljuq in the 1240s.

Hanabad caravanserai in Çardak (1230)

Near the end of his reign, Kaykhusraw III could claim direct sovereignty only over lands around Konya. Some of the beyliks (including the early Ottoman state) and Seljuq governors of Anatolia continued to recognize, albeit nominally, the supremacy of the sultan in Konya, delivering the khutbah in the name of the sultans in Konya in recognition of their sovereignty, and the sultans continued to call themselves Fahreddin, the Pride of Islam. When Kaykhusraw III was executed in 1284, the Seljuq dynasty suffered another blow from internal struggles which lasted until 1303 when the son of Kaykaus II, Mesud II, established himself as sultan in Kayseri. He was murdered in 1308 and his son Mesud III soon afterwards. A distant relative to the Seljuq dynasty momentarily installed himself as emir of Konya, but he was defeated and his lands conquered by the Karamanids in 1328. The sultanate's monetary sphere of influence lasted slightly longer and coins of Seljuq mint, generally considered to be of reliable value, continued to be used throughout the 14th century, once again, including by the Ottomans.

Culture and society

Further information: Seljuk architecture; Alâeddin Mosque; Ince Minaret Medrese; and Karatay Madrasa, Konya

The Seljuk dynasty of Rum, as successors to the Great Seljuqs, based their political, religious and cultural heritage on the Perso-Islamic tradition,^[18] even to the point of naming their sons with Persian names.^[19] Though of Turkic origin, Rum Seljuks patronized Persian art, architecture, and literature^[20] and used Persian as a language of administration.^[21] Moreover, Byzantine influence in the Sultanate was also significant, since Greek aristocracy remained part of the Seljuk nobility, and the local Greek population was numerous in the region.^[22][23]

Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) built between 1221–1226 by Kayqubad I in Alanya.

In their construction of caravanserais, madrasas and mosques, the Rum Seljuks translated the Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone.^[24] Among these, the caravanserais (or hans), used as stops, trading posts and defense for caravans, and of which about a hundred structures were built during the Anatolian Seljuqs period, are particularly remarkable. Along with Persian influences, which had an indisputable effect,^[25] Seljuk architecture was inspired by Christian and Muslim Armenians.^[26] As such, Anatolian architecture represents some of the most distinctive and impressive constructions in the entire history of Islamic architecture. Later, this Anatolian architecture would be transmitted to Sultanate India.^[27]

Ince Minaret Medrese, a 13th-century madrasa located in Konya, Turkey

The largest caravanserai is the Sultan Han (built in 1229) on the road between the cities of Konya and Aksaray, in the township of Sultanhanı depending the latter city, enclosing 3,900 m² (42,000 sq ft). There are two caravanserais that carry the name "Sultan Han", the other one being between Kayseri and Sivas. Furthermore, apart from Sultanhanı, five other towns across Turkey owe their names to caravanserais built there. These are Alacahan in Kangal, Durağan, Hekimhan and Kadınhanı, as well as the township of Akhan within the Denizli metropolitan area. The caravanserai of Hekimhan is unique in having, underneath the usual inscription in Arabic with information relating to the edifice, two further inscriptions in Armenian and Syriac, since it was constructed by the sultan Kayqubad I's doctor (hekim) who is thought to have been a Christian by his origins, and to have converted to Islam. There are other particular cases like the settlement in Kalehisar (contiguous to an ancient Hittite site) near Alaca, founded by the Seljuq commander Hüsameddin Temurlu, who had taken refuge in the region after the defeat in the Battle of Köse Dağ and had founded a township comprising a castle, a madrasa, a habitation zone and a caravanserai, which were later abandoned apparently around the 16th century. All but the caravanserai, which remains undiscovered, was explored in the 1960s by the art historian Oktay Aslanapa, and the finds as well as a number of documents attest to the existence of a vivid settlement in the site, such as a 1463 Ottoman firman which instructs the headmaster of the madrasa to lodge not in the school but in the caravanserai.

Gök Medrese (Celestial Madrasa) of Sivas, periodic capital of the Sultanate of Rum

The Seljuk palaces, as well as their armies, were staffed with ghulams (plural ghilmân, Arabic: غِلْمَان‎), enslaved youths taken from non-Muslim communities, mainly Greeks from former Byzantine territories. The practice of keeping ghulams may have offered a model for the later devşirme during the time of the Ottoman Empire.^[28]

Dynasty

Main articles: Anatolian Seljuks family tree and Seljuq dynasty

Dirham of Kaykhusraw II, minted at Sivas 1240–1241 AD

As regards the names of the sultans, there are variants in form and spelling depending on the preferences displayed by one source or the other, either for fidelity in transliterating the Persian variant of the Arabic script which the sultans used, or for a rendering corresponding to the modern Turkish phonology and orthography. Some sultans had two names that they chose to use alternatively in reference to their legacy. While the two palaces built by Alaeddin Keykubad I carry the names Kubadabad Palace and Keykubadiye Palace, he named his mosque in Konya as Alâeddin Mosque and the port city of Alanya he had captured as "Alaiye". Similarly, the medrese built by Kaykhusraw I in Kayseri, within the complex (külliye) dedicated to his sister Gevher Nesibe, was named Gıyasiye Medrese, and the one built by Kaykaus I in Sivas as Izzediye Medrese.

Sultan	Reign	Notes
1. Qutalmish	1060–1064	Contended with Alp Arslan for succession to the Imperial Seljuq throne.
2. Suleiman ibn Qutulmish	1075-1077 de facto rules Turkmen around İznik and İzmit; 1077–1086 recognised Rum Sultan by Malik I	Founder of Anatolian Seljuq Sultanate with capital in İznik
3. Kilij Arslan I	1092–1107	First sultan in Konya
4. Malik Shah	1107–1116
5. Masud I	1116–1156
6. 'Izz al-Din Kilij Arslan II	1156–1192
7. Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I	1192–1196	First reign
8. Rukn al-Din Suleiman II	1196–1204
9. Kilij Arslan III	1204–1205
Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw I	1205–1211	Second reign
10. 'Izz al-Din Kayka'us I	1211–1220
11. 'Ala al-Din Kayqubad I	1220–1237
12. Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II	1237–1246	After his death, sultanate split until 1260 when Kilij Arslan IV remained the sole ruler
13. 'Izz al-Din Kayka'us II	1246–1260
14. Rukn al-Din Kilij Arslan IV	1248–1265
15. 'Ala al-Din Kayqubad II	1249–1257
16. Giyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III	1265–1284
17. Giyath al-Din Masud II	1284–1296	First reign
18. 'Ala al-Din Kayqubad III	1298–1302
Giyath al-Din Masud II	1303–1308	Second reign

See also

History of the Turkic peoples Pre-14th century
Turkic Khaganate 552–744
Western Turkic
Eastern Turkic
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Great Bulgaria 632–668
Danube Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria
Kangar union 659–750
Turk Shahi 665–850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212
Western Kara-Khanid
Eastern Kara-Khanid
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091	Kimek confederation 743–1035
Cumania 1067–1239	Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194
Sultanate of Rum
Kerait khanate 11th century–13th century
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Naiman Khanate –1204
Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526
Mamluk dynasty
Khalji dynasty
Tughlaq dynasty
Golden Horde | [29][30][31] 1240s–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517
Bahri dynasty
Other Turkic dynasties  in Anatolia Artuqid dynasty Saltuqid dynasty in Azerbaijan Ahmadili dynasty Ildenizid dynasty in Egypt Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty in Fars Salghurid dynasty in The Levant Burid dynasty Zengid dynasty
This box: view talk edit

• Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm


• Babai Revolt


• Byzantine–Seljuq Wars


• Rûm Province, Ottoman Empire

Notes

1. 
   ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 2002), 157; "...the Seljuk court at Konya adopted Persian as its official language."
   


2. 
   ^ Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 29; "The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian...".
   


3. 
   ^ ""Modern Turkish is the descendant of Ottoman Turkish and its predecessor, so-called Old Anatolian Turkish, which was introduced into Anatolia by the Seljuq Turks in the late 11th century ad."". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 September 2017..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


4. 
   ^ Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 132; "The official use of the Greek language by the Seljuk chancery is well known".
   


5. 
   ^ [1]^{[dead link]}
   


6. 
   ^ Bernard Lewis, Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire, 29; "Even when the land of Rum became politically independent, it remained a colonial extension of Turco-Persian culture which had its centers in Iran and Central Asia","The literature of Seljuk Anatolia was almost entirely in Persian ..."
   


7. 
   ^ "Institutionalisation of Science in the Medreses of pre-Ottoman and Ottoman Turkey", Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Turkish Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, ed. Gürol Irzik, Güven Güzeldere, (Springer, 2005), 266; "Thus, in many of the cities where the Seljuks had settled, Iranian culture became dominant."
   


8. 
   ^ Andrew Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2013), 71-72
   


9. 
   ^ Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, ed. Robert L. Canfield, (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 13.
   


10. 
    ^ Alexander Kazhdan, "Rūm" The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Oxford University Press, 1991), vol. 3, p. 1816.
    Paul Wittek, Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Royal Asiatic Society Books, Routledge (2013), p. 81:
    "This state too bore the name of Rûm, if not officially, then at least in everyday usage, and its princes appear in the Eastern chronicles under the name 'Seljuks of Rûm' (Ar.: Salâjika ar-Rûm).
    A. Christian Van Gorder, Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-muslims in Iran p. 215: "The Seljuqs called the lands of their sultanate Rum because it had been established on territory long considered 'Roman', i.e. Byzantine, by Muslim armies."
    


11. 
    ^ ^ab John Joseph Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 79.
    


12. 
    ^ Sicker, Martin, The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna , (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), 63-64.
    


13. 
    ^ ^ab Anatolia in the period of the Seljuks and the "beyliks", Osman Turan, The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, ed. P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 244-245.
    


14. 
    ^ A.C.S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yildiz, The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East, (I.B. Tauris, 2015), 29.
    


15. 
    ^ ^abcd Alexander Mikaberidze, Historical Dictionary of Georgia, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 184.
    


16. 
    ^ ^abc Claude Cahen, The Formation of Turkey: The Seljukid Sultanate of Rum: Eleventh to Fourteenth, transl. & ed. P.M. Holt, (Pearson Education Limited, 2001), 42.
    


17. 
    ^ A.C.S. Peacock, "The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 16 (2006), pp. 133-149.
    


18. 
    ^ Saljuqs: Saljuqs of Anatolia, Robert Hillenbrand, The Dictionary of Art, Vol.27, Ed. Jane Turner, (Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1996), 632.
    


19. 
    ^ Rudi Paul Lindner, Explorations in Ottoman Prehistory, (University of Michigan Press, 2003), 3.
    


20. 
    ^ "A Rome of One's Own: Reflections on Cultural Geography and Identity in the Lands of Rum", Cemal Kafadar,Muqarnas, Volume 24 History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum", Ed. Gülru Necipoğlu, (Brill, 2007), page 21.
    


21. 
    ^ Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7., page 40
    


22. 
    ^ The Oriental Margins of the Byzantine World: a Prosopographical Perspective, / Rustam Shukurov, in Herrin, Judith; Saint-Guillain, Guillaume (2011). Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-1098-0., pages 181–191
    


23. 
    ^ A sultan in Constantinople:the feasts of Ghiyath al-Din Kay-Khusraw I, Dimitri Korobeinikov, Eat, drink, and be merry (Luke 12:19) - food and wine in Byzantium, in Brubaker, Leslie; Linardou, Kallirroe (2007). Eat, Drink, and be Merry (Luke 12:19): Food and Wine in Byzantium : Papers of the 37th Annual Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, in Honour of Professor A.A.M. Bryer. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7546-6119-1., page 96
    


24. 
    ^ West Asia:1000-1500, Sheila Blair and Jonathan Bloom, Atlas of World Art, Ed. John Onians, (Laurence King Publishing, 2004), 130.
    


25. 
    ^ Architecture (Muhammadan), H. Saladin, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles Scribner's son, 1908), 753.
    


26. 
    ^ Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods, Robert Bedrosian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods from Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Vol. I, Ed. Richard Hovannisian, (St. Martin's Press, 1999), 250.
    


27. 
    ^ Lost in Translation: Architecture, Taxonomy, and the "Eastern Turks", Finbarr Barry Flood, Muqarnas: History and Ideology: Architectural Heritage of the "Lands of Rum, 96.
    


28. 
    ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7., page 306
    


29. 
    ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2006). Peoples of Western Asia. p. 364.
    


30. 
    ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. p. 280.
    


31. 
    ^ Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. p. 162.
    

References

• 
  Bosworth, C. E. (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: a Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
  


• 
  Bektaş, Cengiz (1999). Selcuklu Kervansarayları, Korunmaları Ve Kullanlmaları üzerine bir öneri: A Proposal regarding the Seljuk Caravanserais, Their Protection and Use (in Turkish and English). ISBN 975-7438-75-8.
  

External links

• 
  Yavuz, Ayşıl Tükel. "The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais" (PDF). ArchNet. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-04.
  


• 
  "List of Seljuk edifices". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05.
  


• 
  Katharine Branning. "Examples of caravanserais built by the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate". Turkish Hans.
  

v t e Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Ancestor Qutalmish Founder Suleyman I Capital İznik, then Konya
Important centers and extension Konya Kayseri Sivas (1175) Malatya (1178) Alanya Antalya Dynasty Suleyman I (1077–1086) Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107) Melikshah (1107–1116) Mesud I (1116–1156) Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192) Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196) Süleymanshah II (1196–1204) Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205) Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211) Kaykaus I (1211–1220) Kayqubad I (1220–1237) Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246) Kaykaus II (1246–1260) Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265) Kayqubad II (1249–1257) Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282) Mesud II (1282–1284) Kayqubad III (1284) Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293) Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294) Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301) Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303) Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307) Mesud III (1307) Chronology 1243 Gradually vassalized to the Mongol Empire after the defeat suffered in the Battle of Köse Dağ 1307 Taken over by the Karamanids Palaces and castles Seljuk Palace in Konya (1190–1220) Kubadabad Palace in Beyşehir (1220–1230) Keykubadiye Palace in Kayseri (1220–1230) Alanya Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) and Shipyard constructions and widescale extension of Alanya Castle Külliye ("complexes") and dar al-shifa (hospitals) and medrese (schools) and mosques: Gevher Nesibe Külliye with Medical Center and Medical School and Mosque in Kayseri (1204–1210) Battal Gazi Külliye in Seyitgazi (1208) Karatay Medrese in Konya (1225) Ince Minaret Medrese in Konya (1258–1279) Atabeg Ferruh Darüşşifa in Çankırı (1236) Alâeddin Keykubad I Darüşşifa in Konya (1237) Torumtay Darüşşifa in Amasya (1266) Izzeddin Keykavus I Şifaiye Medrese and Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Sivas (1218) Gökmedrese in Sivas (1271) Çifte Minaret Medrese in Sivas (1271) Alaeddin Mosque in Konya (1220) Alâeddin Mosque in Niğde (1220) Great Mosque of Malatya in Eskimalatya (Battalgazi) (1224) Hüsameddin Temurlu castle, caravanseai and medrese in Kalehisar, Alaca (~1250) Havadan Külliye in Develi (~1300) Caravanserais Ağzıkara Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1237) Ak Han caravanserai near Denizli (1254) Alaca Han caravanserai in Alacahan (~1280) Alara Han caravanserai near Manavgat Alay Han caravanserai near Aksaray (1190) Altınapa Han caravanserai between Beyşehir and Konya (1201) Angit Han caravanserai between Konya and Akşehir (1201) Burma Han caravanserai in Divriği (13th century) Çakallı Han caravanserai near Samsun (~1250) Çardak Han (Hanabad) caravanserai in Çardak (1230) Çay Han caravanserai in Çay (1279) Dokuzun Han caravanserai in Konya (1210) Eğirdir Han caravanserai in Eğirdir (1238) Ertokuş Han caravanserai near Eğirdir (1224) Eshab-i Kehf Han caravanserai near Afşin–Elbistan (~1225) Evdir Han caravanserai near Antalya (1224) Ezinepazar Han caravanserai near Amasya (1246) Goncalı Akhan caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray Hatun Han caravanserai between Amasya and Tokat Hekim Han caravanserai in Hekimhan (1220) Horozlu Han caravanserai near Konya (1249) Incir Han caravanserai near Bucak (1239) Kadın Han caravanserai in Kadınhanı (1223) Karatay Han caravanserai near Pınarbaşı (1241) Kargı Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246) Kesikköprü Han caravanserai near Kırşehir (1268) Kırkgöz Han caravanserai near Antalya (1246) Kızılören Han caravanserai near Konya (1206) Kuruçeşme Han caravanserai near Konya (1210) Melleç Han caravanserai near Anamur (13th century) Mirçinge Han caravanserai near Divriği (13th century) Obruk Han caravanserai near Konya (1230) Öresin Han caravanserai near Aksaray (~1275) Pazar Han caravanserai near Tokat (1239) Zazadın Han caravanserai near Konya (1236) Şarapsa Han caravanserai near Alanya (1246) Sarı Han caravanserai near Ürgüp (1249) Sevserek Han caravanserai between Malatya and Pötürge (13th century) Sultan Han caravanserai between Konya and Aksaray (1229) Sultan Han caravanserai near Bünyan between Kayseri and Sivas (1236) Susuz Han caravanserai near Bucak (1246)
Anatolian beyliks Tzachas (1081 - 1092) Founder Tzachas Capital İzmir Chronology 1082 Submitted to the Seljuks of Turkey Important centers and extension: Ephesus Lesbos Chios Shah-Armens (1100–1207) Founder Sökmen el Kutbi Capital Ahlat Chronology 1207 Submitted to the Ayyoubids Important centers and extension: Silvan Malazgirt Erciş Adilcevaz Başkale Eleşkirt Van Tatvan Bitlis Muş Hani Dynasty: Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112) Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?) Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?) Sökmen the Second (1128–1185) Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193) Aksungur (1193–1197) Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207) Important works: Ahlat Tombs Artuqids (1102 - ) Ancestors Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan Founder Muinüddin Sökmen Bey Capitals Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput Important centers and extension: Diyarbakır Hasankeyf Silvan Mardin Midyat Harput Palu Aleppo (temporarily in 1117) Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty: Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104) Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131) Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty: Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122) Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154) Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176) Harput Dynasty: Belek Bey (1112–1124) Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?) Sökmen the Second (? - ?) Important works: Artuqid Palace in Diyarbakır Widescale extension of Diyarbakır City Walls Malabadi Bridge Hasankeyf Bridge Sökmenli Nasirüddevle Bîmaristan-ı Farukî Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Silvan (1108) Emineddin (brother of Ilgazi) Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Mardin (built between 1122) Great Mosque of Silvan Great Mosque of Mardin Older Great Mosque of Midyat (Cami-i Kebir) Great Mosque of Kızıltepe Great Mosque of Harput Artuqid Caravanserai in Mardin Ibrahim Shah Caravanserai near Keban between Elazığ and Çemişgezek Danishmends (1071–1178) Founder Danishmend Gazi Capitals Sivas Niksar Chronology 1175 Capital city of Sivas incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1178 Malatya branch incorporated into the Seljuk Sultanate Important centers and extension: Sivas Niksar Malatya Kayseri Tokat Amasya Kastamonu Ankara Dynasty: Danishmend Gazi (1071–1105) Emir Gazi Gümüştekin (1105–1134) Melik Mehmed (1134–1146) Yağıbasan (1146–1164) Melik Ismail (1164–1175) Important works: Great Mosque of Niksar Great Mosque of Kayseri Kayseri Kölük Mosque Danishmend Gazi Tomb (Melik Gazi Tomb) in Niksar Denishmend Melik Mehmed Gazi Tomb in Kayseri Mengujekids (1071–1277) Founder Mengücek Bey Capitals Erzincan, later also Divriği Important centers and extension: Erzincan Divriği Kemah Şebinkarahisar Dynasty: Mengücek Bey (1071–1118) Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120) 1120–1142 Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends Erzincan and Kemah Branch Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?) 1228 Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Divriği Branch Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?) 1277 Beylik destroyed by Abaka Important works: Divriği Great Mosque and Divriği Turan Melek Sultan Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1229) Kale Mosque in Divriği Saltukids (1072–1202) Founder Saltuk Bey Capital Erzurum Chronology 1202 Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Important centers and extension: Erzurum Tercan Dynasty: Saltuk Bey (1072–1102) Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124) Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132) Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168) Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191) Mama Hatun (1191–1200) Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202) Important works: Great Mosque of Erzurum Emir Saltuk Tomb in Erzurum Mama Hatun Caravanserai in Tercan Mama Hatun Tomb in Tercan Kale Mosque in Erzurum Erzurum Medical Center (Darüşşifa) (1147) Aydinids (1307–1425) Founder Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey Capitals Birgi, later Ayasluğ Important centers and extension: Tire İzmir Alaşehir Aydın Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344) Dynasty: Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334) Umur Beg (1334–1348) Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390) Events 1390 First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403) Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405) İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals) 1425 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II Important works: Isabey Mosque in Selçuk (1375) Isfendiyarids (~1300–1461) Founder Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Kastamonu Chronology 1392 Incorporation (by conquest) of Kastamonu branch into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I Important centers and extension: Sinop Eflani Çankırı Kalecik Tosya Araç Samsun (temporarily) Dynasty: Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340) Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345) Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361) Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385) Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392) Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty : Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440) Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443) Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461) Chronology 1461 Incorporation (by surrender) of Sinop branch into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II Chobanids (1227–1309) Founder Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Kastamonu Chronology 1309 Incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids Important centers and extension: Kastamonu Taşköprü Dynasty: Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?) Alp Yürek (? - ?) Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?) Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309) Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525) Ancestor Hasan Dulkadir Founder Zeyneddin Karaca Bey Capital Elbistan Chronology 1443–1525 Increasingly tributary and gradually incorporated into the Ottoman Empire Important centers and extension: Maraş Malatya Harput Kayseri Antep Dynasty: Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348) Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386) Sûli Bey (1386–1396) Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443) Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454) Melik Arslan (?-?) Shah Budak (?-1492) Şahsuvar (?-?) Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507) Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525) Eretnids (1328–1381) Founder Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash Capital Sivas, later Kayseri Chronology 1326 Beylik replaced by Mehmed Bey's chancellor Kadı Burhaneddin Important centers and extension: Sivas Kayseri Niğde Tokat Amasya Erzincan Şebinkarahisar Niksar Dynasty: Eretna Bey (1328–1352) Gıyasüddin Mehmed Bey (1352–1365) Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380) Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381) Eshrefids (1288–1326) Founder Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Beyşehir Chronology 1326 Beylik destroyed by Demirtaş, the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia Important centers and extension: Beyşehir Akşehir Bolvadin Dynasty: Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302) Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320) Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326) Important works: Eşrefoğlu Mosque in Beyşehir (1299) Germiyanids (1300–1429) Ancestor Kerimüddin Alişir Founder Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First Capital Kütahya Important centers and extension: Kula (District), Manisa Simav Yenicekent Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368) Dynasty: Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340) Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361) Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387) Chronology 1390 First period of incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second (1402–1429) 1414 Recognition of Ottoman sovereignty by Germiyanoğlu Yakub Bey the Second under Mehmed I 1429 Second and last incorporation (by legation) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II Hamidids (~1280–1374) Ancestors Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Founder Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey Capital Isparta Chronology 1374 Incorporation (by sale of territories) into the Ottoman Empire under Murad I and also partially to the Karamanid dynasty. Important centers and extension: Eğirdir Uluborlu Gölhisar Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey Dynasty: Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324) Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330) Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?) Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391) Karamanids (~1250–1487) Ancestor Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan Founder Kerimeddin Karaman Bey Capitals successively Ereğli Ermenek Larende (Karaman) Konya Mut Chronology 1398–1402 First incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I 1402–1414 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane 1414–1487 Gradual second incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed I, Murad II and Mehmed II. Dynasty: Kerîmeddin Karaman (1256–1261) Mehmet I (1261–1283) Güneri (1283–1300) Bedreddin Mahmut (1300–1308) Yahşı Han (1308–1312) Bedreddin Ibrahim I (1312–1333) Alâeddin Halil Mirza (1333–1348) Bedreddin Ibrahim I, 2nd reign (1348–1349) Fahreddin Ahmed (1349–1350) Şemseddin (1350–1351) Burhaneddin Musa (1351–1356) Seyfeddin Süleyman (1356–1357) Alâeddin Ali (1357–1398) Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399) Sultanzâde Mehmet II (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423) Bengi Alâeddin Ali (1418–1424) Ibrahim II (1424–1464) Sultanzâde Ishak (1464) Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed (1464–1469) Kasım (1469–1483) Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487) Karasids (1303–1360) Ancestor Melik Danişmend Gazi Founder Karesi Bey Capital Balıkesir Chronology 1374 Incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Beylik under Orhan and Murad I Important centers and extension: Aydıncık Bergama Edremit Bigadiç Ezine Dynasty: Karesi Bey (1307–1328) Demir Han (1328–1345) Yahşı Han (1328–1345) Süleyman Bey (1345–1360) Ladik (~1300–1368) Ancestor Germiyanlı Ali Bey Founder Inanç Bey Capital Denizli Chronology 1368 Re-incorporation (by conquest) into the Beylik of Germiyan Important centers and extension: Denizli Dynasty: Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314) Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?) Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360) Süleyman Bey (1345–1368) Menteshe (~1261–1424) Founder Menteshe Bey Capitals Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat Important centers and extension present-day Muğla Province Muğla Finike Kaş Çameli Acıpayam Tavas Bozdoğan Çine temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314 Dynasty: Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282) Mesut (~1282 - ~1320) Orhan (~1320 - ~1340) Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360) Chronology 1360 Division between the three sons of Ibrahim Bey: Musa, Mehmed, Ahmed 1390 First incorporation into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1414 Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Ilyas Bey 1414 Recognition of Ottoman suzereignty under Mehmed I 1424 Final incorporation into the Ottoman realm under Murad II Important works: Firuz Bey Mosque in Milas İlyas Bey Mosque in Didim Great Mosque of Muğla (1344) Vakıflar Hamam (Turkish bath) in Muğla (1334) Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322) Ancestor Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum) Founder Süleyman Pervâne Capital Sinop Chronology 1516 Incorporation into the Beylik of Isfendiyarids Important centers and extension: Sinop Dynasty: Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277) Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296) Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300) Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326) Important works Muîneddin Pervâne Medical Center (Darüşşifa) in Tokat (1276) Pervâne Medrese in Sinop Durağan Han caravanserai in Durağan (1266) Eğret Han caravanserai near İhsaniye (1278) Pervâne Bey Medrese in Closed Bazaar in Kayseri Mosque in Merzifon Ramadanids (1352–1516) Founder Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan Capitals Adana Chronology 1516 Icorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Selim I 1516–1608 Dynasty members as Beys of Ottoman sanjak of Adana until 1608. Important centers and extension: Adana Tarsus Dynasty: Ibrahim Bey (1344-?) Ahmed Bey (?-1416) Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417) Hamza Bey (1417–1427) Mehmed Bey (1427-?) Eyluk Bey (? - ?) Dündar Bey (? - ?) Omer Bey (?-1490) Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511) Hahmud Bey (1511–1516) Selim Bey (?-?) Kubad Bey (1517-?) Sahib Ataids (1275–1341) Founder Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Capital Afyonkarahisar Chronology 1341 Incorporation into the Beylik of Germiyan Important centers and extension: Akşehir Beyşehir Sandıklı Denizli Dynasty Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341) Important works: Sâhib Ata Caravanserai in Sultandağı Sarukhanids (1302–1410) Founder Saruhan Bey Capital Manisa Important centers and extension: Demirci Nif (Kemalpaşa) Akhisar Gördes Menemen Dynasty Saruhan Bey (1302–1345) Fahreddin Ilyas Bey Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388) Hızır Shah (1388–1390) Chronology 1390 First period of incorporation (by submission) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1410 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Saruhanoğlu Orhan Bey (1402–1403) Hızır Shah (1403–1410) 1410 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Mehmed I Teke (1301–1423) Ancestors Hamidoğlu dynasty Founder Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey Capitals Antalya Korkuteli Important centers and extension: Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373) Teke Peninsula Dynasty: Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?) Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327) Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?) Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?) Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375) Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390) Chronology 1390 First period of incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt 1402–1423 Second period of Beylik restituted by Tamerlane to Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (1402–1423) 1423 Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II Important works: Yivli Minare Mosque in Antalya (~1375)

v t e House of Seljuq
Early Seljuqids	Seljuk Mikail Arslan Isra'il Musa Yabghu
Sultans of the Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)	Toghrul-Beg Alp Arslan Malik-Shah I Mahmud I Barkiyaruq Malik-Shah II Muhammad I Mahmud II and Ahmad Sanjar Dawud Toghrul II Masud Malik-Shah III Muhammad II Suleiman-Shah Arslan-Shah Toghrul III
Governors of Khorasan (1040–1118)	Chaghri-Beg Alp Arslan Arslan-Shah Toghan-Shah Arslan-Argun Ahmad Sanjar
Governors of Kerman (1048–1188)	Qawurd-Beg Kerman-Shah Husein Sultan-Shah Turan-Shah I Iran-Shah Arslan-Shah I Muhammad-Shah I Toghrul-Shah Bahram-Shah Arslan-Shah II Turan-Shah II Muhammad-Shah II
Governors of Damascus (1078–1105)	Atsiz ibn Uvaq Tutush I Duqaq Tutush II Begtash
Governors of Aleppo (1094–1117)	Tutush I Radwan Alp Arslan Sultan-Shah
Sultans of Rum (1092–1307)	Qutalmish Suleyman I Kilij Arslan I Malik-Shah Mesud I Kilij Arslan II Kaykhusraw I Suleiman II Kilij Arslan III Kaykaus I Kayqubad I Kaykhusraw II Kaykaus II Kilij Arslan IV Kayqubad II Kaykhusraw III Mesud II Kayqubad III

v t e States in late medieval Anatolia (after 1071)
Muslim states	Ahis Akkoyunlu Alaiye Artuqids Aydınids Canik Chobanids Çubukoğulları Danishmends Dilmachids Dulkadirids Eretnids Erzincan Eshrefids Germiyanids Hacıemir Hamidids Inalids Isfendiyarids Kadi Burhan al-Din Kara Koyunlu Karamanids Karasids Ladik Mengujekids Menteshe Ottoman Empire Pervâneoğlu Ramazanids Shah-Armens Sultanate of Rum Sahib Ataids Saltukids Sarukhanids Tacettinids Tanrıbermiş Teke Tzachas
Christian states	Byzantine Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Empire of Nicaea Empire of Trebizond Knights Hospitaller Latin Empire Philaretos Brachamios Zaccaria family

v t e History of Anatolia

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