1921 Italian general election

Italian general election, 1921

← 1919 15 May 1921 1924 →
All 535 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy
Majority party Minority party Third party   Leader Giovanni Bacci Don Luigi Sturzo Giovanni Giolitti Party Socialist Party People's Party National Blocs Seats won 123 108 105 Seat change 33 8 new party Popular vote 1,631,435 1,347,305 1,260,007 Percentage 24.7% 20.4% 19.1% Swing 7.6% 0.1% new party
Prime Minister before election Giovanni Giolitti Liberal Party Elected Prime Minister Ivanoe Bonomi Reform Socialist Party

General elections were held in Italy on 15 May 1921.^[1] It was the first election in which the recently acquired regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Venezia Giulia, Zara and Lagosta island elected deputies, many of whom from Germanic and South Slav ethnicity.^[2]

Contents

• 
  1 Historical background
  


• 
  2 Parties and leaders
  


• 
  3 Coalitions
  


• 
  4 Results
  


• 
  5 Results by Region
  


• 
  6 References
  

Historical background

From 1919 to 1920 Italy was shocked by a period of intense social conflict following the First World War; this period was named Biennio Rosso (Red Biennium).^[3] The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.

The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations.^[3] In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.

In the general election of 1921, the Liberal governing coalition, strengthened by the joining of Fascist candidates in the National Blocs (33 of whom were elected deputies), came short of a majority. The Italian Socialist Party, weakened by the split of the Communist Party of Italy, lost many votes and seats, while the Italian People's Party was steady around 20%. The Socialists were stronger in Lombardy (41.9%), than in their historical strongholds of Piedmont (28.6%), Emilia-Romagna (33.4%) and Tuscany (31.0%), due to the presence of the Communists (11.9, 5.2 and 10.5%), while the Populars were confirmed the largest party of Veneto (36.5%) and the Liberal parties in most Southern regions.^[4]

Parties and leaders

Party		Ideology	Leader
	Italian Socialist Party (PSI)	Socialism, Revolutionary socialism	Giovanni Bacci
	Italian People's Party (PPI)	Christian democracy, Popularism	Luigi Sturzo
	National Blocs (BN)	Italian nationalism, Anti-socialism	Giovanni Giolitti
	Democratic Liberal Party (PLD)	Liberalism, Radicalism	Francesco Saverio Nitti
	Italian Liberal Party (PLI)	Liberalism, Centrism	Luigi Facta
	Social Democratic Party (PDSI)	Social liberalism, Radicalism	Giovanni Antonio Colonna
	Communist Party of Italy (PCdI)	Communism, Marxism-Leninism	Amedeo Bordiga
	Italian Republican Party (PRI)	Republicanism, Radicalism	Eugenio Chiesa
	Reformist Democratic Party (PDR)	Reformism, Social democracy	several
	Combatants' Party (PdC)	Italian nationalism, Veteran interests	several

Coalitions

Coalition		Parties
	Majority		Italian People's Party (PPI)
			National Blocs (BN)
			Democratic Liberal Party (PLD)
			Italian Liberal Party (PLI)
			Social Democratic Party (PDSI)
			Combatants' Party (PdC)
	Opposition		Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
			Communist Party of Italy (PCdI)
			Italian Republican Party (PRI)
			Reformist Democratic Party (PDR)

Results

← Summary of the 15 May 1921 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Italian Socialist Party	1,631,435	24.7	123	−33
	Italian People's Party	1,347,305	20.4	108	+8
	National Blocs	1,260,007	19.1	105	New
	Democratic Liberal Party	684,855	10.4	68	−28
	Italian Liberal Party	470,605	7.1	43	+2
	Italian Social Democratic Party	309,191	4.7	29	−31
	Communist Party of Italy	304,719	4.6	15	New
	Italian Republican Party	124,924	1.9	6	−3
	Reformist Democratic Party	122,087	1.8	11	New
	Combatants' Party	113,839	1.7	10	−10
	Lists of Slavs and Germans	88,648	1.3	9	New
	Economic Party	53,382	0.8	5	−2
	Independent Socialists	37,892	0.6	1	±0
	Dissident People's Party	29,703	0.4	0	±0
	Italian Fasci of Combat	29,549	0.4	2	New
Invalid/blank votes		93,355	–	–	–
Total		6,701,496	100	535	+27
Registered voters/turnout		11,477,210	58.4	–	–

Popular vote PSI   24.69% PPI   20.39% BN   19.07% PLD   10.36% PLI   7.12% PDSI   4.68% PCdI   4.61% PRI   1.89% PDR   1.82% PdC   1.72% Others   3.77%

Seats PSI   22.99% PPI   20.19% BN   19.63% PLD   12.71% PLI   8.04% PDSI   5.42% PCdI   2.80% PDR   2.06% PdC   1.87% PRI   1.12% Others   3.18%

Results by Region

Region	First party		Second party		Third party
Abruzzo-Molise		BN		PLD		PSI
Apulia		BN		PSI		PPI
Basilicata		BN		PLD		PPI
Calabria		BN		PLD		PSDI
Campania		PLD		BN		PSI
Emilia-Romagna		PSI		BN		PPI
Lazio		PPI		BN		PSI
Liguria		PSI		BN		PPI
Lombardy		PSI		BN		PPI
Marche		PPI		PSI		BN
Piedmont		PSI		BN		PPI
Sardinia		BN		PPI		PSI
Sicily		BN		PSDI		PLD
Trentino		PPI		BN		SeT
Tuscany		PSI		PPI		BN
Umbria		PSI		PPI		BN
Veneto		PPI		PSI		BN
Venezia Giulia		BN		PPI		SeT

References

1. 
   ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
   


2. 
   ^ ITALY’S FRINGE OF ALIEN SUBJECTS, The New York Times, May 29, 1921
   


3. 
   ^ ^ab Brunella Dalla Casa, Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna, in: AA. VV, Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
   


4. 
   ^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
   

v t e Elections and referendums in Italy
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See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto

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