Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21

MiG-21
Romanian MiG-21 LanceR-C in flight
Role	Fighter and interceptor aircraft
National origin	Soviet Union
Design group	Mikoyan-Gurevich
First flight	14 February 1956 (Ye-2)
Introduction	1959 (MiG-21F)
Status	In service
Primary users	Soviet Air Forces (historical) Indian Air Force Croatian Air Force Romanian Air Force
Produced	1959 (MiG-21F) – 1985 (MiG-21bis)
Number built	11,496[1] (10,645 produced in the USSR, 657 in India, 194 in Czechoslovakia)
Unit cost	MiG-21FL (Indian version): $ 2 million (1974)[2]
Variants	Chengdu J-7

The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 (Russian: Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-21; NATO reporting name: Fishbed) is a supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft, designed by the Mikoyan-Gurevich Design Bureau in the Soviet Union. It was popularly nicknamed "balalaika", from the aircraft's planform-view resemblance to the Russian stringed musical instrument or ołówek (English: pencil) by Polish pilots due to the shape of its fuselage.^[3] It was also nicknamed "Én bạc" (In English: Silver swallows) by North Vietnamese, now Vietnam People's Air Force, pilots and the Vietnamese people.

Approximately 60 countries over four continents have flown the MiG-21, and it still serves many nations six decades after its maiden flight. It made aviation records, became the most-produced supersonic jet aircraft in aviation history, the most-produced combat aircraft since the Korean War and previously the longest production run of a combat aircraft (now exceeded by both the McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon).

Contents

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  1 Development
  
  
  
  • 
    1.1 Origins
    
  
  
  • 
    1.2 Design
    
  
  
  • 
    1.3 Production
    
  
  
  • 
    1.4 Cost
    
  
  
  
  


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  2 Design
  


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  3 Operational history
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 India
    
    
    
    • 
      3.1.1 Overview
      
    
    
    • 
      3.1.2 1971 India–Pakistan War
      
    
    
    • 
      3.1.3 1999 Pakistan Navy Atlantique interception
      
    
    
    • 
      3.1.4 2019 India–Pakistan standoff
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Indonesia
    
  
  
  • 
    3.3 Vietnam
    
    
    
    • 
      3.3.1 Aerial combat victories 1966–1972
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    3.4 Egyptian–Syrian–Israeli conflicts
    
  
  
  • 
    3.5 Syrian civil war
    
  
  
  • 
    3.6 Other Middle East conflicts
    
  
  
  • 
    3.7 Iran–Iraq War
    
  
  
  • 
    3.8 Libya
    
  
  
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    3.9 Horn of Africa
    
  
  
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    3.10 Angola
    
  
  
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    3.11 Congo
    
  
  
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    3.12 Yugoslavia
    
  
  
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    3.13 Romania
    
  
  
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    3.14 Bulgaria
    
  
  
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    3.15 Known MiG-21 aces
    
  
  
  
  


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  4 Variants
  


• 
  5 Operators
  
  
  
  • 
    5.1 Former operators
    
  
  
  • 
    5.2 Civilian operators
    
  
  
  • 
    5.3 Use as space launch platform
    
  
  
  
  


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  6 Specifications (MiG-21-93)
  


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  7 See also
  


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  8 References
  
  
  
  • 
    8.1 Notes
    
  
  
  • 
    8.2 Citations
    
  
  
  • 
    8.3 Bibliography
    
  
  
  
  


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  9 External links
  

Development

Origins

The MiG-21 jet fighter was a continuation of Soviet jet fighters, starting with the subsonic MiG-15 and MiG-17, and the supersonic MiG-19. A number of experimental Mach 2 Soviet designs were based on nose intakes with either swept-back wings, such as the Sukhoi Su-7, or tailed deltas, of which the MiG-21 would be the most successful.

Development of what would become the MiG-21 began in the early 1950s, when Mikoyan OKB finished a preliminary design study for a prototype designated Ye-1 in 1954. This project was very quickly reworked when it was determined that the planned engine was underpowered; the redesign led to the second prototype, the Ye-2. Both these and other early prototypes featured swept wings. The first prototype with delta wings as found on production variants was the Ye-4. It made its maiden flight on 16 June 1955 and its first public appearance during the Soviet Aviation Day display at Moscow's Tushino airfield in July 1956.

In the West, due to the lack of available information, early details of the MiG-21 often were confused with those of similar Soviet fighters of the era. In one instance, Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1960–1961 listed the "Fishbed" as a Sukhoi design and used an illustration of the Su-9 'Fishpot'.

Design

Hungarian Air Force MiG-21bis on takeoff.

MiG-21 at Aleksotas Airport (S. Dariaus / S. Gireno), Kaunas (EYKS)

MiG-21М National People's Army of the GDR, August 1990

The MiG-21 was the first successful Soviet aircraft combining fighter and interceptor characteristics in a single aircraft. It was a lightweight fighter, achieving Mach 2 with a relatively low-powered afterburning turbojet, and is thus comparable to the American Lockheed F-104 Starfighter and Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter and the French Dassault Mirage III.^[1] Its basic layout was used for numerous other Soviet designs; delta-winged aircraft included Su-9 interceptor and the fast E-150 prototype from MiG bureau while the mass-produced successful front fighter Su-7 and Mikoyan's I-75 experimental interceptor combined a similar fuselage shape with swept-back wings. However, the characteristic layout with the shock cone and front air intake did not see widespread use outside the USSR and finally proved to have limited development potential, mainly because of the very small space available for the radar.

Like many aircraft designed as interceptors, the MiG-21 had a short range. This was exacerbated by the poor placement of the internal fuel tanks ahead of the centre of gravity. As the internal fuel was consumed, the center of gravity would shift rearward beyond acceptable parameters. This had the effect of making the plane statically unstable to the point of being difficult to control, resulting in an endurance of only 45 minutes in clean condition. This can be somewhat countered by carrying fuel in external tanks closer to the center of gravity. The Chinese variants somewhat improved the internal fuel tank layout (also second generation of Soviet variants), and also carry significantly larger external fuel tanks to counter this issue.^[4] Additionally, when more than half the fuel was used up, violent maneuvers prevented fuel from flowing into the engine (questionable), thereby causing it to shut down in flight. This increased the risk of tank implosions (MiG-21 had tanks pressurized with air from the engine's compressor), a problem inherited from the MiG-15, MiG-17 and MiG-19.^[5] The short endurance and low fuel capacity of the MiG-21F, PF, PFM, S/SM and M/MF variants—though each had a somewhat greater fuel capacity than its predecessor—led to the development of the MT and SMT variants. These had an increased range of 250 km (155 mi) compared to the MiG-21SM, but at the cost of worsening all other performance figures, such as a lower service ceiling and slower time to altitude.^[1]

A pole mounted MIG-21

The delta wing, while excellent for a fast-climbing interceptor, meant any form of turning combat led to a rapid loss of speed. However, the light loading of the aircraft could mean that a climb rate of 235 m/s (46,250 ft/min) was possible with a combat-loaded MiG-21bis,^[1] not far short of the performance of the later F-16A. Given a skilled pilot and capable missiles, it could give a good account of itself against contemporary fighters. Its G-limits were increased from +7Gs in initial variants to +8.5Gs in the latest variants.^[6] It was replaced by the newer variable-geometry MiG-23 and MiG-27 for ground support duties. However, not until the MiG-29 would the Soviet Union ultimately replace the MiG-21 as a maneuvering dogfighter to counter new American air superiority types.

The MiG-21 was exported widely and remains in use. The aircraft's simple controls, engine, weapons, and avionics were typical of Soviet-era military designs. The use of a tail with the delta wing aids stability and control at the extremes of the flight envelope, enhancing safety for lower-skilled pilots; this in turn enhanced its marketability in exports to developing countries with limited training programs and restricted pilot pools. While technologically inferior to the more advanced fighters it often faced, low production and maintenance costs made it a favorite of nations buying Eastern Bloc military hardware. Several Russian, Israeli and Romanian firms have begun to offer upgrade packages to MiG-21 operators, designed to bring the aircraft up to a modern standard, with greatly upgraded avionics and armaments.^[1]

Production

Czechoslovak MiG-21F-13 "Fishbed C"

A total of 10,645 aircraft were built in the USSR. They were produced in three factories: AZ 30^{[N 1]} (3,203 aircraft) in Moscow (also known as MMZ Znamya Truda), GAZ 21 (5,765 aircraft) in Gorky ^{[N 2]} and TAZ 31 (1,678 aircraft) in Tbilisi. Generally, Gorky built single-seaters for the Soviet forces. Moscow constructed single-seaters for export, and Tbilisi manufactured the twin-seaters both for export and the USSR, though there were exceptions. The MiG-21R and MiG-21bis for export and for the USSR were built in Gorky, 17 single-seaters were helmed in Tbilisi (MiG-21 and MiG-21F), the MiG-21MF was first constructed in Moscow and then Gorky, and the MiG-21U was built in Moscow as well as in Tbilisi.^[1]

Gorky	83 MiG-21F; 513 MiG-21F-13; 525 MiG-21PF; 233 MiG-21PFL; 944 MiG-21PFS/PFM; 448 MiG-21R; 145 MiG-21S/SN; 349 MiG-21SM; 281 MiG-21SMT; 2013 MiG-21bis; 231 MiG-21MF
Moscow	MiG-21U (all export units); MiG-21PF (all export units); MiG-21FL (all units not built by HAL); MiG-21M (all); 15 MiG-21MT (all)
Tbilisi	17 MiG-21 and MiG-21F; 181 MiG-21U izdeliye 66–400 and 66–600 (1962–1966); 347 MiG-21US (1966–1970); 1133 MiG-21UM (1971 to end)

A total of 194 MiG-21F-13s were built under licence in Czechoslovakia, and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. of India built 657 MiG-21FL, MiG-21M and MiG-21bis (of which 225 were bis)

Cost

Due to the mass production, the aircraft was very cheap: the MiG-21MF, for example, was cheaper than the BMP-1^[7] The F-4 Phantom's cost was several times higher than MiG-21^[8].

Design

Premodern MiG-21 cockpit

MiG-21F-13 cockpit at the Aviation Museum in Bucharest, Romania

The MiG-21 has a delta wing. The sweep angle on the leading edge is 57° with a TsAGI S-12 airfoil. The angle of incidence is 0° while the dihedral angle is −2°. On the trailing edge there are ailerons with an area of 1.18 m², and flaps with an area of 1.87 m². In front of the ailerons there are small wing fences.

The fuselage is semi-monocoque with an elliptical profile and a maximum width of 1.24 m (4 ft 1 in). The air flow to the engine is regulated by an inlet cone in the air intake. On early model MiG-21s, the cone has three positions. For speeds up to Mach 1.5 the cone is fully retracted to the maximum aft position. For speeds between Mach 1.5 and Mach 1.9 the cone moves to the middle position. For speeds higher than Mach 1.9 the cone moves to the maximum forward position. On the later model MiG-21PF, the intake cone moves to a position based on the actual speed. The cone position for a given speed is calculated by the UVD-2M system using air pressures from in front and behind the compressor of the engine. On both sides of the nose there are gills to supply the engine with more air while on the ground and during takeoff. In the first variant of the MiG-21, the pitot tube is attached to the bottom of the nose. After the MiG-21P variant, this tube is attached to the top of the air intake. Later versions shifted the pitot tube attachment point 15 degrees to the right, as seen from the cockpit and had an emergency pitot head on the right side, just ahead of the canopy and below the pilot's eyeline.

The cabin is pressurized and air conditioned. On variants prior to the MiG-21PFM, the cabin canopy is hinged at the front. When ejecting, the SK-1 ejection seat connects with the canopy to make a capsule that encloses the pilot. The capsule protects the pilot from the high-speed airflow encountered during high-speed ejections. After ejection, the capsule opens to allow the pilot to parachute to the ground. However, ejecting at low altitudes can cause the canopy to take too long to separate, sometimes resulting in pilot death. The minimum height for ejection in level flight was 110 m. Starting from the MiG-21PFM, the canopy is hinged on the right side of the cockpit.

On the under side of the aircraft there are three air brakes, two at the front and one at the rear. The front air brakes have an area of 0.76 m², and a deflection angle of 35°. The rear air brake has an area of 0.46 m² and a deflection angle of 40°. The rear air brake is blocked if the airplane carries an external fuel tank. Behind the air brakes are the bays for the main landing gear. On the under side of the airplane, just behind the trailing edge of the wing are attachment points for two JATO rockets. The front section of the fuselage ends at former #28. The rear section of the fuselage starts at former #28a and is removable for engine maintenance.

The empennage of the MiG-21 consists of a vertical stabilizer, a stabilator and a small fin on the bottom of the tail to improve yaw control. The vertical stabilizer has a sweep angle of 60° and an area of 5.32 m² (on earlier version 3.8 m²) and a rudder. The stabilator has a sweep angle of 57°, an area of 3.94 m² and a span of 2.6 m.

The MiG-21 uses a tricycle type undercarriage. On most variants the main landing gear uses tires that are 800 mm in diameter and 200 mm in width. Only the MiG-21F variants use tires with the size 660×200 mm. The wheels of the main landing gear retract into the fuselage after rotating 87° and the shock absorbers retract into the wing. The nose gear retracts forward into the fuselage under the radar. The nose wheel can be lowered manually by simply unlocking its hatch from inside the cockpit. Thus, landing with undercarriage locked in the up position due to an internal failure was not a major issue, with a number of such successful landings on the nosewheel and ventral fuel tank or the airbrake.

Operational history

India

Overview

MiG-21F-13 rear view

IAF MiG-21 Bison

India is the largest operator of MiG-21s. In 1961, the Indian Air Force (IAF) opted to purchase the MiG-21 over several other Western competitors. As part of the deal, the Soviet Union offered India full transfer of technology and rights for local assembly.^[9] In 1964, the MiG-21 became the first supersonic fighter jet to enter service with the IAF. Due to limited induction numbers and lack of pilot training, the IAF MiG-21 played a limited role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.^[10] However, the IAF gained valuable experience while operating the MiG-21 for defensive sorties during the war.^[10] The positive feedback from IAF pilots during the 1965 war prompted India to place more orders for the fighter jet and also invest heavily in building the MiG-21's maintenance infrastructure and pilot training programs.

Since 1963, India has introduced more than 1,200 MiG fighters into its air force. As of 2019, 113 MiG-21s are known to be in operation in the IAF.^[11] However, the plane has been plagued by safety problems. Since 1970 more than 170 Indian pilots and 40 civilians have been killed in MiG-21 accidents. At least 14 MiG-21s have crashed between 2010 and 2013.^[12] Over half of the 840 aircraft built between 1966 and 1984 were lost to crashes.^[13] When in afterburner, the engine operates very close to its surge line and the ingestion of even a small bird can lead to an engine surge/seizure and flame out.

On 11 December 2013, India's second-generation supersonic jet fighter, MiG-21FL was decommissioned after being in service for 50 years.
^[14]

In view of the several incidents that have occurred after the 1999 Kargil War, the modernized MiG-21 Bison seems to have at present the role of an interceptor and possibly a limited role of a fighter aircraft.^[15][16]

On 8 March, 2019, an Indian MiG-21 crashed in Rajasthan due to bird hit. The pilot safely ejected.^[17][18]

1971 India–Pakistan War

The expansion of IAF MiG-21 fleet marked a developing India-Soviet Union military partnership, which enabled India to field a formidable air force to counter Chinese and Pakistani threats.^[19] The capabilities of the MiG-21 were put to the test during the Bangladesh Liberation War. During the war, the MiG-21s played a crucial role in giving the IAF air superiority over vital points and areas in the western theater of the conflict.^[20]

The 1971 war witnessed the first supersonic air combat in the subcontinent when an Indian MiG-21FLs claimed a PAF F-104 Starfighter with its GSh-23 twin-barrelled 23 mm cannon.^[21] By the time the hostilities came to an end, the IAF MiG-21s had claimed four PAF F-104s, two PAF Shenyang F-6, one PAF North American F-86 Sabre and one PAF Lockheed C-130 Hercules. According to one Western military analyst, the MiG-21s had clearly "won" the much anticipated air combat between the MiG-21 and the F-104 Starfighter.^[22]

Because of the performance of India's MiG-21s, several nations, including Iraq, approached India for MiG-21 pilot training. By the early 1970s, more than 120 Iraqi pilots were being trained by the Indian Air Force.^[23]

1999 Pakistan Navy Atlantique interception

On August 10 1999, a Pakistan Navy Breguet Atlantic was intercepted by two MiG-21FL over the Rann of Kutch and shot down. This incident happened a few weeks after the end of the Kargil War.

2019 India–Pakistan standoff

On 27 February 2019 during the 2019 India–Pakistan standoff, an Indian Air Force MiG-21 Bison^[24] was shot down by an unknown Pakistani aircraft, speculated to be an F-16 or JF-17 ^[25][26] The pilot was captured and later released.^[27]

Indonesia

Indonesian Air Force MiG-21 in the Air Force Museum

The Indonesian Air Force purchased 22 MiG-21s. In 1962, 20 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21Us were received during Operation Trikora in the Western New Guinea conflict. Indonesian MiG-21s never fought in any dogfights. Right after the U.S. backed anti-communist forces took over the government, 13 Indonesian MiG-21s were delivered to the U.S. in exchange for T-33, UH-34D, and later, F-5 and OV-10 aircraft. All remaining MiG-21s were grounded and retired due to lack of spare parts and the withdrawal of Soviet maintenance support.

The MiGs were added to the 4477th Test and Evaluation Squadron ("Red Eagles"), a USAF aggressor squadron at Tonopah Test Range.^[28]

Vietnam

MiG-21F in Vietnam People's Air Force markings exhibited at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.

A missile-armed VPAF MiG-21PF landing

The MiG-21 N. 4324 of the Vietnam People's Air Force. This fighter aircraft, flown by various pilots, was credited for 14 kills during the Vietnam War.

MiG-21bis Bulgarian Air Force

As may be seen from its range figures, the MiG-21 was designed for very short ground-controlled interception (GCI) missions. It became renowned for this type of mission in the skies over North Vietnam.^[29] The first MiG-21s arrived directly from the Soviet Union by ship in April 1966. After being unloaded and assembled^[30] they were given to North Vietnam's oldest fighter unit, the 921st Fighter Regiment (921st FR), which had been created on 3 February 1964 as a MiG-17 unit. Because the Vietnam People's Air Force's (VPAF) 923rd FR was newer and less experienced, they would continue to operate MiG-17s, while the arrival of the MiG-19s (J6 versions) from China in 1969 would create North Vietnam's only MiG-19 unit, the 925th FR. On 3 February 1972, North Vietnam commissioned their fourth and last fighter regiment created during the war with South Vietnam, the MiG-21PFM (Type 94) equipped 927th Fighter Regiment.^[31]

Although 13 of North Vietnam's flying aces attained their status while flying the MiG-21 (cf. three in the MiG-17), many VPAF pilots preferred the MiG-17 because the high wing loading of the MiG-21 made it relatively less maneuverable and the lighter framed canopy of the MiG-17 gave better visibility.^[32] However, this is not the impression perceived by British author Roger Boniface when he interviewed Pham Ngoc Lan and ace Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu (who scored victories flying both MiG-17 and MiG-21).^[33][34] Pham Ngoc Lan told Boniface that "The MiG-21 was much faster, and it had two ATOLL missiles which were very accurate and reliable when fired between 1,000 and 1,200 yards."^[35][36] And Chiêu asserted that "... for me personally I preferred the MiG-21 because it was superior in all specifications in climb, speed and armament. The ATOLL missile was very accurate and I scored four kills with the ATOLL. ... In general combat conditions I was always confident of a kill over a F-4 Phantom when flying a MiG-21."^[37][38]

Although the MiG-21 lacked the long-range radar, missiles, and heavy bomb load of its contemporary multi-mission U.S. fighters, with its RP-21 Sapfir radar it proved a challenging adversary in the hands of experienced pilots, especially when used in high-speed hit-and-run attacks under GCI control. MiG-21 intercepts of Republic F-105 Thunderchief strike groups were effective in downing US aircraft or forcing them to jettison their bomb loads.

Aerial combat victories 1966–1972

Vietnamese People's Air Force (VPAF (North Vietnam))^[39] MiG-21 air-to-air kills:

Date/year	MiG-21 unit	MiG-21 weapon	Aircraft destroyed	Destroyed aircraft unit/remarks
5 October 1966	NVAF 921st Fighter Regiment (FR)	AA-2 Atoll (K-13) air-to-air missile	F-4C Phantom II	USAF 433rd Tactical Fighter Squadron (TFS)
14 December 1966	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	F-105D Thunderchief	USAF 357th TFS
1967	921st FR	30 mm cannon/AA-2 Atoll	(7) F-105D, (3) F-105F, (5) F-4D, (2) F-4B, (1) RF-101 Voodoo	USAF 13th TFS, 20th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (TRS), 34th TFS, 44th TFS, 333rd TFS, 354th TFS, 357th TFS, 435th TFS, 469th TFS, 555th TFS. (1) F-4D from 555th TFS and (2) USN F-4Bs from VF-151 downed by unknown MiG units. (1) F-105D from 44th TFS downed by MiG-21 30mm cannon fire.[40] (1) F-4B from VF-151 probably downed by MiG-21 cannon fire.[41]
1968	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	(3) F-105D, (1) F-4B, (1) F-4D, (1) F-4J	USAF 34th TFS, 469th TFS, 497th TFS. USN VF-92 and VF-102.
14 January 1968	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	EB-66C Destroyer	USAF 41st Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron (TEWS)
3 February 1968	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	F-102A Delta Dagger	USAF 509th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS)
1971	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	(2) F-4Ds	USAF 13th TFS and 555th TFS
1972	921st FR	AA-2 Atoll	(1) F-4B, (1) F-4D, (7) F-4E, (1) RA-5C Vigilante	USAF 4th TFS, 13th TFS, 308th TFS, 334th TFS, 555th TFS, 366th Tactical Fighter Wing (336 TFW). USN VF-51 and RVAH-13.
11 May 1972	927th FR	AA-2 Atoll	F-105G	USAF 17th Wild Weasel Squadron
1972	927th FR	23mm cannon/AA-2 Atoll	(4) F-4D, (10) F-4E	USAF 4th TFS, 25th TFS, 34th TFS, 307th TFS, 308th TFSs, 335th TFS, 336th TFS, 421st TFS, 469th TFS, 523rd TFS, 555th TFS. (1) F-4E from the 307th TFS was downed by possible MiG-21 cannon fire.[42]
26 August 1972	927th FR	AA-2 Atoll	F-4J	USMC VMFA-232
Total F-4s:	37
Total F-105s:	15
Total other:	4
Total aircraft destroyed:	56

Sources: Hobson,^[43] Toperczer^[44]

President Ho Chi Minh congratulates Captain Nguyen Van Coc, who flew a MiG-21 with the NVAF 921st Fighter Regiment. His 11^{[N 3]} confirmed air victories made him the highest scoring ace of the Vietnam War^[46][47]

The North Vietnamese flew their interceptors with guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in ambush battle stations to make their "one pass, then haul ass" attacks.^[48] The MiGs made fast and often accurate attacks against US formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the F-105s to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation, but disengaged rapidly. These "guerrilla warfare in the air" tactics^[48] generally proved successful during the course of the war. In December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105 Thunderchiefs without any losses.^[49]

The USAF and the US Navy had high expectations of the F-4 Phantom, assuming that the massive firepower, the best available on-board radar, the highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with new tactics, would provide Phantoms with an advantage over the MiGs. But in confrontations with the lighter MiG-21, F-4s began to suffer losses. From May to December 1966, the USAF lost 47 aircraft, destroying only 12 VPAF fighters in return. From April 1965 to November 1968, over 268 air battles occurred over the skies of North Vietnam. North Vietnam claimed 244 downed U.S. aircraft, while admitting to the loss of 85 MiGs. Of these, 46 air battles conducted between F-4s and MiG-21s – the losses were 27 F-4 Phantoms and 20 MiG-21s.^[50]

After a million sorties and nearly 1,000 US aircraft losses, Operation Rolling Thunder came to an end on 1 November 1968.^[51] A poor air-to-air combat loss-exchange ratios against the smaller, more agile enemy MiGs during the early part of the Vietnam War eventually led the US Navy to create their Navy Fighter Weapons School, also known as "TOPGUN", at Naval Air Station Miramar, California, on 3 March 1969.^[52] The USAF quickly followed with their own version, titled the Dissimilar Air Combat Training (sometimes referred to as Red Flag) program at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. These two programs employed the subsonic Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and the supersonic F-5 Tiger II, as well as the Mach 2.4-capable USAF Convair F-106 Delta Dart, which mimicked the MiG-21.^[53]

The culmination of the struggle in the air in early 1972 was 10 May, when VPAF aircraft completed 64 sorties, resulting in 15 air battles. The VPAF claimed 7 F-4s were shot down (U.S. confirmed five F-4s were lost.^[54]) Those, in turn, managed to destroy two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21s, who played the role of "bait", brought four F-4s to 2 MiG-21s circling at low altitude. The MiGs quickly stormed the Phantoms and 3 missiles shot down two F-4s. On 13 May, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4s, the second pair of MiGs made a missile attack and were hit by two F-4s. 18 May, Vietnamese aircraft made 26 sorties, eight of which resulted in combat, costing four F-4s while the VPAF did not suffer any losses.

Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965^[55] and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favorable kill ratios. In 1972 the tally between American and Vietnamese planes stood at 201 air battles. The VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21US) and they claimed 90 U.S. aircraft were shot down, including 74 F-4 fighters and two RF-4C reconnaissance jets (MiG-21 shot down 67 enemy aircraft, MiG-17 shot down 11 and MiG-19 shot down 12 enemy aircraft^[8]).

One MiG-21 was shot down on 21 February 1972 by a U.S. Air Force F-4 Phantom piloted by Major Lodge with 1st Lt Roger Locher as his WSO based at Udorn RTAFB, Thailand. This was claimed to be the first ever U.S. Air Force MiG kill at night, and the first in four years at that time.

Two MiG-21s were claimed shot down by USAF Boeing B-52 Stratofortress tail gunners; the only confirmed air-to-air kills made by the B-52. The first aerial victory occurred on 18 December 1972, kill awarded to tail gunner SSgt Samuel Turner, who was awarded the Silver Star.^[56] The second air-to-air kill took place on 24 December 1972, kill awarded to A1C Albert E. Moore for downing a MiG-21 over the Thai Nguyen railroad yards. Both actions occurred during Operation Linebacker II (also known as the Christmas Bombings).^[57] These air-to-air kills were not confirmed by VPAF.

VPAF MiG-21 №4326, which shot down 13 aircraft during the war

The biggest threat to North Vietnam during the war had always been the Strategic Air Command's B-52 Stratofortress. Hanoi's MiG-17 and MiG-19 interceptors could not deal with those bombers at their flying altitude. In summer 1972 the VPAF was directed to train 12 MiG-21 pilots for the specific mission of attacking and shooting down B-52 bombers, with two-thirds of those pilots specifically trained in the night attack.^[58] On 26 December 1972, just two days after tail gunner Albert Moore downed his MiG-21, a VPAF MiG-21MF (number 5121)^[59] from the 921st Fighter Regiment, flown by Major Phạm Tuân over Hanoi, claimed the first aerial combat kill of a B-52 Stratofortress.^[60] The B-52 had been above Hanoi at over 30,000 feet (9,100 m), when Major Tuân launched two Atoll missiles from 2 kilometres, claiming to have destroyed one of the bombers flying in the three-plane formation.^[60] Other sources argue that his missiles failed to hit their mark, but as he was disengaging, a B-52 from a three-bomber cell in front of his target took a hit from a SAM, exploding in mid-air: this may have caused Tuân to think his missiles destroyed the target he had been aiming for.^[61]

The Vietnamese claim another kill to have taken place on 28 December 1972 by a MiG-21 from the 921st FR, this time flown by Vu Xuan Thieu. Thieu is said to have perished in the explosion of a B-52 hit by his own missiles, having approached the target too closely.^[62] In this case the Vietnamese version appears to be erroneous: while one MiG-21 kill was claimed by Phantoms that night (this may have been Thieu's MiG), no B-52s were lost to any cause on the date of the claimed kill.^[63]

Year-by-year kill claims involving MiG-21s^[1]

• 
  1966: U.S. claimed six MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed seven F-4 Phantom IIs and 11 F-105 Thunderchiefs shot down by MiG-21s.


• 
  1967: U.S. claimed 21 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 F-105 Thunderchiefs, 11 F-4 Phantom IIs, two RF-101 Voodoos, one A-4 Skyhawk, one Vought F-8 Crusader, one EB-66 Destroyer and three unidentified types shot down by MiG-21s.


• 
  1968: U.S. claimed nine MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 17 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s.


• 
  1969: U.S. destroyed three MiG-21s; one Firebee UAV destroyed by a MiG-21.


• 
  1970: U.S. destroyed two MiG-21s; North Vietnam claimed one F-4 Phantom and one CH-53 Sea Stallion helicopter shot down by MiG-21s.


• 
  1972: U.S. claimed 51 MiG-21s destroyed; North Vietnam claimed 53 US aircraft shot down by MiG-21s, including two B-52 Stratofortress bombers. Soviet General Fesenko, the main Soviet adviser to the North Vietnamese Air Force in 1972,^[62] recorded 34 MiG-21s destroyed in 1972.^[62]
  

On 3 January 1968, a MiG-21 pilot, Ha Van Chuc, alone entered into battle with 36 American planes and claimed shot down one F-105 Thunderchief^[64]

During the Vietnam war, the VPAF claimed 103 F-4 Phantoms were shot down by MiG-21s, and they lost 60 MiG-21s in air combat (54 by Phantoms).^[65][1]

According to Russian data, in air battles the North Vietnamese, MiG-21s credited 165 air victories, with the loss of 65 aircraft (few by accident) and 16 pilots. The losses of the MiG-21 pilots were the smallest in comparison with all other airplanes^[66]

Egyptian–Syrian–Israeli conflicts

Israeli Mirage III shot down by Egyptian MiG-21 during October War

The MiG-21 was also used extensively in the Middle East conflicts of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s by the Egyptian Air Force, Syrian Air Force and Iraqi Air Force. The MiG-21 first encountered Israeli Mirage IIICs on 14 November 1964, but it was not until 14 July 1966 that the first MiG-21 was shot down. Another six Syrian MiG-21s were shot down by Israeli Mirages on 7 April 1967. MiG-21s also faced McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs and Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, but were later outclassed by the more modern McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, which were acquired by Israel beginning in the mid-1970s.

During the opening attacks of the 1967 Six-Day War, the Israeli Air Force struck Arab air forces in four attack waves. In the first wave, IDF aircraft claimed to have destroyed eight Egyptian aircraft in air-to-air combat, of which seven were MiG-21s; Egypt claimed five kills scored by MiG-21PFs.^[67] During the second wave Israel claimed four MiG-21s downed in air-to-air combat, and the third wave resulted in two Syrian and one Iraqi MiG-21s claimed destroyed in the air. The fourth wave destroyed many more Syrian MiG-21s on the ground. Overall, Egypt lost around 100 out of about 110 MiG-21s they had, almost all on the ground; Syria lost 35 of 60 MiG-21F-13s and MiG-21PFs in the air and on the ground.^[1]

Between the end of the Six-Day War and the start of the War of Attrition, IDF Mirage fighters had six confirmed kills of Egyptian MiG-21s, in exchange for Egyptian MiG-21s scoring two confirmed and three probable kills against Israeli aircraft. During this same time period, from the end of the Six Day War to the end of the War of Attrition, Israel claimed a total of 25 Syrian MiG-21s destroyed; the Syrians claimed three confirmed and four probable kills of Israel aircraft, although Israel denied these.^[1]

High losses to Egyptian aircraft and continuous bombing during the War of Attrition caused Egypt to ask the Soviet Union for help. In March 1970, Soviet pilots and SAM crews arrived with their equipment. On 13 April, during the air battle over the Red Sea coast, the Soviet MiG-21MFs, according to some data, shot down two Israeli F-4 fighters^[68][69] On 18 April, one Israeli scout RF-4E "Phantom" were damaged by Soviet MiG-21MF^[69]. On 16 May, an Israeli aircraft is shot down in air combat, probably by a Soviet MiG-21^[70] On 22 June 1970, a Soviet pilot flying a MiG-21MF shot down an Israeli A-4E. After that, some more successful intercepts by Soviet pilots and another Israeli A-4 being shot down on 25 June^[69].

Israel decided to plan an ambush (Operation Rimon 20) in response. On 30 July, Israeli F-4s lured Soviet MiG-21s into an area where they were ambushed by Mirages. Asher Snir, flying a Mirage IIICJ, destroyed a Soviet MiG-21; Avihu Ben-Nun and Aviam Sela, both piloting F-4Es, each got a kill, and an unidentified pilot in another Mirage scored the fourth kill against the Soviet-flown MiG-21s; while the IAF suffers no losses except a damaged Mirage. Three Soviet pilots were killed and the Soviet Union was alarmed by the losses. While a morale boosting achievement, Rimon 20 did not change the course of the war. After the operation, other IAF aircraft were lost to Soviet MiG-21s and SAMs. Few days later, on 7 August, the Soviets respond by luring Israeli fighter jets into a counter-ambush, downing two Israeli Mirage-IIICs^[71] and deploying more aircraft to Egypt, known as "Operation Kavkaz"^[72] Totally, during March – August 1970, Soviet MiG-21 pilots and SAM crews destroyed a total of 21 Israeli aircraft (eight by SA-3 missile systems and 13 by MiG-21s) at a cost of 5 MiG-21s were shot down by IAF, which helped to convince the Israelis to sign a ceasefire agreement^[73].

In September 1973, a large air battle erupted between Syria and Israel; Israel claimed a total of 12 Syrian MiG-21s destroyed, while Syria claimed eight kills scored by MiG-21s and admitted five losses.

During the Yom Kippur War, Israel claimed 73 kills against Egyptian MiG-21s (65 confirmed). Egypt claimed 27 confirmed kills against Israeli aircraft by its MiG-21s, plus eight probables.^[1] However, according to most Israeli sources, these were exaggerated claims as Israeli air-to-air combat losses for the entire war did not exceed five to fifteen.^[74][75]

On the Syrian front of the war, 6 October 1973 saw a flight of Syrian MiG-21MFs shoot down an IDF A-4E and a Mirage IIICJ while losing three of their own to Israeli IAI Neshers. On 7 October, Syrian MiG-21MFs downed two Israeli F-4Es, three Mirage IIICJs and an A-4E while losing two of their MiGs to Neshers and one to an F-4E, plus two to friendly SAM fire. Iraqi MiG-21PFs also operated on this front, and on that same day destroyed two A-4Es while losing one MiG. On 8 October 1973, Syrian MiG-21PFMs downed three F-4Es, but six of their MiG-21s were lost. By the end of the war, Syrian MiG-21s claimed a total of 30 confirmed kills against Israeli aircraft; 29 MiG-21s were claimed (26 confirmed) as destroyed by the IDF.^[1]

Between the end of the Yom Kippur War and the start of the 1982 Lebanon War, Israel had received modern F-15s and F-16s, which were far superior to the old Syrian MiG-21MFs. According to the IDF, these new aircraft accounted for the destruction of 24 Syrian MiG-21s over this period, though Syria did claim five kills against IDF aircraft with their MiG-21s armed with outdated K-13 missiles, although Israel denied they suffered any losses.^[1]

The 1982 Lebanon War started on 6 June 1982, and in the course of that war the IDF claimed to have destroyed about 45 Syrian MiG-21MFs. Syria claimed two confirmed and 15 probable kills of Israeli aircraft.^[1] Two Israeli F-15 and one F-4 was damaged in combat with the MiG-21.^[76][77] This air battle was the largest to occur since the Korean War.

Syrian civil war

See also: List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian Civil War

Starting in July 2012, after more than a year of the Syrian civil war had seen no aerial action, the Syrian Air Force started operations against Syrian insurgents. MiG-21s were among the first combat ready aircraft used in bombings, rocket attacks and strafing runs with many videos recorded from the ground showing the jets in combat.^[78]

The rebels had access to heavy machine guns, different antiaircraft guns and Chinese MANPADS up to modern designs such as the FN-6. The first loss of a MiG-21 was recorded on 30 August 2012. Its registration was 2271. It was likely downed on take off or landing at Abu al-Duhur Military Airbase, under siege by rebels, by heavy machine gun fire.^[79]
A few days later a second MiG-21, registered 2280, was shot down and recorded on video on 4 September 2012. It was likely downed on take off or landing at Abu Dhuhur air base, under siege by rebels, by KPV 14.5 mm machine gun fire.^[80]

On 10 November 2014, a Syrian Air Force MiG-21bis, serialed 2204, was shot down by rebels either using a MANPADS or antiaircraft guns, near Sabboura town, 45 km east of Hama airbase where it was likely based. The pilot was killed. Video and picture evidence of the crash site surfaced.^[81][82]

After four months, during which the Syrian Air Force suffered no losses to enemy fire, the last being a MiG-23, on 12 March 2016, a Syrian MiG-21 was shot down by Jaysh al-Nasr over Hama near Kafr Nabudah. There were conflicting accounts of how it was brought down, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported the warplane had been downed by two MANPADS, while Jaysh al-Nasr militants say they shot it down with anti-aircraft guns.^[83] Video evidence suggesting it was a MANPADS. It seems the pilot ejected, but died, either killed by ground fire while descending or other causes.^[84]

Other Middle East conflicts

Egypt was shipped some American Sidewinder missiles, and these were fitted to their MiG-21s and successfully used in combat against Libyan Mirages and MiG-23s during the brief Libyan-Egyptian War of July 1977.

Libya vs Egypt conflicts: MiG-21s in air-to-air combat^[1]

Date	Aircraft scoring kill	Victim
22 July 1977	LARAF Mirage 5DE	EAF MiG-21MF
23 July 1977	EAF MiG-21MFs	3 (or 4) LARAF Mirage + 1 LARAF MiG-23MS
1979	EAF MiG-21MF	LARAF MiG-23MS

Iran–Iraq War

During the Iran–Iraq War, 23 Iraqi MiG-21s were shot down by Iranian F-14s, confirmed by the Iranian, Western and Iraqi sources^[85] and 29 MiG-21s by F-4s.^[86]
However, from 1980 to 1988, the Iraqi MiG-21s shot down 43 Iranian fighter aircraft including an F-14 Tomcat, against 49 MiG-21 losses in the same period.^[87][88]

Libya

Libyan MiG-21s saw limited service during the 2011 Libyan civil war.^[89] On 15 March 2011, one MiG-21bis and one MiG-21UM flown by defector Libyan air force pilots who joined the rebellion, flew from Ghardabiya AB (near Sirte) and landed at Benina airport to become part of the Free Libyan Air Force. On 17 March 2011 the MiG-21UM suffered a technical fault and crashed after takeoff from Benina airport.^[90] On 2 September 2014 a MiG-21 crashed in Tobruk due to pilot error during a pull up maneuver.^[91] It is unclear whether the pilot had been on a bombing mission in Derna, further East or had been performing an aerial ceremony for a pilot who died several days earlier.^[92] MiG-21s under the control of the Libyan House of Representatives have been used extensively to bomb forces loyal to the rival General National Congress in Benghazi during the 2014 Libyan Civil War.^[93][94]

Horn of Africa

During the Ogaden War of 1977–78, Ethiopian Air Force F-5As engaged Somali Air Force MiG-21MFs in combat on several occasions. In one lopsided incident, two F-5As piloted by Israeli advisers or mercenaries engaged four MiG-21MFs. The MiGs were handled incompetently by the Somali pilots, and the F-5As destroyed two while the surviving pilots collided with each other avoiding an AIM-9.^[1][95]

Ethiopia claimed to have shot down 10 Somali MiG-21MFs; while Somalia also claimed to have destroyed several Ethiopian MiG-21MFs, three F-5Es, one Canberra bomber and three Douglas DC-3s.^[1] Ethiopian MiG-21s were deployed largely in the ground attack role, and proved instrumental during the final offensive against Somali ground forces.^[1]

Angola

MiG-21MF kill marking on a South African Air Force Mirage F1CZ

During Angola's long-running civil war, MiG-21s of the Cuban Air Force were frequently deployed to attack ground targets manned by rebel forces or engage South African Air Force Mirage F1s conducting cross-border strikes. Most MiG-21 losses over Angola were attributed to accurate ground fire, such as an example downed by National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) insurgents near Luena with an American FIM-92 Stinger.^[96]

Despite extensive losses to man-portable air-defense systems, MiG-21s were instrumental during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale; Cuban pilots became accustomed to flying up to three sorties a day. Both the MiG-21MF and the MiG-21bis were deployed almost exclusively in the fighter/bomber role. As interceptors they were somewhat unsuccessful due to their inability to detect low-flying South African aircraft.^[97] On 6 November 1981, a Mirage F1CZ achieved South Africa's first confirmed air-to-air kill since the Korean War when it destroyed Cuban Lieutenant Danacio Valdez's MiG-21MF with 30mm cannon fire.^[98] On 5 October 1982, Mirages escorting an English Electric Canberra on routine reconnaissance over Cahama were engaged by at least two MiG-21bis. A South African radar operator picked up the attacking MiGs and was able to alert the Mirage pilots in advance, instructing them to change course immediately. As they jettisoned their auxiliary tanks, however, they were pinpointed by the Cubans, who opened pursuit. In a vicious dogfight, SAAF Major Johann Rankin closed range and maneuvered into the MiGs' rear cones. From there, one of his two R.550 Magic missiles impacted directly behind the lead MiG and forced it down. The second aircraft, piloted by a Lieutenant Raciel Marrero Rodriguez, could not detect the Mirage's proximity until it had entered his turn radius and was perforated by Rankin's autocannon. This damaged MiG-21 landed safely at Lubango.^[98]

Contacts between MiG-21s and SAAF Mirage F1s or Mirage IIIs became increasingly common throughout the 1980s. Between 1984 and 1988, thirteen MiG-21s were lost over Angola.^[99] On 9 August 1984, a particularly catastrophic accident occurred when the 9th Fighter Training Squadrons and the 12th Fighter Squadrons of the Cuban Air Force attempted to carry out an exercise in poor weather. A single MiG-21bis and three MiG-23s were lost.^[97]

On 14 December 1988, an Angolan Air Force MiG-21bis strayed off course and executed an emergency landing in Namibia, where it was seized by local authorities. Since Angola did not request its return after the South African Border War, the MiG was restored by Atlas Aviation and currently resides at Swartkops Air Force Base, Pretoria.^[100]

Congo

MiG-21s, along with its Chinese copy (the F-7 Skybolt), flew ground sorties during the First and Second Congo Wars, sometimes being piloted by mercenaries.

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavian Air Force MiG-21F-13

Yugoslavia purchased its first batch of MiG-21s in 1962 from the Soviet Union. In the period from 1962 to the early 1980s Yugoslavia had purchased 261 MiG-21s in ten variants. There was 41 MiG-21f-13, 36 MiG-21PfM, 25 MiG-21M, 6 MiG-21MF, 46 MiG-21bis, 45 MiG-21bisK, 12 MiG-21R, 18 MiG-21U, 25 MiG-21UM and 7 MiG-21US.^[101] Yugoslav Air force units that operated MiG-21 were the 204th fighter-aviation regiment at Batajnica Air Base (126th, 127th and 128th fighter-aviation squadrons), 117th fighter-aviation regiment at Željava Air Base (124th and 125th fighter-aviation squadron and 352nd recon squadron), 83rd fighter-aviation regiment at Slatina Air Base (123rd and 130th fighter aviation squadron), 185th fighter-bomber-aviation squadron (129th fighter-aviation squadron) at Pula and 129th training center at Batajnica air base.

During the early stages of the 1991–1995 Yugoslav wars the Yugoslav People's Army used MiG-21s in a ground-attack role, while Croatian and Slovenian forces did not have air forces at the beginning of the war. Aircraft from air bases in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were relocated to air bases in Serbia. Detailed records show at least seven MiG-21s were shot down by AA defenses in Croatia and Bosnia.^[102] A MiG-21 shot down an EC helicopter in 1992.^[103]

Croatia acquired three MiG-21s in 1992 through defections by Croatian pilots serving with the JNA,^[104] two of which were lost in subsequent actions – one to Serbian air defenses, the other in a friendly fire accident.^[105] In 1993, Croatia purchased about 40 MiG-21s in violation of an arms embargo,^[105] but only about 20 of these entered service, while the rest were used for spare parts. Croatia used them alongside the sole remaining defector for ground attack missions in operations Flash (during which one was lost) and Storm. The only air-to-air action for Croatian MiGs was an attempt by two of them to intercept Soko J-22 Oraos of Republika Srpska Air Force on ground attack mission on 7 August 1995. After some maneuvering, both sides disengaged without firing.^[105]

Remaining Yugoslav MiG-21s were flown to Serbia by 1992 and continued their service in the newly created Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, 3 MiG-21s were destroyed on the ground.^[102]

Romania

A Romanian Air Force MiG-21 LanceR C during a training exercise.

In 1962, Romanian Air Force (RoAF) received first 12 MiG-21F-13, followed by another 12 of the same variant in 1963. Deliveries continued over the next years with other variants: 38 aircraft of MiG-21RFM (PF) variant in 1965, 7 MiG-21U-400/600 in 1965–1968, 56 MiG-21RFMM (PFM) in 1966–1968, 12 MiG-21R in 1968–1972, 68 MiG-21M plus 11 MiG-21US in 1969–1970, 74 MiG-21MF/MF-75 in 1972–1975, and 27 MiG-21UM in 1972–1980 plus another 5 of the same variant in 1990, for a total number of 322 aircraft.^[106]

Beginning in 1993, Russia did not offer spare parts for the MiG-23 and MiG-29 for the RoAF. Initially, this was the context for the modernization of the Romanian MiG-21s with Elbit Systems, and because it was easier to maintain these fighter jets. In 1995–2002, a total of 111 MiG-21s were modernized, of which 71 were M and MF/MF-75 variants modernized under the LanceR A designation (for ground attack), 14 were UM variant as LanceR B designation (trainer), and another 26 MF/MF-75 variant were modernized under LanceR C designation (air superiority).^[106] Today, only 36 LanceRs are operational for the RoAF. It can use both Western and Eastern armament such as the R-60M, R-73, Magic 2, or Python III missiles.

They will be replaced by a squadron of 12 F-16AM/BM fighters by 2020 with the first aircraft arriving in the second half of 2016.^{[needs update]} Another squadron will be purchased with more newer versions of the F-16 or other types of multirole plane jets like Dassault Rafale-B/C/M, used McDonnell-Douglas F/A-18C/D Hornet, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet or Eurofighter Typhoon, to complete the minimum number of 48 multirole fighters, required in 2004 by NATO when Romania joined.^[107][108]

Despite being one of the newest MiG-21 fleets in service, the Romanian MiG-21 LanceR fleet was grounded due to difficulties maintaining the aircraft, and since 1996 it has had an accident rate of over 30 per 100,000 hours. Serviceability rates below 50% are not uncommon.^[109]

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21bis

The Bulgarian Air Force received a total of 224 MiG-21 aircraft. From September 1963 the 19th Fighter Regiment of the Air Force received 12 MiG-21F-13s. Later some of these aircraft were converted for reconnaissance as MiG-21F-13Rs, which were submitted to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment in 1988. In January 1965 the 18th Fighter Regiment received a squadron of 12 MiG-21PFs, some of which also were converted and used as a reconnaissance aircraft (MiG-oboznachevnieto 21PFR). The 26 Regiment reconnaissance aircraft from this squadron were removed from service in 1991, the 15 Fighter Regiment in 1965 received another 12 MiG-21PF fighters and in 1977–1978 operated another 36 refurbished aircraft. This unit received two more aircraft in 1984 and operated them until 1992.

For reconnaissance, a regiment received 26 specialized reconnaissance MiG-21Rs in 1962, and in 1969–1970, 19 Fighter Aviation Regiment received 15 MiG-21m aircraft, which operated in 21 Fighter Aviation Regiment and were removed from active service in 1990. An additional 12 MiG-21MF fighters were received in 1974–1975, with a reconnaissance version of the MiG-21MFR provided to the 26th Reconnaissance Regiment and eksloatirani until 2000, when removed from active service.

From 1983 to 1990, the Bulgaria Air Force received 72 MiG-21bis. Of these, 30 (six new and renovated) are under option with ACS and provided to the 19th Fighter Regiment; the rest are equipped with the "Lazur". This batch was taken out of service in 2000.

Besides fighters, the Air Force has received 39 MiG-21U trainers (one in 1966), five MiG-21US in 1969–1970 and 27 MiG-21UM (new) during 1974–1980, another six refurbished ex-Soviet examples in 1990. In 1982, three MiG-21UM trainers were sold to Cambodia and in 1994 another 10 examples. MiG-21UMs were also sold to India. Other training aircraft were removed from active service in 2000. A total of 38 aircraft were lost in the period 1963–2000.

The last flight of a Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21 took off from Graf Ignatievo Air Base on 31 December 2015. On 18 December 2015, there was an official ceremony for the retirement of the type of the active duty. Aircraft have been put in "active" storage.

Known MiG-21 aces

U.S. Air Force MiG-21 with American markings used for training of American pilots in flight

Several pilots have attained ace status (five or more aerial victories/kills) while flying the MiG-21. Nguyễn Văn Cốc of the VPAF, who scored nine kills in MiG-21s is regarded as the most successful.^[110] Twelve other VPAF pilots were credited with five or more aerial victories while flying the MiG-21: Phạm Thanh Ngân,^[1]Nguyễn Hồng Nhị and Mai Văn Cường (both eight kills); Đặng Ngọc Ngự^[1] (seven kills), Vũ Ngọc Đỉnh,^[1]Nguyễn Ngọc Độ,^[1]Nguyễn Nhật Chiêu,^[1]Lê Thanh Đạo,^[1]Nguyễn Đăng Kỉnh,^[1]Nguyễn Đức Soát,^[1] and Nguyễn Tiến Sâm^[1] (six kills each), and Nguyễn Văn Nghĩa^[1] (five kills).

Additionally, three Syrian pilots are known to have attained ace status while flying the MiG-21. Syrian airmen: M. Mansour^[111] recorded five solo kills (with one additional probable), B. Hamshu^[111] scored five solo kills, and A. el-Gar^[111] tallied four solo and one shared kill, all three during the 1973–1974 engagements against Israel.

Due to the incomplete nature of available records, there are several pilots who have unconfirmed aerial victories (probable kills), which when confirmed would award them "Ace" Status: S.A. Razak^[112] of the Iraqi Air Force with four known kills scored during the Iran–Iraq War (until 1991; sometimes referred to as the Persian Gulf War), A. Wafai^[113] of the Egyptian Air Force with four known kills against Israel.

For specific information on kills scored by and against MiG-21s sorted by country see the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators page.

See also List of Syrian flying aces, List of Egyptian flying aces

Variants

Main article: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 variants

Operators

Main article: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 operators

Current MiG-21 operators in blue, former operators in red, operators of captured aircraft in green.

Serbian Air Force MiG-21UM.

Croatian Air Force MiG-21UMD in unique promotional paint scheme.

Croatian MiG-21BisD after being refurbished in 2014.

Two Croatian MiG-21 bisD in flight

Egyptian MiG-21PFM in 1982

This list does not include operators of Chinese copies / licensed manufactured versions known as the Chengdu J-7/F-7. Information is based on Mig-21 (2008).^[1]

• 
   Angola
  
  • 
    National Air Force of Angola: 23 in service as of December 2018.^[114]
    
  
  


• 
   Azerbaijan
  
  • 
    Azerbaijani Air Forces: 5 in service as of December 2018.^[115]
    
  
  


• 
   Croatia
  
  • 
    Croatian Air Force: 12 aircraft in service as of December 2018.^[116] Upgraded in 2003 to MiG-21BisD/UMD standard and refurbished again in 2014. They will remain operational until at least 2022.
  
  


• 
   Cuba
  
  • 
    Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force: 12 aircraft in service as of December 2018.^[117]
    
  
  


• 
   Egypt
  
  • 
    Egyptian Air Force^[118]
    
  
  


• 
   Guinea
  
  • 
    Guinea Air Force: 3 in service as of December 2018.^[119]
    
  
  


• 
   Guinea-Bissau
  
  • 
    Guinea-Bissau Air Force^[120]
    
  
  


• 
   India
  
  • 
    Indian Air Force: MiG-21 FL version withdrawn December 2013, MIG-21 PF (MIG-21 FL or Type 77) withdrawn in January 2014. Upgraded MIG-21bis to be retired by 2021–2022.^{[121][122][123][124]}
    
  
  


• 
   Libya
  
  • 
    Libyan Air Force: 12 aircraft in service as of December 2018.^[125]
    
  
  


• 
   Mali
  
  • 
    Mali Air Force: 9 in service as of December 2018.^[125]
    
  
  


• 
   Mozambique
  
  • 
    Mozambique Air Force: 6 MIG-21bis + 2 MiG-21UM Trainers reported as refurbished and delivered from Romania, July 2014 from Aerostar.^[126]
    
  
  


• 
   North Korea
  
  • 
    Korean People's Air Force^[127] MiG-21F-13, MiG-21PFM, MiG-21MF, MiG-21bis and MiG-21U in service, as well as the similar looking Chengdu J-7.
  
  


• 
   Romania
  
  • 
    Romanian Air Force ^[128] will be replaced by F-16s from 2017 onwards
  
  


• 
   Serbia
  
  • 
    Serbian Air Force and Air Defence^[129]
    
  
  


• 
   Sudan
  
  • 
    Sudanese Air Force^[130]
    
  
  


• 
   Syria
  
  • 
    Syrian Arab Air Force^[130]
    
  
  


• 
   Uganda
  
  • 
    Ugandan Air Force^[131]
    
  
  


• 
   Yemen
  
  • 
    Yemeni Air Force^[132]
    
  
  


• 
   Zambia
  
  • 
    Zambian Air Force^[132]
    
  
  

Former operators

A Bulgarian MiG-21 taxis at Graf Ignatievo Air Base, Bulgaria during a bilateral exercise between the U.S. and Bulgarian Air Force.

Bulgarian Air Force MiG-21UB

Czechoslovak Air Force MiG-21R

Two seater MiG-21UM, Polish Air Force, markings of 3rd Tactical Sqn.

Bangladesh Air Force Twin seater Mig-21UM in BAF Museum.The aircraft was gifted by Soviet Union in 1972

• 
   Afghanistan
  
  • Afghan Air Force
  
  


• 
   Algeria
  
  • Algerian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Bangladesh
  
  • Bangladeshi Air Force
  
  


• 
   Belarus
  
  • Belarusian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Bulgaria
  
  • 
    Bulgarian Air Force ^{[133][134][135]}
    
  
  


• 
   Burkina Faso
  
  • Burkina Faso Air Force
  
  


• 
   Cambodia
  
  • 
    Royal Cambodian Air Force ^[136]
    
  
  


• 
   Chad
  
  • Chadian Air Force
  
  


• 
   China: (Replaced by similar-looking Chengdu J-7. Other than MiG-21F13 supplied by Soviet Union, China also traded a small amount of MiG-21MFs with J-7 export variations, then developed J-7C/D based on MiG-21MFs. The deal was between China and a certain Middle Eastern country.^[137] In May 2013, Official publication from Chengdu Aircraft Corp reported J-7 production has been ceased after decades of manufacturing variations of this Chinese made MiG-21.^[138])


• 
   Congo, Republic of the
  
  • Congolese Air Force
  
  


• 
   Congo, Democratic Republic of the
  
  • Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  
  


• 
   Czechoslovakia
  
  • 
    Czechoslovak People's Air Force: (passed on to the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
  
  


• 
   Czech Republic
  
  • Czech Air Force
  
  


• 
   East Germany
  
  • 
    Air Forces of the National People's Army: (passed on to Germany after reunification)
  
  


• 
   Eritrea
  
  • 
    Eritrean Air Force ^[139]
    
  
  


• 
   Ethiopia
  
  • Ethiopian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Finland
  
  • Finnish Air Force
  
  


• 
   Germany
  
  • 
    Luftwaffe^[140]
    
  
  


• 
   Georgia
  
  • Georgian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Hungary
  
  • 
    Hungarian Air Force: 261 MiG-21 bis
  
  


• 
   Indonesia
  
  • Indonesian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Iran
  
  • 
    Iranian Air Force: Purchased 12 ex-East German MiG-21PFMs plus four MiG-21Us for training purposes. However, only two MiG-21Us were delivered, the others being embargoed after German reunification.^[141]
    
  
  


• 
   Iraq
  
  • 
    Iraqi Air Force: (In Saddam Hussein's Era)
  
  


• 
  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
  
  • Army Air Force of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
  
  


• 
   ISIL
  
  • 
    Military of ISIL: quantity 19 (1 operational).^{[142][143][144][145]} Originally 3 in operational condition. The Syrian Air Force claimed to have shot down two of them.^[146] Other airframes are in various states of disrepair and some of them were being overhauled at the time of their capture.
  
  


• 
   Kyrgyzstan
  
  • Kyrgyzstan Air and Air Defence Force
  
  


• 
   Laos
  
  • Lao People's Liberation Army Air Force
  
  


• 
   Mongolia
  
  • 
    Mongolian Air Force ^[147]
    
  
  


• 
   Madagascar
  
  • Madagascar Air Force
  
  


• 
   Namibia
  
  • 
    Namibian Air Force ^[148]
    
  
  


• 
   Nigeria
  
  • Nigerian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Poland
  
  
  
  • Polish Air Force
  
  
  • Polish Naval Aviation
  
  
  
  


• 
   Russia
  
  • Russian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Serbia and Montenegro
  
  • 
    Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro (passed on to Serbia)
  
  

MiG-21MA of Slovak Air Forces on display in Liptovský Mikuláš, 2011.

• 
   Slovakia
  
  • 
    Slovak Air Force In 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Slovak Air Force obtained 13 MiG-21MAs, 36 MiG-21MFs, eight MiG-21Rs, two MiG-21USs and 11 MiG-21UMs. They were withdrawn in 2003. Some of them are in museums across the country, some are stored and will be destroyed.^[149]
    
  
  


• 
   Somalia
  
  • Somali Air Force
  
  


• 
   Soviet Union: (passed on to several successor states)
  
  
  
  • Soviet Air Force
  
  
  • Soviet Air Defence Force
  
  
  • Soviet Naval Aviation
  
  
  
  


• 
   Tanzania
  
  • Tanzanian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Turkmenistan
  
  • Turkmen Air Force
  
  


• 
   United States – Retired from United States Air Force after evaluation flights and aggressor squadron duty.^[150]
  


• 
   Ukraine
  
  • Ukrainian Air Force
  
  


• 
   Vietnam
  
  • 
    Vietnam People's Air Force Retired from service in November 2015, put in temporary storage while the Air Force searches for a replacement, possibly the Sukhoi Su-35 or even the American F-16. ^[151]
    
  
  


• 
   Yugoslavia
  
  • 
    Yugoslav Air Force (Passed on to Serbia and Montenegro.)
  
  


• 
   Zaire (Four were sold to the Zairean government by FR Yugoslavia.^[152])

Civilian operators

According to the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), there were 44 privately owned MiG-21s in the U.S. in 2012^[153]

By 2013 Draken International acquired 30 MiG-21bis/UM, mostly ex-Polish.^[154] In 2017 it operates 30 MiGs.^[155]

Use as space launch platform

Premier Space Systems in Hillsboro, Oregon, USA is currently conducting flight tests for NanoLaunch, a project to launch suborbital sounding rockets from MiG-21s flying over the Pacific Ocean.^[156]

Specifications (MiG-21-93)

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21PF

Data from Gordon,^[1] deagel.com^[157]

General characteristics

• 
  Crew: 1


• 
  Length: 14.7 m (48 ft 2 in)


• 
  Wingspan: 7.154 m (23 ft 6 in)


• 
  Height: 4 m (13 ft 6 in)


• 
  Wing area: 23 m² (247.6 ft²)


• 
  Empty weight: 5,846 kg (12,880 lb)


• 
  Loaded weight: 8,725 kg (19,230 lb) with 2 × K-13A missiles


• 
  Max. takeoff weight: 9,800 kg (21,600 lb)


• 
  Powerplant: 1 × Tumansky R-25-300 afterburning turbojet
  
  
  
  • 
    Dry thrust: 40.21 kN (9,040 lbf)
  
  
  • 
    Thrust with afterburner: 69.62 kN; 97.1 kN WEP (15,650 lbf; 21,825 lbf WEP)
  
  
  
  

Performance

• 
  Maximum speed: ** At sea level: Mach 1.05 (1,300 km/h; 808 mph)
  
  • 
    At 13,000 m (42,640 ft): Mach 1.76 (2,175 km/h; 1,351 mph)
  
  


• 
  Range: 1,470 km (910 mi; 790 nmi) at 10,000 m (32,800 ft) with 2 × K-13A missiles and 800 l (180 imp gal; 210 US gal)


• 
  Service ceiling: 17,500 m (57,400 ft)


• 
  Rate of climb: 225 m/s (44,280 ft/min)


• 
  Wing loading: 452.2 kg/m² (92.7 lb/f²)


• 
  Maximum g-load: 8.5 g


• 
  Landing speed: 350 km/h (190 kn), usually with a drogue parachute^[158]
  

Armament

• 
  Guns: 1 × internal 23 mm Gryazev-Shipunov GSh-23L autocannon with 200 rounds


• 
  Hardpoints: 4 with a capacity of up to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of stores and provisions to carry combinations of:
  
  
  
  • 
    Rockets: S-24
    
  
  
  • 
    Missiles: *** Air-to-air missiles:
    
    
    
    • 
      
      • K-13
      
      
      • K-5
      
      
      • R-60
      
      
      • R-73
      
      
      • R-77
      
      
      • R-27
      
      
    
    
    • 
      Air-to-surface missiles:
      
      
      
      • Kh-66 Grom
      
      
      • Kh-25
      
      
      • Kh-31
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Bombs: *** KAB-500KR TV-guided bomb
    
    • 4 × 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs
    
    
  
  
  
  

See also

• 
  Aviation portal
  

• Operation Diamond


• Operation Bolo

Related development

• Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-8


• Sukhoi Su-9


• Chengdu J-7


• Guizhou JL-9 / FTC-2000 Mountain Eagle


• CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Dassault Mirage III


• Dassault Mirage F1


• Lockheed F-104 Starfighter


• English Electric Lightning


• Northrop F-5


• Saab 35 Draken

Related lists

• Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war


• Iraqi aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war


• List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS


• List of fighter aircraft

References

Notes

1. 
   ^ "AZ" – abbreviation for Russian "Авиационный Завод" – АЗ (Aviation Plant).
   


2. 
   ^ Now called Nizhny Novgorod.
   


3. 
   ^ Captain Van Coc had scored 9 victories by his meeting with Ho Chi Minh in 1969, he scored 2 USAF reconnaissance drones^[45] in December 1969, after Ho Chi Minh's death in September of that year
   

Citations

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   ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacad} Gordon, Yefim. MiG-21 (Russian Fighters). Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 2008. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21.

• MiG-21.de


• MIG-21 Fishbed from Russian Military Analysis


• MiG-21 Fishbed from Global Security.org


• Warbird Alley: MiG-21 page – Information about privately owned MiG-21s

v t e Mikoyan and Gurevich (MiG) aircraft
Fighters, interceptors	MiG-1 MiG-3 MiG-5 MiG-7 MiG-9 MiG-15 MiG-17 MiG-19 MiG-21 MiG-23 MiG-25 MiG-29 (M/K) MiG-31 MiG-35 MiG-41
Attack	MiG-6 MiG-23 MiG-27
Reconnaissance	MiG-25R
Trainers	MiG-AT
Experimental	MiG-8 I-211 I-250 I-270 I-320 Ye-8 I-350 I-380/I-410/I-3/I-5 I-7U I-75 Ye-150/Ye-152 MiG Skat MiG-110 Project 1.44 Project LFI MiG-105 MiG-33 MiG-XX LMFS MiG-1.27 MiG-41 PAK DP
Proposed, cancelled	MiG-2000

Authority control	GND: 4521853-5

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