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Francisco Largo Caballero
Francisco Largo Caballero | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prime Minister of Spain | |
In office 4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937 | |
| President | Manuel Azaña |
| Preceded by | José Giral Pereira |
| Succeeded by | Juan Negrín López |
| Minister of War | |
In office 4 September 1936 – 17 May 1937 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Juan Hernández Saravia |
| Succeeded by | Indalecio Prieto |
| President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party | |
In office 12 October 1932 – 1 July 1936 | |
| Preceded by | Remigio Cabello |
| Succeeded by | Ramón González Peña |
| Minister of Labour and Social Security | |
In office 14 April 1931 – 12 September 1933 | |
| Prime Minister | Manuel Azaña |
| Preceded by | Gabriel Maura Gamazo |
| Succeeded by | Carles Pi i Suner |
| Member of the Congress of Deputies | |
In office 14 July 1931 – 31 March 1939 | |
| Constituency | Madrid |
In office 18 May 1918 – 1 June 1919 | |
| Constituency | Barcelona |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1869-10-15)15 October 1869 Madrid |
| Died | 23 March 1946(1946-03-23) (aged 76) Paris, France |
| Political party | PSOE |
| Signature |  |
Francisco Largo Caballero (15 October 1869 – 23 March 1946) was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). In 1936 and 1937 Caballero served as the Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War.
Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Early years
1.2 Political career
1.3 Prime Minister of Spain
1.4 Exile, death, and legacy
2 See also
3 Footnotes
4 Sources
5 External links
Biography
Early years
Born in Madrid, as a young man he made his living stuccoing walls. He participated in a construction workers strike in 1890 and joined the PSOE in 1894. Upon the death in 1925 of party founder Pablo Iglesias, he succeeded him as head of the party and of the UGT.[clarification needed][1]
Political career
Moderate in his positions at the beginning of his political life, he advocated maintaining a degree of UGT cooperation with the dictatorial government of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, which permitted the union to continue functioning under his military dictatorship (that lasted from 1923 to 1930).[2] This was the start of his political conflict with Indalecio Prieto, who opposed all collaboration with the dictatorial regime.
He was Minister of Labor Relations between 1931 and 1933, in the first governments of the Second Spanish Republic, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and in that of his successor Manuel Azaña.[3] Caballero attempted to improve the conditions of landless labourers (braceros) in the rural south. On 28 April 1931 he introduced a decree of municipal boundaries to prevent the importation of foreign labour while there remained unemployed workers within the municipality. In May he established mixed juries (jurados mixtos) to arbitrate in agrarian labour disputes, and introduced an eight-hour working day in the countryside. Alongside these, a decree on obligatory cultivation prevented owners from using their land however they wanted.[4] He enjoyed great popularity among the masses of workers, who saw their own austere existences reflected in his way of life.[1]
In the elections of 19 November 1933, the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won power in Spain. The government nominally led by the centrist Radical Alejandro Lerroux was dependent on CEDA's parliamentary support. Responding to this reversal of fortune, Largo abandoned his moderate positions, began to talk of "socialist revolution", and became the leader of the left (Marxist and revolutionary) wing of the UGT and the PSOE.[5] In early October 1934, after three CEDA ministers entered the government, he was one of the leaders of the failed armed rising of workers (mainly in Asturias) which was forcefully put down by the CEDA-dominated government.[6]
He defended the pact of alliance with the other workers' political parties and trade unions, such as the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and the anarchist trade union, the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Once again, this placed him at odds with Prieto.[7] He declared, that he, Largo Caballero "shall be the second Lenin", whose aim is the union of Iberian Soviet republics.[dead link][8]
After the Popular Front won the elections in February 1936, president Manuel Azaña proposed that Prieto join the government, but Largo blocked these attempts at collaboration between PSOE and the Republican government.[9] Largo dismissed fears of a military coup, and predicted that, were it to happen, a general strike would defeat it, opening the door to the workers' revolution.
In the event, the coup attempt by the colonial army and the right came on 17 July 1936. While not immediately successful, further actions by rebellious army units sparked the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), in which the republic was ultimately defeated and destroyed.
Prime Minister of Spain
Monument of Largo Caballero
On 4 September 1936, a few months into the civil war, Largo Caballero was designated the 134th Prime Minister and Minister of War.[10] Besides conducting the war, he also focused on maintaining military discipline and government authority within the Republic.[11] On 4 November 1936 Largo Caballero persuaded the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; "National Confederation of Labour") to join the government, with four members assigned to junior ministries including Justice, Health and Trade. The decision was controversial with the CNT members.[12]
The Barcelona May Days led to a governmental crisis[13] that forced Caballero to resign on 17 May 1937. Juan Negrín, also a member of the PSOE, was appointed Prime Minister in his stead.[14]
The cabinet, formed on 4 September 1936 and reshuffled on 4 November 1936, consisted of:[15]
| Ministry | Start | End | Officeholder | Party |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prime Minister and War | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Francisco Largo Caballero | Socialist (left) |
| State (Foreign Affairs) | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Julio Álvarez del Vayo | Socialist (left) |
| Finance | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Juan Negrín | Socialist (moderate) |
| Interior | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Angel Galarza | Socialist (left) |
| Industry and Commerce | 4 September 1936 | 4 November 1936 | Anastasio de Gracia | Socialist (moderate) |
| Industry | 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Juan Peiró Belis | |
| Commerce | 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Juan López Sánchez | CNT |
| Navy and Air | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Indalecio Prieto | Socialist (moderate) |
| Education and Fine Arts | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Jesús Hernández Tomás | Communist |
| Agriculture | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Vicente Uribe | Communist |
| Justice | 4 September 1936 | 4 November 1936 | Mariano Ruiz-Funes | Left Republican |
| 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Juan García Oliver | CNT | |
| Communications and Merchant Marine | 4 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Bernardo Giner de los Ríos | Republican Union |
| Labor and Health | 4 September 1936 | 4 November 1936 | José Tomás Piera | Left Republican Party of Catalonia |
| Labor and Planning | 4 November 1936 | 15 May 1937 | Anastasio de Gracia | |
| Health and Social Assistance | 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Federica Montseny | CNT |
| Public Works | 4 September 1936 | 15 September 1936 | Vicente Uribe (Interim) | |
| 15 September 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Julio Just Gimeno | Left Republican | |
| Propaganda | 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1937 | Carlos Esplá Rizo | |
| Without portfolio | 4 September 1936 | 15 May 1937 | José Giral | Left Republican |
| Without portfolio | 4 September 1936 | 15 May 1937 | Manuel Irujo y Ollo | |
| Without portfolio | 4 November 1936 | 17 May 1936 | Jaume Aiguader | Left Republican Party of Catalonia |
Exile, death, and legacy
Upon the defeat of the Republic in 1939, he fled to France. Arrested during the German occupation of France, he spent most of World War II imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, until the liberation of the camps at the end of the war.[16]
He died in exile in Paris in 1946;[1] his remains were returned to Madrid in 1978 after Franco's death in 1975.
His son, Francisco Largo Calvo, was imprisoned by the Francoists at the start of the Spanish Civil War and spent the entire war behind bars under the threat of execution.[citation needed] Largo Calvo fled Spain to Mexico in 1949 where he resided until his death in 2001. He is survived by his granddaughter, Sonia Largo Lellis, his great grandsons, Ryan and Chris Lellis, and his great great granddaughter, Riley Lellis.[citation needed]
See also
- Moscow gold
- Marcelino Valentín Gamazo
Footnotes
^ abc Thomas 2003, p. 39.
^ Beevor 2006, p. 17.
^ Beevor 2006, p. 21.
^ Preston, Paul. The Coming of the Spanish Civil War: Reform, Reaction and Revolution in the Spanish Second Republic. Routledge. New York. 1994. p. 81.
^ Beevor 2006, p. 28.
^ Beevor 2006, pp. 29–32.
^ Jackson 1967, pp. 206–208.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 January 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Preston 2006, p. 84.
^ Thomas 2003, p. 392–394.
^ Jackson 1967, pp. 341.
^ Paz 2011, p. 96-97.
^ Preston 2006, pp. 256–258.
^ Graham 2005, p. 162.
^ Urquijo y Goitia 2008, p. 129–130.
^ Beevor 2006, p. 413.
Sources
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303765-X.
Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280377-1.
Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00757-8.
Paz, Abel (2011). The Story of the Iron Column: Militant Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-064-8. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
Preston, Paul (2006). The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-723207-9.
Thomas, Hugh (2003). The Spanish Civil War. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5.
Urquijo y Goitia, José Ramón de (2008). Gobiernos y ministros españoles en la edad contemporánea. Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. ISBN 978-84-00-08737-1. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
External links
Documents on Caballero from "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour", a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British Trades Union Congress held in the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
Andy Durgan The Rise and Fall of Largo Cabellero, International Socialism, 18 (1983)- http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=467749
Newspaper clippings about Francisco Largo Caballero in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics (ZBW)
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gabriel Maura Gamazo | Minister of Labour and Social Security 1931–1933 | Succeeded by Carles Pi i Sunyer |
| Preceded by José Giral | Prime Minister of Spain 1936–1937 | Succeeded by Juan Negrín |
| Preceded by Juan Hernández Saravia | Minister of War 1936–1937 | Succeeded by Indalecio Prieto |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Remigio Cabello | President of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 1932–1936 | Succeeded by Ramón González Peña |
| Preceded by Remigio Cabello | Leader of the Socialist Group in the Congress of Deputies 1933–1936 | Succeeded by Ramón González Peña |
Authority control  |
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