DARPA

This article is about the US military research agency. For other uses, see DARPA (disambiguation).

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Agency overview
Formed	February 7, 1958; 60 years ago (1958-02-07) (as ARPA)
Headquarters	Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
Employees	240
Annual budget	US$2.97 billion[1]
Agency executives	Dr. Steven Walker, Director[2] Dr. Peter Highnam, Deputy Director
Parent agency	U.S. Department of Defense
Website	www.darpa.mil

DARPA's former headquarters in the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington. The agency is currently located in a new building at 675 North Randolph St.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.

Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created in February 1958 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957. By collaborating with academic, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, often beyond immediate U.S. military requirements.^[3]

DARPA-funded projects have provided significant technologies that influenced many non-military fields, such as computer networking and the basis for the modern Internet, and graphical user interfaces in information technology.

DARPA is independent of other military research and development and reports directly to senior Department of Defense management. DARPA has about 220 employees, of whom approximately 100 are in management.^[4]

The name of the organization first changed from its founding name ARPA to DARPA in March 1972, briefly changing back to ARPA in February 1993, only to revert to DARPA in March 1996.^[5]

Contents

• 
  1 Mission
  


• 
  2 History
  
  
  
  • 
    2.1 Early history (1959–1969)
    
  
  
  • 
    2.2 Later history (1970–1980)
    
  
  
  • 
    2.3 Recent history (1981–present)
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  3 Organization
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Current program offices
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Former offices
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Projects
  
  
  
  • 
    4.1 Active projects
    
  
  
  • 
    4.2 Past or transitioned projects
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  5 Notable fiction
  


• 
  6 See also
  


• 
  7 References
  


• 
  8 Further reading
  


• 
  9 External links
  

Mission

Currently, DARPA's mission statement is "to make pivotal investments in breakthrough technologies for national security".^[6] 

History

Play media

DARPA achievements for the past 50 years

Early history (1959–1969)

The creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was authorized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 for the purpose of forming and executing research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, and able to reach far beyond immediate military requirements,^[3] the two relevant acts being the Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force)^[7] (Public Law 85-325) and Department of Defense Directive 5105.15, in February 1958. Its creation was directly attributed to the launching of Sputnik and to U.S. realization that the Soviet Union had developed the capacity to rapidly exploit military technology. Initial funding of ARPA was $520 million.^[8] ARPA's first director, Roy Johnson, left a $160,000 management job at General Electric for an $18,000 job at ARPA.^[9]Herbert York from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was hired as his scientific assistant.^[10]

Johnson and York were both keen on space projects, but when NASA was established later in 1958 all space projects and most of ARPA's funding were transferred to it. Johnson resigned and ARPA was repurposed to do "high-risk", "high-gain", "far out" basic research, a posture that was enthusiastically embraced by the nation's scientists and research universities.^[11] ARPA's second director was Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, who resigned in early 1961. He was succeeded by Jack Ruina who served until 1963.^[12] Ruina, the first scientist to administer ARPA, managed to raise its budget to $250 million.^[13] It was Ruina who hired J. C. R. Licklider as the first administrator of the Information Processing Techniques Office, which played a vital role in creation of ARPANET, the basis for the future Internet.^[14]

Additionally, the political and defense communities recognized the need for a high-level Department of Defense organization to formulate and execute R&D projects that would expand the frontiers of technology beyond the immediate and specific requirements of the Military Services and their laboratories. In pursuit of this mission, DARPA has developed and transferred technology programs encompassing a wide range of scientific disciplines that address the full spectrum of national security needs.

From 1958 to 1965, ARPA's emphasis centered on major national issues, including space, ballistic missile defense, and nuclear test detection.^[15] During 1960, all of its civilian space programs were transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the military space programs to the individual services.

This allowed ARPA to concentrate its efforts on the Project Defender (defense against ballistic missiles), Project Vela (nuclear test detection), and Project AGILE (counterinsurgency R&D) programs, and to begin work on computer processing, behavioral sciences, and materials sciences. The DEFENDER and AGILE programs formed the foundation of DARPA sensor, surveillance, and directed energy R&D, particularly in the study of radar, infrared sensing, and x-ray/gamma ray detection.

ARPA at this point (1959) played an early role in Transit (also called NavSat) a predecessor to the Global Positioning System (GPS).^[16] "Fast-forward to 1959 when a joint effort between DARPA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory began to fine-tune the early explorers’ discoveries. TRANSIT, sponsored by the Navy and developed under the leadership of Dr. Richard Kirschner at Johns Hopkins, was the first satellite positioning system."^[17][18]

During the late 1960s, with the transfer of these mature programs to the Services, ARPA redefined its role and concentrated on a diverse set of relatively small, essentially exploratory research programs. The agency was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972, and during the early 1970s, it emphasized direct energy programs, information processing, and tactical technologies.

Concerning information processing, DARPA made great progress, initially through its support of the development of time-sharing (all modern operating systems rely on concepts invented for the Multics system, developed by a cooperation among Bell Labs, General Electric and MIT, which DARPA supported by funding Project MAC at MIT with an initial two-million-dollar grant).^[19]

DARPA supported the evolution of the ARPANET (the first wide-area packet switching network), Packet Radio Network, Packet Satellite Network and ultimately, the Internet and research in the artificial intelligence fields of speech recognition and signal processing, including parts of Shakey the robot.^[20] DARPA also funded the development of the Douglas Engelbart's NLS computer system and The Mother of All Demos; and the Aspen Movie Map, which was probably the first hypermedia system and an important precursor of virtual reality.

Later history (1970–1980)

The Mansfield Amendment of 1973 expressly limited appropriations for defense research (through ARPA/DARPA) only to projects with direct military application. Some^[who?] contend that the amendment devastated American science, since ARPA/DARPA was a major funding source for basic science projects of the time; the National Science Foundation never made up the difference as expected.

The resulting "brain drain" is also credited with boosting the development of the fledgling personal computer industry. Some young computer scientists left the universities to startups and private research laboratories such as Xerox PARC.

Between 1976 and 1981, DARPA's major projects were dominated by air, land, sea, and space technology, tactical armor and anti-armor programs, infrared sensing for space-based surveillance, high-energy laser technology for space-based missile defense, antisubmarine warfare, advanced cruise missiles, advanced aircraft, and defense applications of advanced computing. These large-scale technological program demonstrations were joined by integrated circuit research, which resulted in submicrometer electronic technology and electron devices that evolved into the Very-Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) Program and the Congressionally-mandated charged particle beam program.

Many of the successful programs were transitioned to the Services, such as the foundation technologies in automatic target recognition, space based sensing, propulsion, and materials that were transferred to the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO), later known as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), now titled the Missile Defense Agency (MDA).

Recent history (1981–present)

During the 1980s, the attention of the Agency was centered on information processing and aircraft-related programs, including the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) or Hypersonic Research Program. The Strategic Computing Program enabled DARPA to exploit advanced processing and networking technologies and to rebuild and strengthen relationships with universities after the Vietnam War. In addition, DARPA began to pursue new concepts for small, lightweight satellites (LIGHTSAT) and directed new programs regarding defense manufacturing, submarine technology, and armor/anti-armor.

On October 28, 2009 the agency broke ground on a new facility in Arlington, Virginia a few miles from the Pentagon.^[21]

In fall 2011, DARPA hosted the 100-Year Starship Symposium with the aim of getting the public to start thinking seriously about interstellar travel.^[22]

On June 5, 2016, NASA and DARPA announced that it planned to build new X-planes with NASA's plan setting to create a whole series of X planes over the next 10 years.^[23]

In July 2016, it was announced that DARPA would bring a group of top-notch computer security experts to search for security vulnerabilities and create a fix that patches those vulnerabilities and it is called the Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC).^[24]

In June 2018, DARPA leaders demonstrated a number of new technologies that were developed within the framework of the GXV-T program. The goal of this program is to create a lightly armored combat vehicle of not very large dimensions, which, due to maneuverability and other tricks, can successfully resist modern anti-tank weapon systems.^[25]

• DARPA history


• 
  

  
  Play media
  

  
  

  
  

  The formative years
  (1958–1975)
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  
  Play media
  

  
  

  
  

  The Cold War era
  (1975–1989)
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  
  Play media
  

  
  

  
  

  The Post-Soviet years
  (1989–present)
  

  
  

  
  

Organization

Current program offices

DARPA has six technical offices that manage the agency's research portfolio, and two additional support offices that manage special projects and transition efforts.^{[clarification needed]} All offices report to the DARPA director:

• The Adaptive Execution Office (AEO) is one of two new DARPA offices created in 2009 by the DARPA Director, Regina Dugan. The office's four project areas include technology transition, assessment, rapid productivity and adaptive systems. AEO provides the agency with robust connections to the warfighter community and assists the agency with the planning and execution of technology demonstrations and field trials to promote adoption by the warfighter, accelerating the transition of new technologies into DoD capabilities.


• The Defense Sciences Office (DSO) vigorously pursues the most promising technologies within a broad spectrum of the science and engineering research communities and develops those technologies into important, radically new military capabilities.^[26] DSO identifies and pursues high-risk, high-payoff fundamental research initiatives across a broad spectrum of science and engineering disciplines – sometimes reshaping existing fields or creating entirely new disciplines – and transforms these initiatives into radically new, game-changing technologies for U.S. national security. 


• The Information Innovation Office (I2O) aims to ensure U.S. technological superiority in all areas where information can provide a decisive military advantage. Some of the program managers in I2O are Wade Shen (as of December 2014), Stuart Wagner (as of September 2014), Steve Jameson (as of August 2014), Angelos Keromytis (as of July 2014), and David Doermann (as of April 2014). Brian Pierce is currently the office director.


• The Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) mission focuses on the heterogeneous microchip-scale integration of electronics, photonics, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Their high risk/high payoff technology is aimed at solving the national level problems of protection from biological, chemical and information attack and to provide operational dominance for mobile distributed command and control, combined manned/unmanned warfare, and dynamic, adaptive military planning and execution.


• The Strategic Technology Office (STO) mission is to focus on technologies that have a global theater-wide impact and that involve multiple Services.^[27]
  


• The Tactical Technology Office (TTO) engages in high-risk, high-payoff advanced military research, emphasizing the "system" and "subsystem" approach to the development of aeronautic, space, and land systems as well as embedded processors and control systems.


• The Biological Technologies Office (BTO) fosters, demonstrates, and transitions breakthrough fundamental research, discoveries, and applications that integrate biology, engineering, and computer science for national security. Created in April 2014 by then director Arati Prabhakar, taking programs from the MTO and DSO divisions.^[28]
  

Former offices

• 
  Information Awareness Office: 2002–2003


• The Advanced Technology Office (ATO) researched, demonstrated, and developed high payoff projects in maritime, communications, special operations, command and control, and information assurance and survivability mission areas.^{[citation needed]}
  


• The Special Projects Office (SPO) researched, developed, demonstrated, and transitioned technologies focused on addressing present and emerging national challenges. SPO investments ranged from the development of enabling technologies to the demonstration of large prototype systems. SPO developed technologies to counter the emerging threat of underground facilities used for purposes ranging from command-and-control, to weapons storage and staging, to the manufacture of weapons of mass destruction. SPO developed significantly more cost-effective ways to counter proliferated, inexpensive cruise missiles, UAVs, and other platforms used for weapon delivery, jamming, and surveillance. SPO invested in novel space technologies across the spectrum of space control applications including rapid access, space situational awareness, counterspace, and persistent tactical grade sensing approaches including extremely large space apertures and structures.


• The Information Systems Office (ISO) in the 1990s developed system applications of advanced information technologies. It was a predecessor to the Information Exploitation Office.^{[citation needed]}
  

A 1991 reorganization created several offices which existed throughout the early 1990s:^[29]

• The Electronic Systems Technology Office combined areas of the Defense Sciences Office and the Defense Manufacturing Office. This new office will focus on the boundary between general-purpose computers and the physical world, such as sensors, displays and the first few layers of specialized signal-processing that couple these modules to standard computer interfaces.


• The Computing Systems Technology Office combined functions of the old Information Sciences and Tactical Technology office. The office "will work scalable parallel and distributed heterogeneous computing systems technologies", DoD said.^{[citation needed]}
  


• The Software and Intelligent Systems Technology Office and the Computing Systems office will have responsibility associated with the Presidential High-Performance Computing Initiative. The Software office will also be responsible for "software systems technology, machine intelligence and software engineering".


• The Land Systems Office was created to develop advanced land vehicle and anti-armor systems, once the domain of the Tactical Technology Office


• The Undersea Warfare Office combined areas of the Advanced Vehicle Systems and Tactical Technology offices to develop and demonstrate submarine stealth and counterstealth and automation.

Reorganization in 2010 merged two offices:

• The Transformational Convergence Technology Office (TCTO) mission was to advance new crosscutting capabilities derived from a broad range of emerging technological and social trends, particularly in areas related to computing and computing-reliant subareas of the life sciences, social sciences, manufacturing, and commerce. The TCTO was folded into the I2O in 2010.^[27][30]
  


• The Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) focused on inventing the networking, computing, and software technologies vital to ensuring DOD military superiority. The IPTO was combined with TCTO in 2010 to form the I2O.^[31]
  

Projects

A list of DARPA's active and archived projects is available on the agency's website. Because of the agency's fast pace, programs constantly start and stop based on the needs of the U.S. government. Structured information about some of the DARPA's contracts and projects is publicly available.^[32]

Active projects

• 
  Aerial Reconfigurable Embedded System (ARES, formerly TX): Cargo carrying UAV.^[when?][33]
  


• 
  ACTUV: A project to build an unmanned Anti-submarine warfare vessel.^{[citation needed]}
  


• Air Dominance Initiative: a 2015 program to develop technologies to be used in sixth-generation jet fighters.^{[34][needs update]}
  


• 
  Big Mechanism: Cancer research. (2015)^{[35][needs update]}
  


• 
  Blackjack: a 2018+ program to develop and test military satellite constellation technologies with a variety of "military-unique sensors and payloads [attached to] commercial satellite buses. ...as an 'architecture demonstration intending to show the high military utility of global LEO constellations and mesh networks of lower size, weight, and cost spacecraft nodes.' ... The idea is to demonstrate that 'good enough' payloads in LEO can perform military missions, augment existing programs, and potentially perform 'on par or better than currently deployed exquisite space systems.'"^[36]
  


• 
  BlockADE: Rapidly constructed barrier. (2014)^[37]
  


• 
  Boeing X-37^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Captive Air Amphibious Transporter^{[citation needed]}
  


• Causal Exploration of Complex Operational Environments ("Casual Exploration") - computerized aid to military planning. (2018)^[38][39]
  


• Clean-Slate Design of Resilient, Adaptive, Secure Hosts (CRASH), a TCTO{^{[clarification needed]} initiative^[40]
  


• 
  Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment (CODE): Modular software architecture for UAVs to pass information to each other in contested environments to identify and engage targets with limited operator direction. (2015)^[41][42]
  


• 
  Combat Zones That See: "track everything that moves" in a city by linking up a massive network of surveillance cameras^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Computational Weapon Optic (CWO): Computer rifle scope that combines various features into one optic.^[43]
  


• 
  DARPA GXV-T^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  DARPA XG: technology for Dynamic Spectrum Access for assured military communications^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Experimental Spaceplane 1 (XS-1): first stage of a reusable space transport^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Gremlins: Air-launched and recoverable UAVs with distributed capabilities to provide low-cost flexibility over expensive multirole platforms.^[44]
  


• Ground X-Vehicle Technology


• 
  Force Application and Launch from Continental United States (FALCON): a research effort within TTO^{[clarification needed]} to develop a small satellite launch vehicle. (2008)^[45] This vehicle is under development by AirLaunch LLC.^[46]
  


• 
  Fast Lightweight Autonomy: Software algorithms that enable small UAVs to fly fast in cluttered environments without GPS or external communications. (2014)^[47]
  


• 
  High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System^[48][49]
  


• 
  High Productivity Computing Systems^[50]
  


• 
  Hydra: Undersea network of mobile unmanned sensors. (2013)^[51]
  


• 
  Integrated Sensor is Structure^{[citation needed]}
  


• Intelligent Integration of Information (I3) in SISTO, 1994-2000 - supported database research and with ARPA CISTO and NASA funded the NSF Digital Library progam, that led. a.o. to Google ^[52].


• Media Forensics (MediFor) - A project aimed at automatically spotting digital manipulation in images and videos, including Deepfakes. (2018)^[53][54]
  


• 
  MEMS Exchange: Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) Implementation Environment^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Near Zero Power RF and Sensor Operations (N-ZERO): Reducing or eliminating the standby power unattended ground sensors consume. (2015)^[55]
  


• 
  Persistent Close Air Support^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Protein Design: Processes^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  QuASAR: Quantum Assisted Sensing and Readout^[when?][56]
  


• 
  QuBE: Quantum Effects in Biological Environments^[when?][57]
  


• 
  QUIST: Quantum Information Science and Technology^{[when?][58][59][60]}
  


• 
  QUEST: Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology^[61]
  


• Quiness: Macroscopic Quantum Communications^[62][63][64]
  


• 
  Robotic Servicing of Geosynchronous Satellites program: a telerobotic and autonomous robotic satellite-servicing project, conceived in 2017, and planned for launch no earlier than the 2020s.^[65]
  


• 
  Remote-controlled insects^[66]
  


• SafeGenes: a synthetic biology project to program "undo" sequences into gene editing programs (2016)^[67]
  


• 
  Satellite Remote Listening System: a satellite mounted system that can eavesdrop on a targeted area on the surface of the planet in coordination with satellite cameras.^{[citation needed]} This project is in its infant stage.^[when?]
  


• Sensor plants: DARPA "is working on a plan to use plants to gather intelligence information" through DARPA’s Advanced Plant Technologies (APT) program, which aims to control the physiology of plants in order to detect chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats. (2017)^[68]
  


• 
  System of Systems Integration Technology and Experimentation (SoSITE): Combinations of aircraft, weapons, sensors, and mission systems that distribute air warfare capabilities across a large number of interoperable manned and unmanned platforms. (2015)^[69]
  


• 
  Squad X Core Technologies (SXCT): Digitized, integrated technologies that improve infantry squads' awareness, precision, and influence. (2015)^[70]
  


• 
  SyNAPSE: Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics^{[citation needed]}
  


• SIGMA: A network of radiological detection devices the size of smart phones that can detect small amounts of radioactive materials. The devices are paired with larger detector devices along major roads and bridges. (2016)^[71]
  


• 
  Tactical Boost Glide (TBG): Air-launched hypersonic boost glide missile. (2016)^[72][73][74]
  


• 
  Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node: Ship-based long-range ISR^{[clarification needed]} UAV. (2014)^[75]
  


• 
  UAVForge (2011)^[76]
  


• 
  Upward Falling Payloads: Payloads stored on the ocean floor that can be activated and retrieved when needed. (2014)^[77]
  


• 
  ULTRA-Vis (Urban Leader Tactical Response, Awareness and Visualization): Heads-up display for individual soldiers. (2014)^[78]
  


• 
  VTOL X-Plane (2013)^[79]
  


• 
  Warrior Web: Soft exosuit to alleviate musculoskeletal stress on soldiers when carrying heavy loads. (2014)^[80]
  


• 
  XDATA: Processing and analyzing vast amounts of information. (2012)^[81]
  


• 
  Neural implants for soldiers. (2014)^[82][83]
  


• 
  AGM-158C LRASM: Anti-ship cruise missile.^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  HIVE (Hierarchical Identify Verify Exploit) CPU architecture. (2017)^[84]
  

Past or transitioned projects

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

• 
  4MM (4-minute mile): Wearable jetpack to enable soldiers to run at increased speed.^[85]
  


• 
  Adaptive Vehicle Make: Revolutionary approaches to the design, verification, and manufacturing of complex defense systems and vehicles.


• 
  ArcLight: Ship-based weapon system capable of striking targets nearly anywhere on the globe, based on the Standard Missile 3.


• 
  ARPANET, earliest predecessor of the Internet
  


• ASTOVL, precursor of the Joint Strike Fighter program^[86]
  


• The Aspen Movie Map allowed one to virtually tour the streets of Aspen, Colorado. Developed in 1978, it is the earliest predecessor to products like Google Street View.^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Atlas: A humanoid robot.


• 
  Battlefield Illusion^[87]
  


• 
  BigDog/Legged Squad Support System (2012): legged robots.^[88]
  


• The Boeing X-45 unmanned combat aerial vehicle refers to a mid-2000s concept demonstrator for autonomous military aircraft.


• 
  Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system): an acoustic gunfire locator developed by BBN Technologies for detecting snipers on military combat vehicles.


• 
  CALO or "Cognitive Assistant that Learns and Organizes": software


• 
  CPOF: the command post of the future—networked information system for Command control.


• DAML


• 
  ALASA: (Airborne Launch Assist Space Access): A rocket capable of launching a 100-pound satellite into low Earth orbit for less than $1 million.


• FALCON


• 
  DARPA Grand Challenge: driverless car competitions^[when?]
  


• 
  DARPA Network Challenge (before 2010)^[89]
  


• 
  DARPA Shredder Challenge 2011^[90] – Reconstruction of shredded documents


• 
  DARPA Silent Talk: A planned program attempting to identify EEG patterns for words and transmit these for covert communications.^[91]
  


• 
  DARPA Spectrum Challenge (2014)^[92]
  


• DEFENDER


• 
  EATR^[when?]
  


• 
  EXACTO: Sniper rifle firing guided smart bullets.


• 
  GALE: Global Autonomous Language Exploitation


• 
  High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP): An ionospheric research program jointly funded by DARPA, the U.S. Air Force's AFRL and the U.S. Navy's NRL.^[93] The most prominent area during this research was the high-power radio frequency transmitter facility, which tested the use of the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI).


• High Performance Knowledge Bases


• HISSS


• 
  Human Universal Load Carrier: battery-powered human exoskeleton.


• 
  Hypersonic Research Program^{[citation needed]}
  


• Luke Arm, a DEKA creation produced under the Revolutionizing Prosthetics program.


• 
  MAHEM: Molten penetrating munition.


• 
  MeshWorm: an earthworm-like robot.^[94]
  


• 
  Mind's Eye: A visual intelligence system capable of detecting and analyzing activity from video feeds.^[95]
  


• MOSIS


• MQ-1 Predator


• Multics


• 
  Next Generation Tactical Wearable Night Vision: Smaller and lighter sunglass-sized night vision devices that can switch between different viewing bands.^[96][97]
  


• 
  NLS/Augment: the origin of the canonical contemporary computer user interface


• 
  Northrop Grumman Switchblade: an unmanned oblique-wing flying aircraft for high speed, long range and long endurance flight


• 
  One Shot: Sniper scope that automatically measures crosswind and range to ensure accuracy in field conditions.^[98]
  


• 
  Onion routing, a technique developed in the mid-1990s and later employed by Tor to anonymize communications over a computer network.


• 
  Passive radar^{[citation needed]}
  


• 
  Phoenix: A 2012–early-2015 satellite project with the aim to recycle retired satellite parts into new on-orbit assets. The project was initiated in July 2012 with plans for system launches no earlier than 2016.^[99][100] At the time, Satlet tests in low Earth orbit were projected to occur as early as 2015.^{[101][needs update]}
  


• 
  Policy Analysis Market, evaluating the trading of information futures contracts based on possible political developments in several Middle Eastern countries. An application of prediction markets.^{[102][103][104]}
  


• POSSE


• 
  Project AGILE, a Vietnam War-era investigation into methods of remote, asymmetric warfare for use in conflicts with Communist insurgents.


• Project MAC


• 
  Proto 2: a thought-controlled prosthetic arm


• Rapid Knowledge Formation^{[citation needed]}
  


• Sea Shadow


• 
  SIMNET: Wide area network with vehicle simulators and displays for real-time distributed combat simulation: tanks, helicopters and airplanes in a virtual battlefield.


• 
  System F6—Future, Fast, Flexible, Fractionated Free-flying Spacecraft United by Information Exchange—technology demonstrator: a 2006–2012


• I3 (Intelligent Integration of Information),^[105] supported the Digital Library research effort through NSF
  


• Strategic Computing Program


• Synthetic Aperture Ladar for Tactical Applications (SALTI)


• 
  XOS: powered military exoskeleton $226 million technology development program. Cancelled in 2013 before the notionally planned 2015 launch date.^[99][101]
  


• 
  SURAN (1983–87)


• 
  Project Vela (1963)


• 
  Vulture: Long endurance, high-altitude unmanned aerial vehicle.


• 
  VLSI Project^[when?] – Its offspring include BSD Unix, the RISC processor concept, many CAD tools still in use today.^{[citation needed]}
  

• WolfPack (2010)^[106]
  

Notable fiction

• DARPA is well known as a high-tech government agency, and as such has many appearances in popular fiction. Some realistic references to DARPA in fiction are as "ARPA" in Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X (DARPA consults on a technical threat),^[107] in episodes of television program The West Wing (the ARPA-DARPA distinction), the television program Numb3rs^[108] (DARPA research into creating the first self-aware computer), and in the motion picture Executive Decision (use of a one-of-a-kind experimental prototype in an emergency).


• DARPA is depicted in the visual novel/anime series Steins;Gate 0 as DURPA, a shadowy government organization that has been researching time travel in order to gain an advantage against Russia, which is also developing time travel in the upcoming World War III.

See also

• 
  Government of the United States portal
  


• 
  Virginia portal
  


• 
  Military history portal
  


• 
  Universities portal
  


• 
  Military of the United States portal
  

• 
  Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E)


• 
  Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA)


• 
  Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA)


• 
  Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC)


• 
  United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL)


• 
  Office of Naval Research (ONR)


• 
  Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)


• 
  Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL)


• 
  Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC)


• 
  United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM)


• 
  United States Army Research Laboratory (ARL)


• 
  United States Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC)


• 
  Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)


• 
  Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)


• 
  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)


• 
  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL or LBL)


• 
  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)


• 
  Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)


• 
  Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWS)

References

1. 
   ^ "Budget". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


2. 
   ^ ""Dr. Steven H. Walker"". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
   


3. 
   ^ ^ab Dwight D. Eisenhower and Science & Technology, (2008). Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, Source.
   


4. 
   ^ "About DARPA". www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
   


5. 
   ^ "ARPA, DARPA, and Jason - Military Embedded Systems". mil-embedded.com. Retrieved 2018-04-17.
   


6. 
   ^ "DARPA Mission". www.darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2017-05-04.
   


7. 
   ^ Subcommittee On Military Construction, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1958). Fiscal Year 1958 Supplemental Military Construction Authorization (Air Force): Hearings, Eighty-fifth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 9739.
   


8. 
   ^ "$ 520 million appropriation and a $ 2 billion budget plan." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 20). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
   


9. 
   ^ "Roy Johnson, ARPA’s first director, was, like his boss, a businessman. At age fifty-two, he had been personally recruited by McElroy, who convinced him to leave a $160,000 job with General Electric and take an $18,000 job in Washington." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
   


10. 
    ^ "Herbert York, whom Killian had been keen on, was given the job and moved to ARPA from the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 21). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
    


11. 
    ^ "The staff of ARPA saw an opportunity to redefine the agency as a group that would take on the really advanced "far-out" research....The scientific community, predictably, rallied to the call for a reinvention of ARPA as a "high-risk high-gain" research sponsor— the kind of R& D shop they had dreamed of all along" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 21,22). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
    


12. 
    ^ "In early 1961 ARPA’s second director, Brigadier General Austin W. Betts, resigned" Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 23,24) Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
    


13. 
    ^ "Ruina raised ARPA’s annual budget to $ 250 million." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
    


14. 
    ^ "J. C. R. Licklider." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (pp. 27–39). Simon & Schuster. Kindle Edition.
    


15. 
    ^ projects in ballistic missile defense and nuclear test detection, couched in terms of basic research, were the top priorities." Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1999-08-19). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet (p. 23). Simon & Schuster. Kindle edition.
    


16. 
    ^ Helen E. Worth; Mame Warren (2009). Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (PDF).
    


17. 
    ^ Catherine Alexandrow (Apr 2008). "The Story of GPS". Archived from the original on 2011-06-29.
    


18. 
    ^ DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap. Apr 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-06.
    


19. 
    ^ Stefanie Chiou; Craig Music; Kara Sprague; Rebekah Wahba (5 Dec 2001). "A Marriage of Convenience: The Founding of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-05-14.
    


20. 
    ^ "Oral History: Bertram Raphael". IEEE Global History Network. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Archived from the original on 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
    


21. 
    ^ Washington Times, "Pentagon Agency Breaks Ground", October 29, 2009.
    


22. 
    ^ Casey, Tina (2012-01-28). "Forget the Moon Colony, Newt: DARPA Aims for 100 Year Starship". CleanTechnica. Retrieved 2012-08-25.
    


23. 
    ^ Grady, Mary (June 5, 2016). "NASA and DARPA plan to release new X-Planes". Yahoo Tech. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2016.
    


24. 
    ^ Howley, Daniel (17 July 2016). "Darpa to create Cyber Grand Challenge to fight security vulnerabilities". Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
    


25. 
    ^ "DARPA demonstrates 6 new technologies behind the agile combat vehicles of tomorrow" New Atlas, June 26, 2018
    


26. 
    ^ "DARPA/DSO Home Page". archive.org. 2 December 1998. Archived from the original on 2 December 1998. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
    


27. 
    ^ ^ab "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2009-11-08.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) DARPA Offices. Retrieved 2009-11-08.
    


28. 
    ^ "DARPA Launches Biological Technologies Office". Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. 1 April 2014.
    


29. 
    ^ "DARPA restructures/creates new offices". Defense Daily. 1991. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08.
    


30. 
    ^ "Embedded Clouds: A Look Back at HPEC 2010". HPCwire. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
    


31. 
    ^ "Schedule – sxsw.com". SXSW Schedule 2014. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
    


32. 
    ^ Klabukov, Ilya; Alekhin, Maksim; Yakovets, Andrey (2017). "DARPA SETA Support FY2010 / FY2015 Database". figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.4759186.v2.
    


33. 
    ^ Transformer (TX) Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. darpa.mil. Retrieved: 4 August 2010.
    


34. 
    ^ New Budget Will Feature 6th Gen Fighter – Defensenews.com, 28 January 2015
    


35. 
    ^ You, J. (2015). "DARPA sets out to automate research". Science. 347 (6221): 465. doi:10.1126/science.347.6221.465. PMID 25635066.
    


36. 
    ^ DARPA to begin new effort to build military constellations in low Earth orbit, SpaceNews, 31 May 2018, accessed 22 August 2018.
    


37. 
    ^ DARPA calls on industry to develop compact, push-button wall – MarineCorpstimes.com, 5 July 2014
    


38. 
    ^ Fein, Geoff (July 6, 2018). "DARPA seeks to model conflicts for military planners". Jane's Information Group.
    


39. 
    ^ "HR001117S0012 Causal Exploration of Complex Operational Environments (Causal Exploration) Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). DARPA. January 17, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
    


40. 
    ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-09-04.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
    


41. 
    ^ DARPA invites industry to explore collaborative UAV technology Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Flightglobal.com, 23 January 2015
    


42. 
    ^ Pentagon issues call for drones that hunt like a pack of wolves Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 22 January 2015
    


43. 
    ^ What It Feels Like to Shoot With the Military’s Experimental Smart Scope Archived 2015-05-06 at the Wayback Machine. – Gizmodo.com, 28 April 2015
    


44. 
    ^ The Military Wants Swarm Bots It Can Retrieve in Midair Archived 2015-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Defenseone.com, 28 August 2015
    


45. 
    ^ "Falcon". DARPA. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22.
    


46. 
    ^ "Airlaunchllc News". Airlaunch. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14.
    


47. 
    ^ DARPA solicits tender for UAV urban operation algorithms Archived 2015-02-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Flightglobal.com, 23 December 2014
    


48. 
    ^ "DARPA Unveils Drone-Slaying War Laser". Fast Company. 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
    


49. 
    ^ "High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System (HELLADS)". 2006-03-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
    


50. 
    ^ "DARPA Selects IBM for Supercomputing Grand Challenge". www-03.ibm.com. 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
    


51. 
    ^ DARPA’s Plan to Flood the Sea With Drones, Carrying More Drones Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. – Wired.com, 13 September 2013
    


52. 
    ^ {{cite web | URL=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=170118
    


53. 
    ^ "Media Forensics (MediFor)". DARPA. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
    


54. 
    ^ Hsu, Jeremy (June 22, 2018). "Experts Bet on First Deepfakes Political Scandal". IEEE Spectrum. The threat is real enough that the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has funded a Media Forensics project aimed at finding ways to automatically screen for Deepfake videos and similarly deceptive examples of digital media.
    


55. 
    ^ DARPA N-ZERO program seeks to reduce or eliminate need for standby power on unattended sensors Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine. – Militaryaerospace.com, 9 February 2015
    


56. 
    ^ "Quantum-Assisted Sensing and Readout (QuASAR)". www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
    


57. 
    ^ "Quantum effects in Biological Environments (QuBE)". www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
    


58. 
    ^ "Quantum Key Distribution Network". www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


59. 
    ^ "Status of the DARPA/BBN Quantum Network" (PDF).
    


60. 
    ^ "DARPA announces QuIST Program BAA". www.govcon.com. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


61. 
    ^ "Quantum Entanglement Science and Technology (QuEST) - DARPA-BAA-08-24-PDF". open-grants.insidegov.com. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


62. 
    ^ "Quiness". www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


63. 
    ^ "'Quantum teleportation' breakthrough by DARPA-funded physicists". RT International. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


64. 
    ^ "The Race to Bring Quantum Teleportation to Your World". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-01-11.
    


65. 
    ^ Roesler, Gordon; Jaffe, Paul; Henshaw, Glen; Pagano, Alyssa (29 Jul 2017). "Robot Mechanic Could Prevent Satellites From Becoming Space Junk". IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News.
    


66. 
    ^ Ewen Callaway (2009-10-01). "Free-flying cyborg insects steered from a distance". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 2010-04-13. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
    


67. 
    ^ U.S. Military Preps for Gene Drives Run Amok Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. – ScientificAmerican.com, 18 November 2016
    


68. 
    ^ Williams, Terri (2017-12-11). "Department of Defense develops plant biotechnology program as latest surveillance tool against CBRN threats". Homeland Preparedness News. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
    


69. 
    ^ DARPA unveils new SoSITE program for maintaining air superiority Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. – Airrecognition.com, 1 April 2015
    


70. 
    ^ DARPA’s Squad X Core Technologies program looks to create smarter, more aware infantry squads Archived 2015-02-14 at the Wayback Machine. – Gizmag.com, 10 February 2015
    


71. 
    ^ Murtha, Alex. "DARPA develops pocket-sized, affordable, networked radiation sensor". Homeland Preparedness News (26 August 2016). Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
    


72. 
    ^ "DARPA gives Lockheed $147.3 million to research Hypersonic Tactical Boost Glide Missiles - NextBigFuture.com". nextbigfuture.com. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
    


73. 
    ^ "Lockheed to Build a Mach 20 Hypersonic Weapon System". popularmechanics.com. 21 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 May 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
    


74. 
    ^ Raytheon wins DARPA TBG contract modification Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine. – Shephardmedia.com, 4 May 2015
    


75. 
    ^ DARPA, Navy want long-range ISR drones for smaller ships Archived 2014-11-12 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 13 June 2014
    


76. 
    ^ "CAN YOU DESIGN, BUILD AND FLY THE NEXT-GENERATION UAV?". Darpa.mil. 2011-05-25. Archived from the original on 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2011-07-14.
    


77. 
    ^ Pentagon plans to seed ocean floor with payloads waiting to be activated Archived 2014-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. – Defensesystems.com, 27 March 2014
    


78. 
    ^ DARPA’s ULTRA-Vis Augments Reality For Foot Troops Archived 2014-12-21 at the Wayback Machine. – Breakingdefense.com, 21 May 2014
    


79. 
    ^
    Ackerman, Spencer (2013-02-25). "Darpa Wants to Rethink the Helicopter to Make It Go Way Faster". Wired. Archived from the original on 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
    


80. 
    ^ DARPA's Warrior Web project may provide super-human enhancements Archived 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. – Army.mil, 5 May 2014
    


81. 
    ^ "XDATA". archive.org. 8 May 2012. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2017.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
    


82. 
    ^ "Pentagon Rolls Out DARPA Plan To Implant Chips In Soldiers' Brains – The Rundown Live". therundownlive.com. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
    


83. 
    ^ "Pentagon wants to fit soldiers with a little black box brain implant - Geek.com". geek.com. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
    


84. 
    ^ "American military backs an entirely new kind of processor". Engadget.com. 2017-06-11. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
    


85. 
    ^ Jetpacks Help Soldiers Run At The Speed Of Olympic Athletes Archived 2015-05-01 at the Wayback Machine. – Businessinsider.com, 12 September 2014
    


86. 
    ^ A history of the Joint Strike Fighter Program, Martin-Baker. Retrieved 4 August 2010
    


87. 
    ^ Shachtman, Noah (2012-02-14). "Darpa's Magic Plan: 'Battlefield Illusions' to Mess With Enemy Minds". Wired. Archived from the original on 2014-03-29.
    


88. 
    ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2012-05-02.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
    


89. 
    ^ "DARPA Network Challenge". Darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
    


90. 
    ^ "DARPA Shredder Challenge". DARPA. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
    


91. 
    ^ Warwick, Graham (May 22, 2009). "Darpa Plans Triple-Target Missile Demo". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on November 28, 2011.
    


92. 
    ^ "DARPA Spectrum Challenge". Darpa.mil. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
    


93. 
    ^ "HAARP Fact Sheet". HAARP. 15 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
    


94. 
    ^ "Meshworm: DARPA, MIT robot a sluggish breakthrough in soft robotics". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
    


95. 
    ^ "DARPA Kicks Off Mind's Eye program" (PDF). Darpa.mil. 2011-01-04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-24. Retrieved 2010-01-12.
    


96. 
    ^ Military Wants Next Generation Night Vision Goggles Archived 2014-11-03 at the Wayback Machine. – Kitup.Military.com, 30 September 2014
    


97. 
    ^ Next-gen night vision would enable troops to see farther, clearer Archived 2014-11-26 at Archive.today – Armytimes.com, 12 October 2014
    


98. 
    ^ DARPA Develops Mountable One Shot Sniper System Archived 2014-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. – Kitup.Military.com, 8 February 2014
    


99. 
    ^ ^ab Ferster, Warren (2013-05-17). "DARPA Cancels Formation-flying Satellite Demo". Space News. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
    


100. 
     ^ Graham Warwick (2013-01-23). "Darpa Touts Progress On GEO Satellite Recycling Concept". Aviation Week. Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
     


101. 
     ^ ^ab Gruss, Mike (2014-03-21). "DARPA Space Budget Increase Includes M for Spaceplane". Space News. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
     


102. 
     ^ Pentagon Prepares a Futures Market on Terror Attacks
     


103. 
     ^ Lundin, Leigh (July 7, 2013). "Pam, Prism, and Poindexter". Spying. Washington: SleuthSayers. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
     


104. 
     ^ http://www.sirc.org/articles/policy_analysis.shtml
     


105. 
     ^ "I3 Initiative Home Page". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
     


106. 
     ^ "STO: WolfPack". Darpa.mil. Strategic Technology Office. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
     


107. 
     ^ Victor Appleton II, 1961. Tom Swift and the Visitor from Planet X Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine., originally published by Grosset & Dunlap of New York, now re-published by Project Gutenberg. ARPA is referred to on page 68 published 1961
     


108. 
     ^ Numb3ers, Season 1, Episode 5 Archived 2010-03-25 at the Wayback Machine., and Season 5, Episode 17 Archived 2010-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
     

• This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

Further reading

• 
  Belfiore, Michael (2009). The Department of Mad Scientists: How DARPA Is Remaking Our World, from the Internet to Artificial Limbs. Harper. ISBN 9780061577932. OCLC 310399265.
  William Saletan writes of Belfiore's book that "His tone is reverential and at times breathless, but he captures the agency’s essential virtues: boldness, creativity, agility, practicality and speed." (Saletan, William (December 24, 2009). "The Body Electric". The New York Times.)


• Castell, Manuel, The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham, UK, 2004.


• 
  Jacobsen, Annie, The Pentagon's Brain: An Uncensored History of DARPA, America's Top-Secret Military Research Agency. Little, Brown and Company. 2015. ISBN 0316371769. OCLC 900012161.
  


• 
  Sargent, John F., Jr. (February 21, 2018). Defense Science and Technology Funding (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  


• 
  Sedgwick, John (August 1991). "The Men from DARPA". Playboy. Vol. 3 no. 8. pp. 108–109, 122, 154–156.
  


• 
  Weinberger, Sharon, The Imagineers of War: The Untold Story of DARPA, the Pentagon Agency that Changed the World, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017,
  ISBN 9780385351799.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

• DARPA Home Page


• Ongoing Research Programs


• 
  Declassified DARPA documents, OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Service


• DARPA FY2015 Research Program

v t e Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
Offices	Adaptive Execution Biological Technologies Defense Sciences Information Innovation Microsystems Technology Strategic Technology Tactical Technology
Directors	Johnson Betts Ruina Sproull Herzfeld Rechtin Lukasik Heilmeier Fossum Cooper Duncan Colladay Fields Reis Denman Lynn Fernandez Tether Dugan Prabhakar Walker
History	ARPANET The Mother of All Demos Project AGILE Shakey the robot Aspen Movie Map Network Challenge Grand Challenge
Annual budget US$2.8 billion    Employees 240    Website www.darpa.mil

v t e United States Department of Defense
Headquarters: The Pentagon Patrick M. Shanahan, Acting Secretary & Deputy Secretary of Defense
Office of the Secretary of Defense .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities) Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Director, Defense Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity DoD Human Resources Activity Military Health System Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Security Service Defense Information Systems Agency National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency (Director) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Defense Media Activity (American Forces Press Service, American Forces Radio and Television Service, Stars and Stripes, The Pentagon Channel) General Counsel of the Department of Defense Defense Legal Services Agency Director of Administration and Management Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services
Military Departments Department of the Army Secretary of the Army The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff: Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G-8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations: see Structure of the United States Army Department of the Navy Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps: Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations: see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations: Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations: see Structure of the United States Navy Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat: Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs) General Counsel of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff: Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations: Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies
Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University
Combatant Commands Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Cyber Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command Transportation Command
National Guard Bureau Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard
Office of the Inspector General Defense Criminal Investigative Service

v t e Research and development agencies of the federal government of the United States
Independent agencies	National Science Foundation (NSF) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) Smithsonian Institution research centers and programs
Agriculture	Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) Economic Research Service (ERS) United States Forest Service Research and Development (R&D)
Commerce	National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Defense	Air Force Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Air Force Life Cycle Management Center (AFLCMC) Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center (NWC) Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) Army Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Army Research Lab (ARL) Navy Office of Naval Research (ONR) Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) Naval Warfare Centers Air (NAWC) Surface (NSWC) Undersea (NUWC) Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance (NCCOSC) Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) Other Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU)
Education	Institute of Education Sciences (IES) National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR)
Energy	Office of Science (DOE SC) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) National Laboratories
Health and Human Services	National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Food and Drug Administration science and research programs Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)
Homeland Security	Directorate for Science and Technology (S&T) Coast Guard Research & Development Center (CG RDC)
Interior	United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Justice	National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
Transportation	Research and Innovative Technology Administration Federal Aviation Administration Research, Engineering, and Development Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology
Veterans Affairs	Veterans Health Administration Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Multi-agency initiatives	U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program (NITRD) National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
Judicial branch	Federal Judicial Center
Policy-making bodies	Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) (defunct) House Committee on Science, Space and Technology Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

v t e Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th President of the United States (1953–1961) Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1951–1952) Chief of Staff of the Army (1945–1948) Commander, Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (1943–1945)
Military career	Military career 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy Louisiana Maneuvers Operation Torch European Theater of Operations Allied invasion of Sicily Normandy landings Operation Veritable Military Governor, U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany Disarmed Enemy Forces European Advisory Commission Supreme Commander of NATO, 1951-1952
Presidency	Presidency 1953 inauguration 1957 inauguration Korean War Armistice 1953 Iranian coup d'état "Chance for Peace" speech "Atoms for Peace" speech Civil Rights Act of 1957 Cold War Domino theory Khrushchev, Eisenhower and De-Stalinization New Look policy 1955 Geneva Summit 1960 U-2 incident NASA DARPA National Defense Education Act Interstate Highway System Suez Crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Little Rock Nine intervention Operation 40 Farewell address / "Military–industrial complex" Office of Food for Peace President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports People to People Student Ambassador Program State of the Union Address (1955 1956 1960) Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court
Books	Crusade in Europe (1948)
Elections	Draft Eisenhower movement Republican Party presidential primaries, 1948 1952 1956 Republican National Convention, 1952 1956 United States Presidential election, 1952 1956
Legacy	Birthplace Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum, gravesite Boyhood home Eisenhower National Historic Site Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Eisenhower Executive Office Building Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport Eisenhower Fellowships Eisenhower Institute Eisenhower Monument Eisenhower dollar commemorative U.S. Postage stamps Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Eisenhower Medical Center Eisenhower Trophy Eisenhower Golf Club Eisenhower Theater Dwight D. Eisenhower (Brothers) Places named for Eisenhower Other tributes and memorials
Popular culture	Eisenhower jacket Eisenhower Tree Crusade in Europe (1949 television series) Ike (1979 miniseries) Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004 film) Pressure (2014 play)
Family	Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (wife) Doud Eisenhower (son) John Eisenhower (son) David Eisenhower (grandson) Anne Eisenhower (granddaughter) Susan Eisenhower (granddaughter) Mary Jean Eisenhower (granddaughter) Jennie Eisenhower (great-granddaughter) Ida Stover Eisenhower (mother) Earl D. Eisenhower (brother) Edgar N. Eisenhower (brother) Milton S. Eisenhower (brother)
Related	Eisenhower baseball controversy Camp David "And I don't care what it is" Atoms for Peace Award Eddie Slovik Kay Summersby
← Harry S. Truman John F. Kennedy → Category

Authority control	BNF: cb125097352 (data) GND: 305022-1 ISNI: 0000 0001 1956 0321 LCCN: n79004228 NKC: ko2017962799 NLA: 35566156 SUDOC: 121455025 VIAF: 132454617 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 132454617

This page is only for reference, If you need detailed information, please check here