Literacy in India









Literacy rate map of India, 2011[1]


Literacy in India is a key for socio-economic progress,[2] and the Indian literacy rate has grown to 4% (2011 Census figure), with recent reports of 0.8% literacy approaching the world average rate of 0.084%.[3] The literacy rate at the end of British rule in 1947 was around 12%.[4][5][6] Despite government programmes, India's literacy rate increased only "sluggishly".[7] The 2011 census, indicated a 2001–2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade. An old 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at then-current rate of progress.[8]


There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India: effective literacy rates (age 7 and above) in 2011 were 80.9% for men and 64.60% for women.[9] The low female literacy rate has had a dramatically negative impact on family planning and population stabillisation efforts in India. Studies have indicated that female literacy is a strong predictor of the use of contraception among married Indian couples, even when women do not otherwise have economic independence.[10] The census provided a positive indication that growth in female literacy rates (11.8%) was substantially faster than in male literacy rates (6.9%) in the 2001–2011 decadal period, which means the gender gap appears to be narrowing.[11]According to the National Family and Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015-16, Jains form the wealthiest community in India.[12] Jains have the highest literacy rate (87%) in India, in the 7-years to oldest age group, according to its 2011 census. The Jain community also has the highest number of college graduates.[13]




Contents






  • 1 Comparative literacy statistics on country


  • 2 Literacy rate disparity


  • 3 Growth of literacy


    • 3.1 The British period


    • 3.2 Post-Independence




  • 4 Literacy rate variations between states


  • 5 Lessons from state literacy efforts in India


    • 5.1 Bihar literacy success


    • 5.2 Tripura literacy success


    • 5.3 Kerala literacy success


    • 5.4 Himachal literacy success


    • 5.5 Mizoram literacy success


    • 5.6 Tamil Nadu literacy success


    • 5.7 Rajasthan literacy success


    • 5.8 Social commentary




  • 6 Literacy efforts


    • 6.1 Government efforts


      • 6.1.1 National Literacy Mission


      • 6.1.2 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan




    • 6.2 Non-governmental efforts


      • 6.2.1 Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation






  • 7 Definition of literacy


  • 8 See also


  • 9 References


  • 10 External links





Comparative literacy statistics on country


The table below shows the adult and youth literacy rates for India and some neighbouring countries in 2015.[14]
Adult literacy rate is based on the 15+ years age group, while the youth literacy rate is for the 15–24 years age group (i.e. youth is a subset of adults).




















































UNESCO list of countries by literacy rate (2015)[15]
Country
 Adult literacy rate
 Youth literacy rate
ages 15–24

China
 96.4%[14]
 99.7%[15]

Sri Lanka
 92.6%[16]
 98.8%[17]

Myanmar
 93.1% [18]
 96.3% [19]
World average
 86.3%[20]
 91.2% [14]

India
72.1%[21]
86.1%[21]

Nepal
 64.7%
 86.9%[22]

Bangladesh
 61.5%
 83.2%[23]

Pakistan
 58.5%[24]
 74.8%[25]


Literacy rate disparity


One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of education and availability of schools in vicinity in rural areas. There is a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006–2007.[26] In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets.[27] In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats, 'free and compulsory education' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified 'para teachers'.[28] The average pupil teacher ratio for all India is 42:1, implying a teacher shortage.[29] Such inadequacies resulted in a non-standardized school system where literacy rates may differ.[28] Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission.[30] This further complicates the literacy problem in India.


Severe caste disparities also exist.[28] Discrimination of lower castes has resulted in high dropout rates and low enrollment rates. The National Sample Survey Organisation and the National Family Health Survey collected data in India on the percentage of children completing primary school which are reported to be only 36.8% and 37.7% respectively.[31] On 21 February 2005, the Prime Minister of India said that he was pained to note that "only 47 out of 100 children enrolled in class I reach class VIII, putting the dropout rate at 52.78 per cent."[29] It is estimated that at least 35 million, and possibly as many as 60 million, children aged 6–14 years are not in school.[28]


Absolute poverty in India has also deterred the pursuit of formal education as education is not deemed of as the highest priority among the poor as compared to other basic necessities. The MRP-based (mixed recall period) poverty estimates of about 22% of poverty in 2004–05 which translated to 22 out of per 100 people are not meeting their basic needs, much less than meeting the need for education.[32]


The large proportion of illiterate females is another reason for the low literacy rate in India. Inequality based on gender differences resulted in female literacy rates being lower at 65.46% than that of their male counterparts at 82.14%.[33] Due to strong stereotyping of female and male roles, Sons are thought of to be more useful and hence are educated. Females are pulled to help out on agricultural farms at home as they are increasingly replacing the males on such activities which require no formal education.[34] Fewer than 2% of girls who engaged in agriculture work attended school.[34]



Growth of literacy




Literacy in India grew very slowly until independence in 1947. An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991–2001 period.


Prior to the British era, education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called gurukuls. The gurukuls were supported by public donation and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices. However these Gurukuls catered to the Upper castes males of the Indian society and the majority population received basic literacy at temples along with trade apprenticeship as per their caste based professions


The education system in India was systematically destroyed by the Britisḥ For example under Raja Ranjit singh ji Punjab was almost 100% literate. According to British Historian G.W Leitner in his work published in 1881, The number of students attaining education dropped nearly 50% from Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Sikh empire to British Colonization. Punjab had more scholars and intellectuals then anywhere but after the British took over all changed. The British systematically burnt books in Punjab as part of their revenge for 1857 war of independence.



The British period


In the colonial era, the community funded gurukul system and temple-based charity education, began to decline as the centrally funded institutions promoted by the British began to gradually take over and the British budget for education of the entire country was less than half of the budget for the city of New York at the time. Between 1881–82 and 1946–47, the number of English primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students in English Schools grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943. Literacy rates in accordance to British in India rose from an estimated 3.2 per cent in 1872, to 16.1 per cent in 1941.


In 1944, the Government of British India presented a plan, called the Sergeant Scheme for the educational reconstruction of India, with a goal of producing 100% literacy in the country within 40 years, i.e. by 1984.[35] Although the 40-year time-frame was derided at the time by leaders of the Indian independence movement as being too long a period to achieve universal literacy,[35] India had only just crossed the 74% level by the 2011 census.


It should also be noted that the British India censuses identify a significant difference in literacy rates, by: sex, religion, caste and state of residence,[36] e.g.:
















































1901 census – literacy rate
 Male %
 Female %
Madras 11.9 0.11
Bombay 11.6 0.9
Bengal 10.4 0.5
Berar 8.5 0.3
Assam 6.7 0.4
Punjab 6.4 0.3
United Provinces 5.7 0.2
Central Provinces 5.4 0.2


Post-Independence


The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6–14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given overriding priority by incorporation as a Directive Policy in Article 45 of the Constitution, but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since the Constitution was adopted in 1949. Parliament has passed the Constitution 86th Amendment Act, 2002, to make elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age group of 6–14 years.[37] In order to provide more funds for education, an education cess of 2 per cent has been imposed on all direct and indirect central taxes through the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004.[38]


In 2000–01, there were 60,840 pre-primary and pre-basic schools, and 664,041 primary and junior basic schools.[39] Total enrolment at the primary level has increased from 19,200,000 in 1950–51 to 109,800,000 in 2001–02.[40] The number of high schools in 2000–01 was higher than the number of primary schools at the time of independence.[5][39]


The literacy rate grew from 18.33 per cent in 1951, to 74.04 per cent in 2011.[41] During the same period, the population grew from 361 million to 1,210 million.







































































































Census of India - literacy rates (age 7+)[41][4]
Year
 Male %
 Female %
 Combined %
1872[5]
 ~3.25
1881 8.1 0.35 4.32
1891 8.44 0.42 4.62
1901 9.8 0.6 5.4
1911 10.6 1.0 5.9
1921 12.2 1.8 7.2
1931 15.6 2.9 9.5
1941 24.9 7.3 16.1
1951 27.16 8.86 18.33
1961 40.4 15.35 28.3
1971 45.96 21.97 34.45
1981 56.38 29.76 43.57
1991 64.13 39.29 52.21
2001 75.26 53.67 64.83
2011 82.14 65.46 74.04


Literacy rate variations between states


India's literacy rate is at 74.04%. Tripura has achieved a literacy rate of 94.65%.[42]Bihar is the least literate state in India, with a literacy of 63.82%.[43] Several other social indicators of the two states are correlated with these rates, such as life expectancy at birth (71.61 for males and 75 for females in Kerala, 65.66 for males and 64.79 for females in Bihar), infant mortality per 1,000 live births (10 in Kerala, 61 in Bihar), birth rate per 1,000 people (16.9 in Kerala, 30.9 in Bihar) and death rate per 1,000 people (6.4 in Kerala, 7.9 in Bihar).[44]


Every census since 1881 had indicated rising literacy in the country, but the population growth rate had been high enough that the absolute number of illiterates rose with every decade. The 2001–2011 decade is the second census period (after the 1991–2001 census period) when the absolute number of Indian illiterates declined (by 31,196,847 people), indicating that the literacy growth rate is now outstripping the population growth rate.[45]


Six Indian states account for about 70% of all illiterates in India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.[46] Slightly less than half of all Indian illiterates (48.12%) are in the six Hindi-speaking states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.[46]


Large variations in literacy exist even between contiguous states. While there are few states at the top and bottom, most states are just above or below the national average.



Lessons from state literacy efforts in India


Several states in India have executed successful programs to boost literacy rates. Over time, a set of factors have emerged as being key to success: official will to succeed, deliberate steps to engage the community in administering the programme, adequate funding for infrastructure and teachers, and provisioning additional services which are considered valuable by the community (such as free school lunches).



Bihar literacy success


Bihar has significantly raised the literacy rate as per the 2011 census. The literacy rate has risen from 39% in 1991 to 47% in 2001 to 63.8% in 2011.[45] The Government of Bihar has launched several programs to boost literacy, and its Department of Adult Education won a UNESCO award in 1981.[47]


Extensive impoverishment, entrenched hierarchical social divisions and the lack of correlation between educational attainment and job opportunities are often cited in studies of the hurdles literacy programs face in Bihar. Children from "lower castes" are frequently denied school attendance and harassed when they do attend.[48] In areas where there is no discrimination, poor funding and impoverished families means that children often cannot afford textbooks and stationery.[48]


When children do get educated, the general lack of economic progress in the state means that government jobs are the only alternative to farming labor, yet these jobs, in practice, require bribes to secure – which poorer families cannot afford.[48] This leads to educated youths working on the farms, much as uneducated ones do, and leads parents to question the investment of sending children to school in the first place.[48] Bihar's government schools have also faced teacher absenteeism, leading the state government to threaten to withhold of salaries of teachers who failed to conduct classes on a regular basis.[49] To incentivise students to attend, the government announced a Rupee 1 per school-day grant to poor children who show up at school.[49]



Tripura literacy success


Presently Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India, 94.65 percent.[42] According to the 2011 census, literacy level was 93.91 percent in Kerala and 91.58 percent in Mizoram, among the most literate states in the country. The national literacy rate, according to the 2011 census, was 74.04 percent.


The Tripura success story is attributed to the involvement of local government bodies, including gram panchayats, NGOs and local clubs under the close supervision of the State Literacy Mission Authority (SLMA) headed by the chief minister. Tripura attained 87.75 percent literacy in the 2011 census, from the 12th position in the 2001 census to the 4th position in the 2011 census.[50] The Tripura Chief Minister said that efforts were underway to literate leftover 5.35 percent people and achieve complete success in a state of about 3.8 million people.[51] The programmes were not just implemented to make the state literate but as long-term education programmes to ensure all citizens have a certain basic minimum level of education. Tripura has 45 blocks and 23 subdivisions that are served by 68 government-run schools and 30-40 private schools.[52]


Among projects implemented by the state government to increase literacy in the state are:



  • Total literacy drive for people aged between 15 and 50 who have lost the chance of entering formal education fold. A special program – titled improved pace and content learning (IPCL) – has been designed to provide basic education to such people.

  • 10,000 aanganwadi centers have 100 percent enrollment.

  • Policy of no fail till class VIII to prevent children from dropping out.

  • Midday meals in all schools with an eclectic menu for all days of the week to attract more students.

  • No tuition fee in government colleges.


The holistic education system, implemented with equal interest in Agartala, remote areas and the tribal autonomic areas makes sure that people in Tripura do not just become literate but educated, officials emphasized. One pointer to the government's interest in education is the near-total absence of child labor in Tripura.[citation needed]



Kerala literacy success


Kerala has the second highest literacy rate (93.91 percent) among the states of India just after Tripura (94.65%).[42] Kerala topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in the year 2006–2007.[143] More than 94% of the rural population has access to a primary school within 1 km, while 98% of the population benefits one school within a distance of 2 km. An upper primary school within a distance of 3 km is available for more than 96% of the people, whose 98% benefit the facility for secondary education within 8 km. The access for rural students to higher educational institutions in cities is facilitated by widely subsidized transport fares.
Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government. In the educational system prevailed in the state, schooling is for 10 years which is subdivided into lower primary, upper primary and high school. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate programs.


Kerala undertook a "campaign for total literacy" in Ernakulam district in the late 1980s, with a "fusion between the district administration headed by its Collector on one side and, on the other side, voluntary groups, social activists and others".[53] On 4 February 1990, the Government of Kerala endeavoured to replicate the initiative on a statewide level, launching the Kerala State Literacy Campaign.[53] First, households were surveyed with door-to-door, multistage survey visits to form an accurate picture of the literacy landscape and areas that needed special focus. Then, Kala Jāthas (cultural troupes) and Sāksharata Pada Yātras (Literacy Foot Marches) were organized to generate awareness of the campaign and create a receptive social atmosphere for the program.[53] An integrated management system was created involving state officials, prominent social figures, local officials and senior voluntary workers to oversee the execution of the campaign.[53]



Himachal literacy success




Strong government action and community support made Himachal Pradesh one of India's most literate states by 2001.


Himachal Pradesh underwent a "Schooling Revolution" in the 1961–2001 period that has been called "even more impressive than Kerala's."[54] Kerala has led the nation in literacy rates since the 19th century and seen sustained initiatives for over 150 years, whereas Himachal Pradesh's literacy rates in 1961 were below the national average in every age group.[54] In the three decadal 1961–1991 period, female literacy in the 15–19 years age group went from 11% to 86%.[54] School attendance for both boys and girls in the 6–14-year age group stood at over 97% each when measured in the 1998–99 school year.[54]


A key factor that has been credited for these advances is Himachal's cultural background. Himachal Pradesh is a Himalayan state with lower social stratification than many other states, which enables social programmes to be carried out more smoothly. Once the Government of Himachal Pradesh was able to establish a social norm that "schooling is an essential part of every child's upbringing," literacy as a normal attribute of life was adopted very rapidly.[54] Government efforts in expanding schools and providing teachers were sustained after the 1960s and communities often responded very collaboratively, including with constructing school rooms and providing firewood essential during the Himalayan winters.[54]



Mizoram literacy success


Mizoram is the third most literate state in India (91.58 percent), next to Tripura and Kerala,[42] with Serchhip and Aizawl districts being the two most literate districts in India (literacy rate is 98.76% and 98.50%), both in Mizoram.[45] Mizoram's literacy rate rose rapidly after independence: from 31.14% in 1951 to 88.80% in 2001.[55] As in Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram has a social structure that is relatively free of hierarchy and strong official intent to produce total literacy.[56] The government identified illiterates and organised an administrative structure that engaged officials and community leaders, and manned by "animators" who were responsible for teaching five illiterates each.[57] Mizoram established 360 continuing education centres to handle continued education beyond the initial literacy teaching and to provide an educational safety net for school drop-outs.[57]



Tamil Nadu literacy success


One of the pioneers of the scheme is the Madras that started providing cooked meals to children in corporation schools in the Madras city in 1923. The programme was introduced in a large scale in 1960s under the Chief Ministership of K. Kamaraj. The first major thrust came in 1982 when Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Dr. M. G. Ramachandran, decided to universalise the scheme for all children up to class 10. Tamil Nadu's midday meal programme is among the best-known in the country.[58] Starting in 1982, Tamil Nadu took an approach to promoting literacy based on free lunches for schoolchildren, "ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense."[59] The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, MGR launched the programme, which resembled a similar initiative in 19th century Japan, because "he had experienced as a child what it was like to go hungry to school with the family having no money to buy food".[59]


Eventually, the programme covered all children under the age of 15, as well as pregnant women for the first four months of their pregnancy. Tamil Nadu's literacy rate rose from 54.4% in 1981 to 80.3% in 2011.[59] In 2001, the Supreme Court of India instructed all state governments to implement free school lunches in all government-funded schools, but implementation has been patchy due to corruption and social issues.[59] Despite these hurdles, 120 million receive free lunches in Indian schools every day, making it the largest school meal program in the world.[60]



Rajasthan literacy success


Although the decadal rise from 2001–11 was only 6.7% (60.4% in 2001 to 67.1% in 2011) Rajasthan had the biggest percentage decadal (1991–2001) increase in literacy of all Indian states, from about 38% to about 61%, a leapfrog that has been termed "spectacular" by some observers.[61] Aggressive state government action, in the form of the District Primary Education Programme, the Shiksha Karmi initiative and the Lok Jumbish programme, are credited with the rapid improvement.[62] Virtually every village in Rajasthan now has primary school coverage.[61] When statehood was granted to Rajasthan in 1956, it was the least literate state in India with a literacy rate of 18%.[62]



Social commentary


Apart from above, the corporate sector in India has pitched in with the aim of improving literacy, primarily in villages around their factories. For example, J K group has helped over 29,000 citizens of India, mostly village women, to move towards literacy – which means being able to sign their name, read sign boards and handle money, in local languages in eight different states. TATA group claims to have added approximately 250,000 literates using their Computer Based Functional Literacy (CBFL) method.



Literacy efforts


The right to education is a fundamental right,[63] and UNESCO aims at education for all by 2015.[63] India, along with the Arab states and sub-Saharan Africa, has a literacy level below the threshold level of 75%, but efforts are on to achieve that level. The campaign to achieve at least the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and military mobilisation in the country.[64] International Literacy Day is celebrated each year on 8 September with the aim to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies.



Government efforts



National Literacy Mission


The National Literacy Mission, launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75 per cent by 2007.[65] Its charter is to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 35–75 years. The Total Literacy Campaign is their principal strategy for the eradication of illiteracy. The Continuing Education Scheme provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and Post Literacy programmes.[37]



Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan


The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Hindi for Total Literacy Campaign) was launched in 2001 to ensure that all children in the 6–14-year age-group attend school and complete eight years of schooling by 2010. An important component of the scheme is the Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education, meant primarily for children in areas with no formal school within a one kilometre radius. The centrally sponsored District Primary Education Programme, launched in 1994, had opened more than 160,000 new schools by 2005, including almost 84,000 alternative schools.[37]



Non-governmental efforts


The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate. Government programmes alone, however well-intentioned, may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Specific mention is to be made regarding the role of the People's Science Movements (PSMs) in the Literacy Mission in India during the early 1990s.[66] Several non-governmental organisations such as Pratham, ITC, Rotary Club, Lions Club have worked to improve the literacy rate in India.


Manthan Sampoorna Vikas Kendra


Manthan SVK is a holistic education programme initiated by Divya Jyoti Jagriti Sansthan under the guidance of His Holiness Shri Ashutosh Maharajji. This initiative, started in 2008, has since then reached and spread education to over 5000 underprivileged children across India, with its centres spread in Delhi - NCR, Punjab and Bihar. The main aim of Manthan is to provide not just academic but also mental, physical and emotional education. Manthan has also been working for adult literacy through its Adult Literacy Centres for illiterate women. Vocational education is also given attention to, with Sewing and Stitching Centres for women.


The motto of Manthan being Saakshar Bharat, Sashakt Bharat, it has been providing quality education selflessly.



Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation


Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labour and send all of their children to school." As head of an extension programme at the University of Hyderabad in 1987, she organised a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from bonded labour to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her family's Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labour, child marriage and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundation's bridge schools and programmes extend to 4,300 villages.[67]



Definition of literacy


The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) has drafted a definition of literacy as the "ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate fully in their community and wider society."[68]


The National Literacy Mission defines literacy as acquiring the skills of reading, writing and arithmetic and the ability to apply them to one's day-to-day life. The achievement of functional literacy implies (i) self-reliance in 3 R's, (ii) awareness of the causes of deprivation and the ability to move towards amelioration of their condition by participating in the process of development, (iii) acquiring skills to improve economic status and general well being, and (iv) imbibing values such as national integration, conservation of environment, women's equality, observance of small family norms.


The working definition of literacy in the Indian census since 1991 is as follows:[69]



Literacy rate

Also called the "effective literacy rate"; the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding. Here the denominator is the population aged seven years or more.

Effective literacy rate=number of literate persons aged 7 or abovepopulation aged 7 and above×100{displaystyle {text{Effective literacy rate}}={dfrac {text{number of literate persons aged 7 or above}}{text{population aged 7 and above}}}times 100}{displaystyle {text{Effective literacy rate}}={dfrac {text{number of literate persons aged 7 or above}}{text{population aged 7 and above}}}times 100}

Crude literacy rate

The total percentage of the people of an area at a particular time who can read and write with understanding, taking the total population of the area (including below seven years of age) as the denominator.[43]

Crude literacy rate=number of literate personstotal population×100{displaystyle {text{Crude literacy rate}}={dfrac {text{number of literate persons}}{text{total population}}}times 100}{displaystyle {text{Crude literacy rate}}={dfrac {text{number of literate persons}}{text{total population}}}times 100}



See also



  • Indian states ranking by literacy rate

  • Literacy

  • Education in India

  • Kerala model

  • National Literacy Mission Programme

  • Speech on Education in India by Keshub Chandra Sen delivered at London on 24 May 1870


  • Ekal Vidyalaya, non-profit charity organisation dedicated to education and village development in rural India


  • Asha for Education, a non-profit organisation bringing hope through education


  • Pratham, an NGO with literacy programmes


  • PlanetRead, a non-profit organisation using subtitled Bollywood film songs to increase functional literacy



References





  1. ^ Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011 Census of India Report (2013)


  2. ^ UNESCO: Literacy, UNESCO, archived from the original on 2009-05-20.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ "India will gain 10% literacy in next 5 years: Javadekar", Hindustan Times, 5 August 2017.


  4. ^ ab "Census 2011: Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio in India Since 1901 to 2011". Jagranjosh.com. 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2018-07-27.


  5. ^ abc Jayant Pandurang Nayaka, Syed Nurullah (1974). A students' history of education in India (1800–1973) (6 ed.). Macmillan.CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)


  6. ^ Census#India. "Census of India". Retrieved 2011-03-31.


  7. ^ "India's literacy rate increase sluggish", Indiainfo.com, 1 February 2008, archived from the original on 28 August 2009, retrieved 20 September 2009, ... Literacy in India is increasing at a sluggish rate of 1.5 percent per year, says a recent report of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSO) ... India's average literacy rate is pegged at 65.38 percent ...


  8. ^ How Female Literacy Affects Fertility: The Case of India (PDF), Population Institute, East-West Centre, December 1990, retrieved 2009-11-25


  9. ^ Robert Engelman; et al. (2009). "The State of World Population 2009" (PDF).


  10. ^ A. Dharmalingam; S. Philip Morgan (1996), "Women's work, autonomy, and birth control: evidence from two south India villages", Population Studies, 50: 187–201, doi:10.1080/0032472031000149296, JSTOR 2174910


  11. ^ Literates and Literacy Rates – 2001 Census (Provisional), National Literacy Mission, retrieved 2009-11-27


  12. ^ Delhi and Punjab richest states, Jain wealthiest community: National survey


  13. ^ Jains have highest percentage of literates: Census 2011, The Times of India, 31 August 2016


  14. ^ abc List of countries by literacy rate


  15. ^ ab "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  16. ^ "The World Factbook: Sri Lanka".


  17. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  18. ^ UNICEF. "At a glance: Myanmar". Retrieved 2009-11-27.


  19. ^ UNESCO (2015). "Myanmar: Youth literacy rate". Globalis. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  20. ^ ADULT AND YOUTH LITERACY UNESCO (September 2012)


  21. ^ ab "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  22. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  23. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  24. ^ "- Human Development Reports" (PDF).


  25. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". Stats.uis.unesco.org. Retrieved 2015-08-15.


  26. ^ "Educating India". Source: Scribd. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  27. ^ Basu, Kaushik (29 November 2004). "Educating India". Source: Scribd. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  28. ^ abcd "The Challenges for India's Education System" (PDF). Source: Chatham House. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  29. ^ ab "Global campaign for education- more teachers needed". Source: UNICEF India. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  30. ^ "Primary Education in India: Key Problems" (PDF). Source: Dise. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  31. ^ "Social Exclusion of Scheduled Caste Children from Primary Education in India" (PDF). Source: UNICEF. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  32. ^ "Analysis of poverty, openness and literacy in India". Source: Free Patents Online. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  33. ^ "India's Literacy Panorama". Source: Education for all in India. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  34. ^ ab "Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behaviour" (PDF). Source:Snap3. Retrieved 2011-09-15.


  35. ^ ab India Talks – Amartya Sen, MediaWeb India, retrieved 2009-09-20, ... would make India literate in 40 years, and the nationalist leaders rightly laughed it out of court, on the grounds that India did not have the patience to remain for 40 years without Universal Literacy. Now 50 years have gone by, and the country is still half illiterate, two-thirds of the women are illiterate ...


  36. ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1908-1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford


  37. ^ abc India 2005


  38. ^ Economic Survey 2004–05.


  39. ^ ab Statistical Pocket Book India 2003


  40. ^ India 2005 published by Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.


  41. ^ ab "Literacy as seen in the 2001 census" (PDF). Union Budget.


  42. ^ abcd "Tripura beats Kerala in literacy". The Times of India. 8 September 2013.


  43. ^ ab "State of Literacy" (PDF).


  44. ^ K.R. Nayar; Anant Kumar (July 2005), "Health Analysis – Kerala and Bihar: A Comparison", Yojana, 49, SSRN 1354541, ... The inter-sectoral action needs to be recognized for achieving any health improvement in Bihar. What is also needed is a 'Bihar discourse' instead of 'Bihar bashing' ...


  45. ^ abc "Census 2011: Provisional Population Tools" (PDF). The Hindu. Chennai, India.


  46. ^ ab "Literacy Rate on the Rise, 11th Plan Targets 80%", The India Post, 4 September 2008, retrieved 2009-11-28, ... In all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate except Bihar (59.68%) is now over 60% ...


  47. ^ Tom Sticht (7 July 2004), Paradigms of Learning: The Total Literacy Campaign in India, retrieved 2009-11-30, ... I served as a member of UNESCO's International Jury for Literacy Prizes ... in 1981 when the jury awarded a prize to the Department of Adult Education of the state of Bihar for its massive state-wide literacy campaign ...


  48. ^ abcd Manoranjan Mohanty (2004), Class, caste and gender: Volume 5 of Readings in Indian government and politics, SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-9643-5, ... Dalits did not send their children to the regular school because they were humiliated ... Even when there is no overt social discrimination ... cannot afford books and stationery ... cannot afford the bribes, without which it is impossible to be offered a job ...


  49. ^ ab "Bihar teachers under attendance watch", Bihar Times, 10 September 2009, archived from the original on 3 January 2010, retrieved 2009-11-30, ... the government last month warned that salaries of teachers in government schools would not be paid if they failed to ensure at least 75 percent attendance ...


  50. ^ "Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent, leaves behind Kerala". News18. 9 September 2013.


  51. ^ "Tripura beats Kerala in literacy chart". 8 September 2013 – via The Hindu.


  52. ^ "How Tripura became India's top literate state". Governance Now. 9 September 2013.


  53. ^ abcd Amita Singh (2005), Administrative reforms: towards sustainable practices, SAGE, ISBN 0-7619-3392-1, ... the social and administrative mechanism that led to the success of the campaign included several measures ...


  54. ^ abcdef Jean Drèze; Amartya Sen (2002), India: development and participation, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-925749-3, ... Himachal Pradesh's transition from mass illiteracy to near-universal elementary education has been even more impressive than Kerala's ... taken place over a much shorter period in time in Himachal Pradesh than in Kerala, where sustained educational expansion began in the 19th century ...


  55. ^ Vanlalchhawna (2006), Higher education in North-East India: unit cost analysis, Mittal Publications, ISBN 81-8324-056-9, ... from 31.14% in 1951 to 88.8% in 2001, an increase of 57.7%, whereas the all-India literacy rates ...


  56. ^ Lalit Kumar Jha (1997), Natural Resource Management: Mizoram, APH Publishing, ISBN 81-7024-781-0, ... Mizoram has certainly distinguished itself amongst the states of India ... a closely knit society ... village councils having a definite bearing on the social and administrative setups, educational facilities ...


  57. ^ ab "Mizoram imparts a lesson in literacy to the country", Rediff, 22 November 1999, retrieved 2009-12-06, ... The Mizoram government drew up a detailed plan primed towards achieving total literacy. Each animator was given the task of teaching five persons at a time ... the Centre has laid stress on this programme, sanctioning ₹ 4567,000 to establish 360 Continuing Education Centres and 40 more nodal centres spread across the state ...


  58. ^ TNN, 14 May 2003, 07.29 pm IST (14 May 2003). "Tamil Nadu India's most literate state: HRD ministry – City – The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2010-09-01.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  59. ^ abcd "India fights illiteracy with lunch", Asia Times, 20 May 2008, retrieved 2009-11-28, ... noon-meal scheme for children was first pioneered in 1982 by iconic movie star and Tamil Nadu chief minister M G Ramachandran (1917–1987), the world's first film hero to head a government. MGR, as he was called, started the free lunch for school children scheme, ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense ...


  60. ^ Geeta Gandhi Kingdon (March 2007), The progress of school education in India (PDF), Global Poverty Research Group, Economic and Social Research Council, retrieved 2009-11-28, ... In late 2001, the Indian Supreme Court directed all states "to implement the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by providing every child in every government and government assisted primary school with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8- 12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days." By 2006, the MDM scheme was near universal in all states ... the central government provides grains, funds transportation and also pays food preparation costs, though the state government is responsible for providing the physical infrastructure for cooking the meals ... The scheme provides lunch to about 120 million children every school day and, as such, is the largest school meal scheme in the world ...


  61. ^ ab "A spectacular march by Rajasthan", Frontline (The Hindu), 7 December 2001, retrieved 2009-11-28, ... Rajasthan's improvement ... recorded the highest percentage increase in literacy rate among Indian States ... the percentage point increase in female literacy is the highest in Rajasthan ...


  62. ^ ab Dey, Anindo (6 October 2008), "Rajasthan passes literacy test with flying colours", Times of India, retrieved 2009-11-28, ... thanks to some public initiatives taken like the Lok Jumbish and the Shiksha Karmi ...


  63. ^ ab UNESCO, UNESCO


  64. ^ "National Literacy Mission website". Nlm.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-09-01.


  65. ^ "2 decades on, literacy mission still short of target". Zee News. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2018-01-05.


  66. ^ Thakur, D. N. (1 January 2004). "Primary Education And Adult Literacy (2Nd Edition)". Deep & Deep Publications – via Google Books.


  67. ^ "Shantha Sinha's Magsaysay Award Citation". Rmaf.org.ph. 31 August 2003. Retrieved 2010-09-01.


  68. ^ UNESCO Education Sector, "The Plurality of Literacy and its implications for Policies and Programmes: Position Paper". Paris: United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, 2004, p. 13, citing an international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO.


  69. ^ Preventive and social medicine by K. Park, 19th edition(2007), M/s Banarsidas Bhanot, Jabalpur, India




External links







  • National Literacy Mission

  • Indian Census

  • National Literacy Policies – India

  • Need for literacy in India

  • Growth of literacy in India

  • Literacy in the context of constitution of India

  • Find details about Literacy in India

  • Literacy as seen in the 2001 census


  • Frontline article Education for too few, 5 December 2003


  • The Hindu article Two word mantra, 1 February 2004


  • Times of India editorial Learn to change, 28 July 2006


  • The Statesman editorial Institutionalised sub literacy, 22 August 2006


  • Left behind by Bangladesh – The Telegraph report on 2 October 2005


  • Provisional Population Totals for Census 2011 31 March 2011

  • India languishes in its villages:NSSO Survey


  • India Literacy Project, a catalyst for 100% literacy in India












Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Lambak Kiri

Image
For Lambak Kiri public housing area, see Lambak Kiri Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. Village in Brunei-Muara, Brunei Lambak Kiri Village Location in Brunei Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Country Brunei District Brunei-Muara Mukim Berakas A Government  • Village head Hamdani Omar Postcode BB1214 Lambak Kiri is a populated place in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is officially a village subdivision under Berakas A, a mukim in the district. Lambak Kiri may also refer to the greater area which includes the Lambak Kiri public housing area of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (Malay: Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati ), although the latter is a separate subdivision. Contents 1 Name 2 Administration 3 See also 4 References Name ...
Read more

Farm Security Administration

Image
Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration logo Agency overview Formed September 1, 1937  ( 1937-09-01 ) Preceding agencies Resettlement Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved 1946 Superseding agency Farmers Home Administration Key documents Farm Security Act Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act The Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). [1] The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of sharecroppers, tenants, very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Critics, including the Farm Bureau, strongly opposed the FSA as an experiment in collectivizing agriculture—that is, in bringing...
Read more