百日咳疫苗




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百日咳疫苗
疫苗说明
目标疾病
Bordetella pertussis
种类
?
临床数据
MedlinePlus
a682198
合法狀態
合法状态

  • 处方药（℞-only）
识别信息
ATC代码
J07AJ01 J07AJ02
ChemSpider
none

 ✗✓ (what is this?)（英语：Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation）  (verify)

百日咳疫苗是用來避免百日咳的疫苗。[1] 目前疫苗可分為全細胞疫苗和非細胞性疫苗兩類。[1] 全細胞疫苗有78%的效力，而非細胞性疫苗有71-85%的效力。[1][2] 施打疫苗後，疫苗的效力每年會下降2到10%，而非細胞性疫苗的效力下降較全細胞疫苗更快。 於懷孕期間施打百日咳疫苗，能保護胎兒。[1] 根據估計，百日咳疫苗於2002年拯救超過50萬名孩童。[3]


世界衛生組織與疾病管制局都建議，所有孩童應該例行注射百日咳疫苗。[1][4] 即便是人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者。胎兒出生後六周內開始，一直到出生後18月需要施打總共三劑的百日咳疫苗。 一直到青春期，還可能需要多施打幾劑，延長效力。目前百日咳、白喉、破傷風疫苗為常見的三合一疫苗，有DPT或DTaP兩種。[1]


由於副作用較少，已開發國家較常使用無細胞疫苗。 大約有10到50%的人，在注射全細胞疫苗後，注射處會出現紅疹以及發燒症狀。低於1%的嬰兒會出現熱性痙攣和哭鬧不停。注射非細胞性疫苗，手臂可能會輕微水腫。兩種疫苗都有類似的副作用，但越小的孩子注射全細胞疫苗，副作用越低。六歲以後，不應該再注射全細胞疫苗。但不論哪一種疫苗都不會導致永久性神經症狀。[1]


1914年首次研制成功“全细胞百日咳疫苗”：将细菌大量培养增殖后，沉降菌体，用甲醛溶液在一定温度下灭活成无传染性但具有免疫原性的菌体液；把不同血清型的菌体液按比例配合后，制成百日咳疫苗原液。


百日咳疫苗在1926年開發完成。[5]


20世纪80年代初，分离提纯了百日咳毒素（PT）与丝状血凝素（FHA），日本率先研制出“无细胞百日咳疫苗”。解决了“全细胞百日咳疫苗”高反应原性带来的问题。欧美还在疫苗中加入了“菌毛”（Fim2、Fim3）。


此疫苗是世界衛生組織必須藥物清單中的藥物，建議所有公衛系統都應該具備。[6] 2014年在美國，一劑混合破傷風、白喉、小兒麻痺和嗜血桿菌的疫苗約15.41美金。[7]



參考文獻




  1. ^ 1.01.11.21.31.41.51.6 Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper - September 2015. (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2015 Aug, 90 (35): 433-58. PMID 26320265.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)


  2. ^ Zhang, L; Prietsch, SO; Axelsson, I; Halperin, SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Sep 17, 2014, 9: CD001478. PMID 25228233. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001478.pub6. 


  3. ^ Annex 6 whole cell pertussis (PDF). World Health Organization. [5 June 2011]. 


  4. ^ Pertussis: Summary of Vaccine Recommendations. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. [12 Dec 2015]. 


  5. ^ Macera, Caroline. Introduction to Epidemiology: Distribution and Determinants of Disease. Nelson Education. 2012: 251. ISBN 9781285687148. 


  6. ^ WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014]. 


  7. ^ Vaccine, Pentavalent. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [8 December 2015]. [永久失效連結]







































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