5-HT2A receptor

HTR2A
Identifiers
Aliases	HTR2A, 5-HT2A, HTR2, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A
External IDs	OMIM: 182135 MGI: 109521 HomoloGene: 68073 GeneCards: HTR2A
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 13 (human)[1] Band 13q14.2 Start 46,831,550 bp[1] End 46,897,076 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 14 (mouse)[2] Band 14 D3|14 39.37 cM Start 74,640,840 bp[2] End 74,709,494 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • 1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding • G-protein coupled receptor activity • virus receptor activity • signal transducer activity • drug binding • G-protein alpha-subunit binding • G-protein coupled serotonin receptor activity • serotonin binding • neurotransmitter receptor activity • protein binding • macromolecular complex binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • integral component of membrane • cytosol • cell projection • membrane • cell body fiber • integral component of plasma membrane • dendritic shaft • axon • neuronal cell body • caveola • cytoplasmic vesicle • plasma membrane • dendrite • glutamatergic synapse • integral component of postsynaptic membrane • integral component of presynaptic membrane Biological process • detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain • release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol • regulation of dopamine secretion • phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway • urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity • behavioral response to cocaine • positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration • positive regulation of kinase activity • positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process • aging • cellular calcium ion homeostasis • cell death • memory • activation of phospholipase C activity • detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain • protein localization to cytoskeleton • sleep • positive regulation of vasoconstriction • positive regulation of cell proliferation • negative regulation of potassium ion transport • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • artery smooth muscle contraction • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • Viral entry • phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling • nociception • temperature homeostasis • viral process • positive regulation of fat cell differentiation • positive regulation of glycolytic process • negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic • signal transduction • chemical synaptic transmission • response to drug • serotonin receptor signaling pathway • phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • animal behavior • regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3356	15558
Ensembl	ENSG00000102468	ENSMUSG00000034997
UniProt	P28223	P35363
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001165947 NM_000621	NM_172812
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000612 NP_001159419	NP_766400
Location (UCSC)	Chr 13: 46.83 – 46.9 Mb	Chr 14: 74.64 – 74.71 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

The mammalian 5-HT_2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT₂ receptor that belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).^[5] 5-HT is short for 5-hydroxy-tryptamine, which is serotonin. This is the main excitatory receptor subtype among the GPCRs for serotonin, although 5-HT_2A may also have an inhibitory effect^[6] on certain areas such as the visual cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex.^[7] This receptor was first noted for its importance as a target of serotonergic psychedelic drugs such as LSD. Later it came back to prominence because it was also found to be mediating, at least partly, the action of many antipsychotic drugs, especially the atypical ones.

5-HT_2A may be a necessary receptor for the spread of the human polyoma virus called the JC virus.^[8]

Downregulation of post-synaptic 5-HT_2A receptor is an adaptive process provoked by chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and classical antipsychotics. Suicidal and otherwise depressed patients have had more 5-HT_2A receptors than normal patients. These findings suggest that post-synaptic 5-HT_2A overdensity is involved in the pathogenesis of depression.^[9]

Paradoxical down-regulation of 5-HT_2A receptors can be observed with several 5-HT_2A antagonists.^[10] Thus, instead of tolerance, reverse-tolerance would be expected from 5-HT_2A antagonists. However, there is at least one antagonist at this site which has been shown to up-regulate 5-HT_2A receptors.^[10][11] Additionally, a couple of other antagonists may have no effect on 5-HT_2A receptor number.^[12] Nevertheless, upregulation is the exception rather than the rule. Neither tolerance nor rebound is observed in humans with regard to the SWS promoting effects of 5-HT_2A antagonists.^[13]

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Distribution
  


• 
  3 Signaling cascade
  


• 
  4 Effects
  


• 
  5 Ligands
  
  
  
  • 
    5.1 Agonists
    
    
    
    • 
      5.1.1 Full agonists
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.2 Partial agonists
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.3 Peripherally selective agonists
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    5.2 Silent antagonists
    
  
  
  • 
    5.3 Inverse agonists
    
  
  
  • 
    5.4 Functional selectivity
    
  
  
  • 
    5.5 Role of lipophilicity
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  6 Genetics
  
  
  
  • 
    6.1 Associations with psychiatric disorders
    
    
    
    • 
      6.1.1 Treatment response
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  7 Neuroimaging
  


• 
  8 Role in virus endocytosis
  


• 
  9 References
  


• 
  10 Further reading
  


• 
  11 External links
  

History

Serotonin receptors were split into two classes by Gaddum and Picarelli when it was discovered that some of the serotonin-induced changes in the gut could be blocked by morphine, whilst the remainder of the response was inhibited by dibenzyline leading to the naming of M and D receptors respectively. 5-HT_2A is thought to correspond to what was originally described as D subtype of 5-HT receptors by Gaddum and Picarelli.^[14] In the pre-molecular-cloning era when radioligand binding and displacement was the only major tool, spiperone and LSD were shown to label two different serotonin receptors, and neither of them displaced morphine, leading to naming of the 5-HT₁, 5-HT₂ and 5-HT₃ receptors, corresponding to high affinity sites from LSD, spiperone and morphine respectively.^[15] Later it was shown that the 5-HT₂ was very close to 5-HT_1C and thus were clubbed together, renaming the 5-HT₂ into 5-HT_2A. Thus the 5-HT₂ receptor family is composed of three separate molecular entities: the 5-HT_2A (formerly known as 5-HT₂ or D), the 5-HT_2B (formerly known as 5-HT_2F) and the 5-HT_2C (formerly known as 5-HT_1C) receptors.^[16]

Distribution

5-HT_2A is expressed widely throughout the central nervous system (CNS).
It is expressed near most of the serotoninergic terminal rich areas, including neocortex (mainly prefrontal, parietal, and somatosensory cortex) and the olfactory tubercle. Especially high concentrations of this receptor on the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in layer V of the cortex may modulate cognitive processes, working memory, and attention^[17][18][19] by enhancing glutamate release followed by a complex range of interactions with the 5-HT_1A,^[20]GABA_A,^[21]adenosine A₁,^[22]AMPA,^[23]mGluR_2/3,^[24]mGlu5,^[25] and OX₂ receptors.^[26][27] In the rat cerebellum, the protein has also been found in the Golgi cells of the granular layer,^[28] and in the Purkinje cells.^[29][30]

In the periphery, it is highly expressed in platelets and many cell types of the cardiovascular system, in fibroblasts, and in neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, 5-HT_2A mRNA expression has been observed in human monocytes.^[31]

Signaling cascade

The 5-HT_2A receptor is known primarily to couple to the Gα_q signal transduction pathway. Upon receptor stimulation with agonist, Gα_q and β-γ subunits dissociate to initiate downstream effector pathways. Gα_q stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity, which subsequently promotes the release of diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3), which in turn stimulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity and Ca²⁺ release.^[32]

There are many additional signal cascade components that include the formation of arachidonic acid through PLA2 activity, activation of phospholipase D, Rho/Rho kinase, and ERK pathway activation initiated by agonist stimulation of the receptor.^{[citation needed]}

Effects

Physiological processes mediated by the receptor include:

• CNS: neuronal excitation (most likely responsible for the psychedelic effects associated with 5-HT_2A receptor agonists such as LSD, DMT, etc.),^[33] behavioural effects, learning, anxiety, and pro-nociception^[34]
  


• smooth muscle: contraction (in bronchi and gastrointestinal tract)


• 
  vasoconstriction / vasodilation
  


• platelets: aggregation
  


• Activation of the 5-HT_2A receptor with 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) produces potent anti-inflammatory effects in several tissues including cardiovascular and gut. Other 5-HT_2A agonists like LSD also have potent anti-inflammatory effects against TNF-alpha-induced inflammation.^[35][36]
  


• Activation of the 5-HT_2A receptor in hypothalamus causes increases in hormonal levels of oxytocin, prolactin, ACTH, corticosterone, and renin.^[37][38]
  


• Role in memory and learning^[19][39][40]
  

Ligands

Agonists

Activation of the 5-HT_2Areceptor is necessary for the effects of the "classic" psychedelics like LSD, psilocin and mescaline, which act as full or partial agonists at this receptor, and represent the three main classes of 5-HT_2A agonists, the ergolines, tryptamines and phenethylamines, respectively. A very large family of derivatives from these three classes has been developed, and their structure-activity relationships have been extensively researched.^[41][42] Agonists acting at 5-HT_2A receptors located on the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells within regions of the prefrontal cortex are believed to mediate hallucinogenic activity. Newer findings reveal that psychoactive effects of classic psychedelics are mediated by the receptor heterodimer 5-HT_2A–mGlu2 and not by monomeric 5-HT_2A receptors.^[43][44][33] Agonists enhance dopamine in PFC,^[19] enhance memory and play an active role in attention and learning.^[45][46]

Full agonists

• Agmatine


• 
  25I-NBOH and its 2-methoxy-analog 25I-NBOMe^[47]
  


• 
  ¹⁸F FECIMBI-36, radiolabelled agonist ligand for mapping 5-HT_2A / 5-HT_2C receptor distribution ^[48]
  


• 
  TCB-2^[49]
  


• 
  Mexamine is a full agonist to several serotonin receptors.


• 
  O-4310, 5-HT_2A selective, claimed to have 100x selectivity over 5-HT_2C and be inactive at 5-HT_2B
  


• 
  PHA-57378, dual 5-HT_2A / 5-HT_2C agonist, anxiolytic effects in animal studies.^[50]
  


• 
  25B-NBOMe Also known as Cimbi-36; used as a PET imaging tool for visualizing the 5-HT_2A receptor^[51]
  

Partial agonists

• 25C-NBOMe


• 
  25CN-NBOH, 100x selectivity for 5-HT_2A over 5-HT_2C, 46x selectivity over 5-HT_2B.^[52]
  


• 
  Bromo-DragonFLY^[53]
  


• 
  (R)-DOI, traditionally the most common 5-HT_2A reference agonist used in research^[54]
  


• 
  Efavirenz, an antiretroviral drug, produces psychiatric side effects thought to be mediated by 5-HT_2A.^[55]
  


• 
  Juncosamine, is a structurally constrained derivative of 25B-NBOMe, which acts as a potent partial agonist with 124x selectivity for 5-HT_2A over 5-HT_2C, making it the most selective agonist ligand identified to date.^[56]
  


• 
  Lisuride, an antiparkinson dopamine agonist of the ergoline class, that is also a dual 5-HT_2A / 5-HT_2C agonist^[57] and 5-HT_2B antagonist.^[58]
  


• 
  Mefloquine, an antimalarial drug, also produces psychiatric side effects which may be mediated through 5-HT_2A and/or 5-HT_2C receptors.^[59]
  


• 
  Methysergide, a congener of methylergonovine, used in treatment of migraine blocks 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors, but sometimes acts as partial agonist, in some preparations.


• 
  OSU-6162 acts as a partial agonist at both 5-HT_2A and dopamine D₂ receptors
  


• 
  SN-22, partial agonist at all three 5-HT₂ subtypes

Peripherally selective agonists

One effect of 5-HT_2A receptor activation is a reduction in intraocular pressure, and so 5-HT_2A agonists can be useful for the treatment of glaucoma. This has led to the development of compounds such as AL-34662 that are hoped to reduce pressure inside the eyes but without crossing the blood–brain barrier and producing hallucinogenic side effects.^[60] Animal studies with this compound showed it to be free of hallucinogenic effects at doses up to 30 mg/kg, although several of its more lipophilic analogues did produce the head-twitch response known to be characteristic of hallucinogenic effects in rodents.^[61]

Silent antagonists

• 
  Trazodone is a potent 5-HT_2A antagonist, as well as an antagonist on other serotonin receptors.


• 
  Mirtazapine is a 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2C, and 5-HT₃ antagonist. Mirtazapine also has an antagonistic effect on H₁ histamine receptors. Because of its wide spectrum of serotonergic receptor inhibition, Mirtazapine exhibits an agonistic effect on 5-HT_1A receptors by funneling more serotonin to them. Mirtazapine is used as an antidepressant in patients dealing with insomnia and weight loss.


• Although ergot alkaloids are mostly nonspecific 5-HT receptor antagonists, a few ergot derivatives such as metergoline bind preferentially to members of the 5-HT₂ receptor family.


• The discovery of ketanserin was a landmark in the pharmacology of 5-HT₂ receptors. Ketanserin, though capable of blocking 5-HT induced platelet adhesion, however does not mediate its well-known antihypertensive action through 5-HT₂ receptor family, but through its high affinity for alpha₁ adrenergic receptors. It also has high affinity for H₁ histaminergic receptors equal to that at 5-HT_2A receptors. Compounds chemically related to ketanserin such as ritanserin are more selective 5-HT_2A receptor antagonists with low affinity for alpha-adrenergic receptors. However, ritanserin, like most other 5-HT_2A receptor antagonists, also potently inhibits 5-HT_2C receptors.


• 
  Nefazodone operates by blocking post-synaptic serotonin type-2A receptors and to a lesser extent by inhibiting pre-synaptic serotonin and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) reuptake.


• 
  Atypical antipsychotic drugs like clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and asenapine are relatively potent antagonists of 5-HT_2A as are some of the lower potency old generation/typical antipsychotics. Other antagonists are MDL-100,907 (prototype of another new series of 5-HT_2A antagonists) and cyproheptadine.


• 
  Pizotifen is a non-selective antagonist.^[62]
  


• 
  LY-367,265 - dual 5-HT_2A antagonist / SSRI with antidepressant effects


• 2-alkyl-4-aryl-tetrahydro-pyrimido-azepines are subtype selective antagonists (35g: 60-fold).^[63]
  


• 
  AMDA and related derivatives are another family of selective 5-HT_2A antagonists.^{[64][65][66][67][68]}
  


• 
  Typical antipsychotics such as Haloperidol and Chlorpromazine
  


• 
  Hydroxyzine (Atarax)


• 5-MeO-NBpBrT


• Niaprazine

Inverse agonists

• 
  AC-90179 - potent and selective inverse agonist at 5-HT_2A, also 5-HT_2C antagonist.^[69][70]
  


• 
  Nelotanserin (APD-125) - selective 5-HT_2A inverse agonist developed by Arena Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of insomnia. APD-125 was shown to be effective and well tolerated in clinical trials.^[71]
  


• 
  Eplivanserin (Sanofi Aventis), a sleeping pill that reached phase II trials (but for which the application for approval was withdrawn), acts as a selective 5-HT_2A inverse agonist.


• 
  Pimavanserin (ACP-103) - more selective than AC-90179, orally active, antipsychotic in vivo, now FDA approved for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson’s disease.^{[72][73][74][75][76]}
  


• Volinanserin

Functional selectivity

5-HT_2A-receptor ligands may differentially activate the transductional pathways (see above). Studies evaluated the activation of two effectors, PLC and PLA2, by means of their second messengers. Compounds displaying more pronounced functional selectivity are 2,5-DMA and 2C-N. The former induces IP accumulation without activating the PLA2 mediated response, while the latter elicits AA release without activating the PLC mediated response.^[77]

Recent research has suggested potential signaling differences within the somatosensory cortex between 5-HT_2A agonists that produce headshakes in the mouse and those that do not, such as lisuride, as these agents are also non-hallucinogenic in humans despite being active 5-HT_2A agonists.^[78][79]
One known example of differences in signal transduction is between the two 5-HT_2A agonists serotonin and DOI that involves differential recruitment of intracellular proteins called β-arrestins, more specifically arrestin beta 2.^[80][81]

Role of lipophilicity

A set of ligands were evaluated. For agonists, a highly significant linear correlation was observed between binding affinity and lipophilicity. For ligands exhibiting partial agonist or antagonist properties, the lipophilicity was consistently higher than would be expected for an agonist of comparable affinity.^[82]

Genetics

Chromosome 13.

The 5-HT_2A receptors is coded by the HTR2A gene.
In humans the gene is located on chromosome 13.
The gene has previously been called just HTR2 until the description of two related genes HTR2B and HTR2C.
Several interesting polymorphisms have been identified for HTR2A:
A-1438G (rs6311),
C102T (rs6313) and
His452Tyr (rs6314).
Many more polymorphisms exist for the gene.
A 2006 paper listed 255.^[83]

• 
  Chambers JJ, Kurrasch-Orbaugh DM, Parker MA, Nichols DE (March 2001). "Enantiospecific synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a series of super-potent, conformationally restricted 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 44 (6): 1003–10. doi:10.1021/jm000491y. PMID 11300881..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</ref>

Associations with psychiatric disorders

Several studies have seen links between the -1438G/A polymorphism and mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder^[84]
and major depressive disorder.^[85]
A weak link with an odds ratio of 1.3 has been found between the T102C polymorphism and schizophrenia.^[86]
This polymorphism has also been studied in relation to suicide attempts, with a study finding excess of the C/C genotypes among the suicide attempters.^[87] A number of other studies were devoted to finding an association of the gene with schizophrenia, with diverging results.^[88]

These individual studies may, however, not give a full picture: A review from 2007 looking at the effect of different SNPs reported in separate studies stated that "genetic association studies [of HTR2A gene variants with psychiatric disorders] report conflicting and generally negative results" with no involvement, small or a not replicated role for the genetic variant of the gene.^[89]

Treatment response

One study has found that genetic variations between individuals in the HTR2A gene may to some extent account for the difference in outcome of antidepressant treatment, so that patients suffering from major depressive disorder and treated with citalopram may benefit more than others if they have one particular genotype.^[90]
In this study 768 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) across 68 genes were investigated and a SNP—termed rs7997012—in the second intron of the HTR2A gene showed significant association with treatment outcome.

Genetics seems also to be associated to some extent with the amount of adverse events in treatment of major depression disorder.^[91][92]

One study has also linked abnormal 5-HT_2A polymorphisms which may enhance receptor activity with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.^[93]

Neuroimaging

The 5-HT_2A receptors may be imaged with PET-scanners using the fluorine-18-altanserin^[94]
, MDL 100,907^[95]
or [¹¹C]Cimbi-36^[51][96]radioligands that binds to the neuroreceptor, e.g.,
one study reported a reduced binding of altanserin particularly in the hippocampus in patients with major depressive disorder.^[97]
Another PET study reported increased altanserin binding in the caudate nuclei in obsessive compulsive disorder patients compared to a healthy control group.^[98]

Patients with Tourette's syndrome have also been scanned and the study found an increased binding of altanserin for patients compared to healthy controls.^[99] The altanserin uptake decreases with age reflecting a loss of specific 5-HT_2A receptors with age.^{[100][101][102]}
A study has also found a positive correlation among healthy subjects between altanserin binding and the personality trait neuroticism as measured by the NEO PI-R personality questionnaire.^[103]

Role in virus endocytosis

5-HT_2A may be a necessary receptor for clathrin mediated endocytosis of the human polyoma virus called JC virus, the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), that enters cells such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, B lymphocytes, and kidney epithelial cells. These cells need to express both the alpha 2-6–linked sialic acid component of the 5-HT_2A receptor in order to endocytose JCV.^[8]

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Further reading

• 
  Perez-Aguilar JM, Shan J, LeVine MV, Khelashvili G, Weinstein H (November 2014). "A functional selectivity mechanism at the serotonin-2A GPCR involves ligand-dependent conformations of intracellular loop 2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (45): 16044–54. doi:10.1021/ja508394x. PMC 4235374. PMID 25314362.
  

External links

• 
  "5-HT_2A". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
  


• 
  _2A%20Receptor 5-HT_2A+Receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)


• Human HTR2A genome location and HTR2A gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

v t e Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors
Class A: Rhodopsin-like Neurotransmitter Adrenergic α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3 Purinergic Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14) Serotonin (all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7) Other Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 GHB receptor Histamine H1 H2 H3 H4 Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 5 6 8 9) Metabolites and signaling molecules Eicosanoid CysLT (1 2) LTB4 1 2 FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP Prostacyclin Thromboxane Other Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Hydroxycarboxylic acids 1 2 3 Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate Peptide Neuropeptide B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2) Other Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin A B Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2) Miscellaneous Orphan GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183) Other Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)
Class B: Secretin-like Adhesion ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7) Orphan GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157) Other Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth-hormone-releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)
Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone Taste TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60 Vomeronasal receptor) Other Calcium-sensing receptor GABAB (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)
Class F: Frizzled & Smoothened Frizzled Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10) Smoothened Smoothened

v t e Obsessive–compulsive disorder (F42, 300.3)
History	Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
Biology	Neuroanatomy Basal ganglia (striatum) Orbitofrontal cortex Cingulate cortex Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Receptors 5-HT1Dβ 5-HT2A 5-HT2C μ Opioid H2 NK1 M4 NMDA
Symptoms	Obsessions (associative diagnostic injurious scrupulous pathogenic sexual) Compulsions (impulses, rituals tics) Thought suppression (avoidance) Hoarding (animals, books possessions)
Treatment	Serotonergics Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Paroxetine Sertraline Citalopram Nefazodone Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Venlafaxine Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors Nefazodone Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Phenelzine Tranylcypromine Tricyclic antidepressants Clomipramine Serotonergic psychedelics Lysergic acid diethylamide Psilocin Atypical antipsychotics Aripiprazole Quetiapine Mu opioidergics Hydrocodone Morphine Tramadol Anticholinergics Diphenhydramine NMDA glutamatergics Riluzole NK-1 tachykininergics Aprepitant Other Nicotine Memantine Tautomycin Behavioral Cognitive behavioral therapy (Exposure and response prevention) Inference-based therapy
Organizations	International OCD Foundation OCD Action
Notable people	Edna B. Foa Stanley Rachman Adam S. Radomsky Jeffrey M. Schwartz Susan Swedo Emily Colas
Popular culture	Literature/Comics Fictional Matchstick Men Plyushkin Xenocide Nonfiction Everything in Its Place Just Checking Media As Good as It Gets The Aviator Matchstick Men Adrian Monk "$pringfield"
Related	Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder Obsessional jealousy Primarily Obsessional OCD Relationship obsessive–compulsive disorder Social anxiety disorder Tourette syndrome

v t e Hallucinogens
Psychedelics (5-HT2A agonists)	Benzofurans 2C-B-FLY 2CBFly-NBOMe 5-MeO-BFE 5-MeO-DiBF Bromo-DragonFLY F-2 F-22 TFMFly Lyserg‐ amides 1B-LSD 1P-ETH-LAD 1P-LSD 2-Butyllysergamide 3-Pentyllysergamide AL-LAD ALD-52 BU-LAD Diallyllysergamide Dimethyllysergamide ECPLA Ergometrine ETH-LAD IP-LAD LAE-32 LAMPA LPD-824 LSA LSD LSD-Pip LSH LSM-775 LSZ Methylergometrine MIPLA Methysergide MLD-41 PARGY-LAD PRO-LAD Phenethyl‐ amines 2C-x 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V 25x-NBx 25x-NB3OMe 25B-NB3OMe 25C-NB3OMe 25D-NB3OMe 25E-NB3OMe 25H-NB3OMe 25I-NB3OMe 25N-NB3OMe 25P-NB3OMe 25T2-NB3OMe 25T4-NB3OMe 25T7-NB3OMe 25TFM-NB3OMe 25x-NB4OMe 25B-NB4OMe 25C-NB4OMe 25D-NB4OMe 25E-NB4OMe 25H-NB4OMe 25I-NB4OMe 25N-NB4OMe 25P-NB4OMe 25T2-NB4OMe 25T4-NB4OMe 25T7-NB4OMe 25TFM-NB4OMe 25x-NBF 25B-NBF 25C-NBF 25D-NBF 25E-NBF 25H-NBF 25I-NBF 25P-NBF 25T2-NBF 25T7-NBF 25TFM-NBF 25x-NBMD 25B-NBMD 25C-NBMD 25D-NBMD 25E-NBMD 25F-NBMD 25H-NBMD 25I-NBMD 25P-NBMD 25T2-NBMD 25T7-NBMD 25TFM-NBMD 25x-NBOH 25B-NBOH 25C-NBOH 25CN-NBOH 25D-NBOH 25E-NBOH 25F-NBOH 25H-NBOH 25I-NBOH 25P-NBOH 25T2-NBOH 25T7-NBOH 25TFM-NBOH 25x-NBOMe 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25CN-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25E-NBOMe 25F-NBOMe 25G-NBOMe 25H-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25iP-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 25P-NBOMe 25T2-NBOMe 25T4-NBOMe 25T7-NBOMe 25TFM-NBOMe Atypical structures 25I-NB34MD 2CBCB-NBOMe 2CBFly-NBOMe NBOMe-mescaline 3C-x 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-DFE 3C-E 3C-P 4C-x 4C-B 4C-D 4C-T-2 DOx DOT DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOiPR DOM DON DOPR DOTFM MEM HOT-x HOT-2 HOT-7 HOT-17 MDxx DMMDA DMMDA-2 Lophophine MDA MMDA MMDA-2 MMDA-3a MMDMA Mescaline (subst.) 2-Bromomescaline 3-TE 4-TE 3-TM 4-TM Allylescaline Asymbescaline Buscaline Cyclopropylmescaline Difluoromescaline Difluoroescaline Escaline Fluoroproscaline Isobuscaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Thioproscaline Trifluoroescaline Trifluoromescaline TMAs TMA TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 Others 2C-B-BUTTERFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY 2CB-5-hemifly 2-TOM 5-TOET 5-TOM 2CB-Ind 2CD-5EtO BOB BOD βk-2C-B βk-2C-I DESOXY DMCPA DMBMPP DOB-FLY Fenfluramine Ganesha Macromerine MMA TCB-2 TOMSO Piperazines BZP pFPP Tryptamines alpha-alkyltryptamines 4,5-DHP-α-MT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT α-ET α-MT x-DALT (Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT (Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT 5-MeO-DALT DALT x-DET (Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET (Ethocin) 4-HO-DET 5-MeO-DET (T-9) DET (Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET x-DiPT (Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT (Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT 5-MeO-DiPT DiPT x-DMT 4,5-DHP-DMT 2,N,N-TMT 4-AcO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 5,6-diBr-DMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-DMT 5-N,N-TMT 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT DMT Norbaeocystin (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT x-DPT (Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT (Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT 5-MeO-DPT (The Light) DPT Ibogaine-related 18-MAC 18-MC Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine ME-18-MC Noribogaine Tabernanthine Voacangine x-MET (Metocin) 4-HO-MET (Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET 5-MeO-MET MET x-MiPT (Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT (Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT 5-Me-MiPT (Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT MiPT Others 4-HO-DBT 4-HO-EPT 4-HO-McPT (Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI (Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-MALT 5-MeO-MPMI Aeruginascin Baeocystin DBT DCPT EiPT EPT MPT PiPT Others 5-MeO-DiBF AL-38022A ALPHA Dimemebfe Efavirenz Lorcaserin M-ALPHA RH-34 Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans, MDAI, MDMA).
Dissociatives (NMDAR antagonists)	Arylcyclo‐ hexylamines Ketamine-related 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine Arketamine ((R)-ketamine) Deschloroketamine Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine) Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxmetamine Methoxyketamine Norketamine Tiletamine PCP-related 3'-HO-PCP 3'-MeO-PCE 3'-MeO-PCMo 3'-MeO-PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine (PCDE) Eticyclidine (PCE) Methoxydine (4'-MeO-PCP) PCPr Phencyclidine (PCP) Rolicyclidine (PCPy) Tenocyclidine (TCP) Others BTCP Gacyclidine PRE-084 Diarylethylamines Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine Morphinans Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others 2-EMSB 2-MDP 8A-PDHQ Aptiganel Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Herkinorin Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel RB-64 Remacemide Salvinorin A Selfotel Xenon
Deliriants (mAChR antagonists)	Atropine Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden BRN-1484501 Brompheniramine BZ CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Chloropyramine Chlorphenamine Clemastine CS-27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicycloverine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Elemicin Flavoxate Hyoscyamine JB-318 JB-336 Meclozine Mepyramine Myristicin Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN-2299
Others	Cannabinoids (CB1 agonists) Natural THC (Dronabinol) THCV Synthetic AM-x AM-087 AM-251 AM-279 AM-281 AM-356 AM-374 AM-381 AM-404 AM-411 AM-630 AM-661 AM-678 AM-679 AM-694 AM-735 AM-855 AM-881 AM-883 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-1116 AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-1248 AM-1710 AM-1714 AM-1902 AM-2201 AM-2212 AM-2213 AM-2232 AM-2233 AM-2389 AM-3102 AM-4030 AM-4054 AM-4056 AM-4113 AM-6545 CP x CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 (±)-CP 55,940 (+)-CP 55,940 (-)-CP 55,940 HU-x HU-210 HU-211 HU-239 HU-243 HU-308 HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 JWH-x JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-030 JWH-047 JWH-048 JWH-051 JWH-057 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-098 JWH-116 JWH-120 JWH-122 JWH-133 JWH-139 JWH-147 JWH-148 JWH-149 JWH-149 JWH-161 JWH-164 JWH-166 JWH-167 JWH-171 JWH-175 JWH-176 JWH-181 JWH-182 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-193 JWH-193 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-198 JWH-199 JWH-200 JWH-203 JWH-205 JWH-210 JWH-210 JWH-213 JWH-220 JWH-229 JWH-234 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-253 JWH-258 JWH-300 JWH-302 JWH-307 JWH-336 JWH-350 JWH-359 JWH-387 JWH-398 JWH-424 Misc. designer cannabinoids 4-HTMPIPO 5F-AB-FUPPYCA 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-ADBICA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-NNE1 5F-PB-22 5F-SDB-006 A-796,260 A-836,339 AB-001 AB-005 AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-PINACA ADAMANTYL-THPINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADBICA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-FUBINACA APICA APINACA APP-FUBINACA CB-13 CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA DMHP EAM-2201 FAB-144 FDU-PB-22 FUB-144 FUB-APINACA FUB-JWH-018 FUB-PB-22 FUBIMINA JTE 7-31 JTE-907 Levonantradol MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA MDMB-FUBINACA MEPIRAPIM MAM-2201 MDA-19 MN-18 MN-25 NESS-0327 NESS-040C5 Nabilone Nabitan NM-2201 NNE1 Org 28611 Parahexyl PTI-1 PTI-2 PX-1 PX-2 PX-3 QUCHIC QUPIC RCS-4 RCS-8 SDB-005 SDB-006 STS-135 THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate THJ-018 THJ-2201 UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 XLR-11 D2 agonists Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin A Also indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa). GABAA enhancers CI-966 Eszopiclone Ibotenic acid Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants (Mixed MOA) Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform κOR agonists 2-EMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphan Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diprenorphine Enadoline Herkinorin Heroin HZ-2 Ibogaine Ketazocine Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol LPK-26 Metazocine Morphine Nalbuphine Nalmefene Nalorphine Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pentazocine Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50488 U-69,593 Xorphanol Others Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine

v t e Hypnotics/sedatives (N05C)
GABAA	Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol (alcohol) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal (apronalide) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid
GABAB	1,4-Butanediol 4-Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB (sodium oxybate) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut
H1	Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc.
α2-Adrenergic	Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine
5-HT2A	Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine, etc. Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine, etc. Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine, etc. Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone, etc. Others Niaprazine
Melatonin	Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon
Orexin	Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant
α2δ VDCC	Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin
Others	Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin-related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Opioids (e.g., morphine) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide

v t e Serotonin receptor modulators
5-HT1	5-HT1A Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Enciprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24969 S-14506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92016A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT1B Agonists: CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine Antagonists: AR-A000002 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, carteolol, isamoltane, oxprenolol, penbutolol, propranolol, tertatolol) Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride) 5-HT1D Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT) Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone Unknown/unsorted: Acetryptine Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide) 5-HT1E Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine) Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) 5-HT1F Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT) Antagonists: Mianserin Metitepine (methiothepin)
5-HT2	5-HT2A Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin Antihistamines (e.g., cyproheptadine, hydroxyzine, ketotifen, perlapine) AMDA Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, brexpiprazole, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, lurasidone, melperone, mosapramine, ocaperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Cinanserin CSP-2503 Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Landipirdine LY-393558 mCPP Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) Naftidrofuryl Nantenine Nelotanserin Opiranserin (VVZ-149) Pelanserin Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin Roluperidone S-14671 Sarpogrelate Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (e.g., etoperidone, hydroxynefazodone, lubazodone, mepiprazole, nefazodone, triazoledione, trazodone) SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, setoperone, spiperone, spiramide, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, nicergoline) 5-HT2B Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (e.g., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, [MMDA (drug) Antagonists: Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, clozapine, N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine), N-desmethylclozapine (norclozapine), olanzapine, pipamperone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone) Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 mCPP Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine) TIK-301 Yohimbine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine)) 5-HT2C Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA (tenamfetamine), MDMA (midomafetamine), MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 Org 12962 Org 37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348 Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Desmetramadol Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Tramadol Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))
5-HT3–7	5-HT3 Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol (alcohol), trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636 Antagonists: Alosetron Arazasetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Bupropion Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron Hydroxybupropion ICS-205930 Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT4 Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Capeserod Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Minesapride Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67333 RS-67506 Serotonin (5-HT) Tegaserod Velusetrag Zacopride Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070 5-HT5A Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic Acid Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT6 Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466 Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Landipirdine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro 04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine) Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine) 5-HT7 Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 RU-24969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT) Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) JNJ-18038683 Ketanserin LY-215840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Adrenergics Dopaminergics Melatonergics Monoamine reuptake inhibitors and releasing agents Monoamine metabolism modulators Monoamine neurotoxins

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