Mixing
Mixing ratio
In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio or mass ratio.[1]
Contents
1 In atmospheric chemistry and meteorology
1.1 Mole ratio
1.2 Mass ratio
2 Mixing ratio of mixtures or solutions
2.1 Volume additivity
2.2 Solvent mixtures mixing ratios
3 References
In atmospheric chemistry and meteorology
Mole ratio
In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio ri, which is defined as the amount of a constituent ni divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:
- ri=nintot−ni{displaystyle r_{i}={frac {n_{i}}{n_{mathrm {tot} }-n_{i}}}}
The mole ratio is also called amount ratio.[2]
If ni is much smaller than ntot (which is the case for atmospheric trace constituents), the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
Mass ratio
In meteorology, mixing ratio usually refers to the mass ratio ζi, which is defined as the mass of a constituent mi divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture:
- ζi=mimtot−mi{displaystyle zeta _{i}={frac {m_{i}}{m_{mathrm {tot} }-m_{i}}}}
The mass ratio of water vapor in air can be used to describe humidity.
Mixing ratio of mixtures or solutions
Two binary solutions of different compositions or even two pure components can be mixed with various mixing ratios by masses, moles, or volumes.
The mass fraction of the resulting solution from mixing solutions with masses m1 and m2 and mass fractions w1 and w2 is given by:
- w=w1m1+w2m1rmm1+m1rm{displaystyle w={frac {w_{1}m_{1}+w_{2}m_{1}r_{m}}{m_{1}+m_{1}r_{m}}}}
where m1 can be simplified from numerator and denominator
- w=w1+w2rm1+rm{displaystyle w={frac {w_{1}+w_{2}r_{m}}{1+r_{m}}}}
and
- rm=m2m1{displaystyle r_{m}={frac {m_{2}}{m_{1}}}}
is the mass mixing ratio of the two solutions.
By substituting the densities ρi(wi) and considering equal volumes of different concentrations one gets:
- w=w1ρ1(w1)+w2ρ2(w2)ρ1(w1)+ρ2(w2){displaystyle w={frac {w_{1}rho _{1}(w_{1})+w_{2}rho _{2}(w_{2})}{rho _{1}(w_{1})+rho _{2}(w_{2})}}}
Considering a volume mixing ratio rV(21)
- w=w1ρ1(w1)+w2ρ2(w2)rVρ1(w1)+ρ2(w2)rV{displaystyle w={frac {w_{1}rho _{1}(w_{1})+w_{2}rho _{2}(w_{2})r_{V}}{rho _{1}(w_{1})+rho _{2}(w_{2})r_{V}}}}
The formula can be extended to more than two solutions with mass mixing ratios
- rm1=m2m1rm2=m3m1{displaystyle r_{m1}={frac {m_{2}}{m_{1}}}quad r_{m2}={frac {m_{3}}{m_{1}}}}
to be mixed giving:
- w=w1m1+w2m1rm1+w3m1rm2m1+m1rm1+m1rm2=w1+w2rm1+w3rm21+rm1+rm2{displaystyle w={frac {w_{1}m_{1}+w_{2}m_{1}r_{m1}+w_{3}m_{1}r_{m2}}{m_{1}+m_{1}r_{m1}+m_{1}r_{m2}}}={frac {w_{1}+w_{2}r_{m1}+w_{3}r_{m2}}{1+r_{m1}+r_{m2}}}}
Volume additivity
The condition to get a partially ideal solution on mixing is that the volume of the resulting mixture V to equal double the volume Vs of each solution mixed in equal volumes due to the additivity of volumes. The resulting volume can be found from the mass balance equation involving densities of the mixed and resulting solutions and equalising it to 2:
- V=(ρ1+ρ2)Vsρ,V=2Vs{displaystyle V={frac {(rho _{1}+rho _{2})V_{mathrm {s} }}{rho }},V=2V_{mathrm {s} }}
implies
- ρ1+ρ2ρ=2{displaystyle {frac {rho _{1}+rho _{2}}{rho }}=2}
Of course for real solutions inequalities appear instead of the last equality.
Solvent mixtures mixing ratios
Mixtures of different solvents can have interesting features like anomalous conductivity (electrolytic) of particular lyonium ions and lyate ions generated by molecular autoionization of protic and aprotic solvents due to Grottus mechanism of ion hopping depending on the mixing ratios. Examples may include hydronium and hydroxide ions in water and water alcohol mixtures, alkoxonium and alkoxide ions in the same mixtures, ammonium and amide ions in liquid and supercritical ammonia, alkylammonium and alkylamide ions in ammines mixtures, etc.
References
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "mixing ratio". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M03948
^ "Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2008, Volume 80, No. 2, pp. 233-276". Iupac.org. 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2016-06-30..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
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