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Lille
Lille
	; Prefecture and commune;
	; Lille city centre.;
; ; Flag;	; ; Coat of arms;
	; ; ; ; ; Lille; ; ; ; ; Location within Hauts-de-France region; ; ; ; Lille; ; ; ; ; ;
	; Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E / 50.6278°N 3.0583°E / 50.6278; 3.0583Coordinates: 50°37′40″N 3°03′30″E / 50.6278°N 3.0583°E / 50.6278; 3.0583;
Country	; France;
Region	; Hauts-de-France;
Department	; Nord;
Arrondissement	; Lille;
Canton	; Lille-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;
Intercommunality	; Métropole Européenne de Lille;
Government;
• Mayor .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}; (2014-2020) ;	; Martine Aubry (PS)
Area1;	; 34.8 km2 (13.4 sq mi)
• Urban (2009);	; 442.5 km2 (170.9 sq mi)
• Metro (2007);	; 7,200 km2 (2,800 sq mi)
Population (2012)2;	; 228,652
• Rank	; 10th in France;
• Density	; 6,600/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
• Urban (2009);	; 1,015,744
• Urban density	; 2,300/km2 (5,900/sq mi)
• Metro (2007);	; 3,800,000
• Metro density	; 530/km2 (1,400/sq mi)
Time zone	; UTC+1 (CET (GMT +1))
• Summer (DST)	; UTC+2 (CEST)
; INSEE/Postal code	; 59350 /59000, 59800;
Website	; www.lille.fr;
	; 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.; ; 2Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Prefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel [ˈrɛisəl]; West Flemish: Rysel) is a city at the northern tip of France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord department, and the main city of the European Metropolis of Lille.

As of 2015, Lille had a population of 232,741 within its administrative limits,^[3]^[4]^[5] and an urban population of 1,182,127 , making it the fourth largest urban area in France after Paris, Lyon and Marseille.

History

Origin of the city

Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC,^{[citation needed]} most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of this region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates, and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples: the Saxons, the Frisians and the Franks.

The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken here, as attested by toponymic research. Lille's Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel (at the island). The French equivalent has the same meaning: Lille comes from l'île (the island).

From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders. After the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes.

The first mention of the town dates from 1066: apud Insulam (Latin for "at the island"). At the time, it was controlled by the County of Flanders, as were the regional cities (the Roman cities Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai as well as the Carolingian cities Valenciennes, Saint-Omer, Ghent and Bruges). The County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe.

Middle Ages

A notable local in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the day's political and military affairs. There was an important Battle of Lille in 1054.

From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow. In 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur.

The counts of Flanders, Boulogne, and Hainaut came together with England and East Frankia and tried to regain territory taken by Philip II of France following Henry II of England's death, a war that ended with the French victory at Bouvines in 1214. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute: it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople, who ruled the city. She was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000.

In 1225, the street performer and juggler Bertrand Cordel, doubtlessly encouraged by local lords, tried to pass himself off as Baldwin I of Constantinople (the father of Jeanne of Flanders), who had disappeared at the battle of Adrianople. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land. She called her cousin, Louis VIII ("The Lion"). He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged. In 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after. In 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saint's Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countess's Hospital (Hospice Comtesse), which remains one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named "Jeanne of Flanders Hospital" in the 20th century.

The Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margaret's son, Guy of Dampierre. Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War (1297-1305).

The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital.

On 17 February 1454, one year after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, Philip the Good organised a Pantagruelian banquet at his Lille palace, the still-celebrated "Feast of the Pheasant". There the Duke and his court undertook an oath to Christianity.

In 1477, at the death of the last duke of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy married Maximilian of Austria, who thus became Count of Flanders.

1641 map of Lille in Flandria Illustrata by Anton Sander

Early modern era

The 'Vieille Bourse' on the 'Grand Place'

The 16th and 17th centuries were marked by a boom in the regional textile industry, the Protestant revolts, and outbreaks of the Plague.

Lille came under the rule of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1519. The Low Countries fell to his eldest son Philip II of Spain in 1555. The city remained under Spanish Habsburg rule until 1668.
Calvinism first appeared in the area in 1542; by 1555 the authorities were taking steps to suppress this form of Protestantism. In 1566 the countryside around Lille was affected by the Iconoclastic Fury.^[6] In 1578, the Hurlus, a group of Protestant rebels, stormed the castle of the Counts of Mouscron. They were removed four months later by a Catholic Wallon regiment, after which they tried several times between 1581 and 1582 to take the city of Lille, all in vain. The Hurlus were notably held back by the legendary Jeanne Maillotte. At the same time (1581), at the call of Elizabeth I of England, the north of the Seventeen Provinces, having gained a Protestant majority, successfully revolted and formed the United Provinces. The war brought or exacerbated periods of famine and plague (the last in 1667–69).^[7]

The first printer to set up shop in Lille was Antoine Tack in 1594. The 17th century saw the building of new institutions: an Irish College in 1610, a Jesuit college in 1611, an Augustinian college in 1622, almshouses or hospitals such as the Maison des Vieux hommes in 1624 and the Bonne et Forte Maison des Pauvres in 1661, and of a Mont-de-piété in 1626.^[8]

Unsuccessful French attacks on the city were launched in 1641 and 1645.^[7] In 1667, Louis XIV of France (the Sun King) successfully laid siege to Lille, resulting in it becoming French in 1668 under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, provoking discontent among the citizens of the prosperous city. A number of important public works undertaken between 1667 and 1670, such as the Citadel (erected by Vauban), or the creation of the quartiers of Saint-André and la Madeleine, enabled the King to gradually gain the confidence of his new subjects in Lille, some of whom continued to feel Flemish, though they had always spoken the Romance Picard language.

Entrance to the 'Vauban Citadel' (17th century)

For five years, from 1708 to 1713, the city was occupied by the Dutch, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Throughout the 18th century, Lille remained profoundly Catholic. It took little part in the French Revolution, though there were riots and the destruction of churches. In 1790, the city held its first municipal elections.

Post-French Revolution

In 1792, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, the Austrians, then in the United Provinces, laid siege to Lille. The "Column of the Goddess", erected in 1842 in the "Grand-Place" (officially named Place du Général-de-Gaulle), is a tribute to the city's resistance, led by Mayor François André-Bonte. Although Austrian artillery destroyed many houses and the main church of the city, the city did not surrender and the Austrian army left after eight days.

The black dots around the windows (not the decorative cartouches) are Austrian cannonballs lodged in the façade.

The city continued to grow, and by 1800 held some 53,000 residents, leading to Lille becoming the county seat of the Nord départment in 1804. In 1846, a rail line connecting Paris and Lille was built. At the beginning of the 19th century, Napoleon I's continental blockade against the United Kingdom led to Lille's textile industry developing even more fully. The city was known for its cotton while the nearby towns of Roubaix and Tourcoing worked wool. Leisure activities were thoroughly organized in 1858 for the 80,000 inhabitants. Cabarets or taverns for the working class numbered 1300, or one for every three houses. At that time the city counted 63 drinking and singing clubs, 37 clubs for card players, 23 for bowling, 13 for skittles, and 18 for archery. The churches likewise have their social organizations. Each club had a long roster of officers, and a busy schedule of banquets festivals and competitions.^[9] In 1853, Alexandre Desrousseaux composed his lullaby P'tit quinquin.

In 1858, Lille annexed the adjacent towns of Fives, Wazemmes, and Moulins. Lille's population was 158,000 in 1872, growing to over 200,000 by 1891. In 1896 Lille became the first city in France to be led by a socialist, Gustave Delory.

By 1912, Lille's population stood at 217,000. The city profited from the Industrial Revolution, particularly via coal and the steam engine. The entire region grew wealthy thanks to its mines and textile industry.

First World War

German military parade in Lille, 1915

Lille's occupation by the Germans began on 13 October 1914 after a ten-day siege and heavy shelling which destroyed 882 apartment and office blocks and 1,500 houses, mostly around the railway station and in the town centre. By the end of October the town was being run by German authorities.
Because Lille was only 20 km from the battlefield, German troops passed through the city regularly on their way to and from the front. As a result, occupied Lille became a place both for the hospitalisation and treatment of wounded soldiers as well as a place for soldiers' relaxation and entertainment. Many buildings, homes, and businesses were requisitioned to those ends.^[10]

Lille was liberated by the Allies on 17 October 1918, when General Sir William Birdwood and his troops were welcomed by joyous crowds. The general was made an honorary citizen of the city of Lille on 28 October of that year.

The only audio recording known to have been made during the First World War was recorded near Lille in October 1918. The two minute recording captured the Royal Garrison Artillery conducting a gas shell bombardment.^[11]^[12]

Lille was also the hunting ground of World War I German flying Ace Max Immelmann who was nicknamed "the Eagle of Lille".

Années Folles, Great Depression, the Popular Front

Lille's Art Deco city hall (1932)

In July 1921, at the Pasteur Institute in Lille, Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin discovered the first anti-tuberculosis vaccine, known as BCG ("Bacille de Calmette et Guérin"). The Opéra de Lille, designed by Lille architect Louis M. Cordonnier, was dedicated in 1923.

From 1931 Lille felt the repercussions of the Great Depression, and by 1935 a third of the city's population lived in poverty. In 1936, the city's mayor, Roger Salengro, became Minister of the Interior of the Popular Front, eventually killing himself after right-wing groups led a slanderous campaign against him.

Second World War

Wrecked vehicles in Lille, after the 1940 siege of the city.

During the Battle of France, Lille was besieged by German forces for several days. When Belgium was invaded, the citizens of Lille, still haunted by the events of the First World War, began to flee the city in large numbers. Lille was part of the zone under control of the German commander in Brussels, and was never controlled by the Vichy government in France. Lille was instead controlled under the military administration in Northern France. The départments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais (with the exception of the coast, notably Dunkirk) were, for the most part, liberated in five days, from 1–5 September 1944, by British, American, Canadian, and Polish troops. On 3 September, the German troops began to leave Lille, fearing the British, who were on their way from Brussels. The city was liberated by a British force consisting largely of tanks.^[13] Rationing came to an end in 1947, and by 1948 normality had returned to Lille.

Post-war to the present

Euralille quarter

In 1967, the Chambers of Commerce of Lille, Roubaix and Tourcoing were joined, and in 1969 the Communauté urbaine de Lille (Lille urban community) was created, linking 87 communes with Lille.

Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the region was faced with some problems after the decline of the coal, mining and textile industries. From the start of the 1980s, the city began to turn itself more towards the service sector.

In 1983, the VAL, the world's first automated rapid transit underground network, was opened. In 1993, a high-speed TGV train line was opened, connecting Paris with Lille in one hour. This, with the opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 and the arrival of the Eurostar train, put Lille at the centre of a triangle connecting Paris, London and Brussels.

Work on Euralille, an urban remodelling project, began in 1991. The Euralille Centre was opened in 1994, and the remodeled district is now full of parks and modern buildings containing offices, shops and apartments. In 1994 the "Grand Palais" was also opened for the general public, which is free for the public to enter on the first Sunday of every month.

Lille was elected European Capital of Culture in 2004,^[14] along with the Italian city of Genoa.

Lille and Roubaix were impacted by the 2005 Riots which affected all of France's urban centres.

In 2007 and again in 2010, Lille was awarded the label "Internet City @@@@".

Climate

Lille can be described as having a temperate oceanic climate; summers normally do not reach high average temperatures, but winters can fall below freezing temperatures, but with averages quite a bit above the freezing mark. Precipitation is plentiful year round.

The table below gives average temperatures and precipitation levels for the 1981-2010 reference period.

Climate data for Lille (1981–2010 averages)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.2 (59.4)	18.9 (66)	22.7 (72.9)	27.9 (82.2)	31.7 (89.1)	34.8 (94.6)	37.6 (99.7)	36.6 (97.9)	33.8 (92.8)	27.8 (82)	20.1 (68.2)	15.9 (60.6)	36.6 (97.9)
Average high °C (°F)	6.0 (42.8)	6.9 (44.4)	10.6 (51.1)	14.1 (57.4)	17.9 (64.2)	20.6 (69.1)	23.3 (73.9)	23.3 (73.9)	19.7 (67.5)	15.2 (59.4)	9.9 (49.8)	6.4 (43.5)	14.5 (58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.6 (38.5)	4.1 (39.4)	7.1 (44.8)	9.7 (49.5)	13.4 (56.1)	16.2 (61.2)	18.6 (65.5)	18.4 (65.1)	15.4 (59.7)	11.6 (52.9)	7.1 (44.8)	4.2 (39.6)	10.8 (51.4)
Average low °C (°F)	1.2 (34.2)	1.3 (34.3)	3.6 (38.5)	5.4 (41.7)	8.9 (48)	11.7 (53.1)	13.8 (56.8)	13.6 (56.5)	11.2 (52.2)	8.1 (46.6)	4.4 (39.9)	1.9 (35.4)	7.1 (44.8)
Record low °C (°F)	−19.5 (−3.1)	−17.8 (0)	−10.5 (13.1)	−4.7 (23.5)	−2.3 (27.9)	0.0 (32)	3.4 (38.1)	3.9 (39)	1.2 (34.2)	−4.4 (24.1)	−7.8 (18)	−17.3 (0.9)	−19.5 (−3.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	60.5 (2.382)	47.4 (1.866)	58.3 (2.295)	50.7 (1.996)	64.0 (2.52)	64.6 (2.543)	68.5 (2.697)	62.8 (2.472)	61.6 (2.425)	66.2 (2.606)	70.1 (2.76)	67.8 (2.669)	742.5 (29.232)
Average precipitation days	11.7	9.6	11.4	10.1	10.6	10.0	9.8	9.2	10.1	11.0	12.6	11.3	127.4
Average snowy days	4.9	4.1	3.2	1.3	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	3.8	19.2
Average relative humidity (%)	88	85	82	79	78	79	78	78	83	87	89	90	83
Mean monthly sunshine hours	65.5	70.7	121.1	172.2	193.9	206.0	211.3	199.5	151.9	114.4	61.4	49.6	1,617.5
Source #1: Meteo France^[15]^[16]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)^[17]

Economy

Lille chamber of commerce, belfry

A former major mechanical, food industry and textile manufacturing centre as well as a retail and finance center, Lille forms the heart of a larger conurbation, regrouping Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing and Villeneuve d'Ascq, which is France's 4th-largest urban conglomeration with a 1999 population of over 1.1 million.

Revenues and taxes

For centuries, Lille, a city of merchants, has displayed a wide range of incomes: great wealth and poverty have lived side by side, especially until the end of the 1800s. This contrast was noted by Victor Hugo in 1851 in his poem Les Châtiments: « Caves de Lille ! on meurt sous vos plafonds de pierre ! » ("Cellars of Lille! We die under your stone ceilings!")

Employment

Employment in Lille has switched over half a century from a predominant industry to tertiary activities and services.
Services account for 91% of employment in 2006.

Employment in Lille-Hellemmes-Lomme from 1968 to 2006

Business area	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006
Agriculture	340	240	144	116	175	216
Industry and engineering	51,900	43,500	34,588	22,406	15,351	13,958
Tertiary activities	91,992	103,790	107,916	114,992	122,736	136,881
Total	144,232	147,530	142,648	137,514	138,262	151,055
Sources of data : ^[18]

Employment per categories in 1968 and in 2006

	Farmers		Businesspersons, entrepreneurs		Upper class		Middle class		Employees		Blue-collar worker
	1968	2006	1968	2006	1968	2006	1968	2006	1968	2006	1968	2006
Lille	0.1%	0.0%	7.8%	3.2%	7.5%	20.2%	16.7%	30.0%	33.1%	32.8%	34.9%	13.8%
Greater Lille	1.3%	0.3%	9.0%	3.8%	5.3%	17.5%	14.6%	27.7%	24.4%	29.6%	45.4%	21.1%
France	12.5%	2.2%	9.9%	6.0%	5.2%	15.4%	12.4%	24.6%	22.5%	28.7%	37.6%	23.2%
Sources of data : INSEE^[19]

Unemployment in active population from 1968 to 2006

	1968	1975	1982	1990	1999	2006
Lille	2.9%	4.6%	10.3%	14.6%	16.9%	15.2%
Greater Lille	2.4%	3.8%	8.8%	12.4%	14.3%	13.2%
France	2.1%	3.8%	7.4%	10.1%	11.7%	10.6%
Sources of data : INSEE^[20]

Enterprises

In 2007, Lille hosts around 21,000 industry or service sites.

Enterprises as per 31 December 2007

	Number			Size category					Mean number of employees
	Greater Lille	Lille	% Lille	None	1 to 19	20 to 99	100 to 499	500+	Lille	Greater
Industries	3,774	819	22%	404	361	40	12	2	17	22
Construction	4,030	758	19%	364	360	32	2	1	7	10
Commerce	13,578	4,265	31%	2,243	1,926	83	13	0	7	11
Transports	1,649	407	25%	196	182	23	5	1	32	26
Finance	2,144	692	32%	282	340	51	17	2	21	18
Real property	5,123	1,771	35%	1,159	587	23	2	0	5	4
Business services	12,519	4,087	33%	2,656	1,249	149	27	6	15	17
Services to consumers	8,916	3,075	34%	1,636	1,347	86	6	0	7	6
Education and health	11,311	3,217	28%	2,184	765	195	58	15	43	31
Administration	4,404	1,770	40%	1,187	456	80	34	13	59	48
Total	67,468	20,861	31%	12,311	7,573	762	176	39	18	17
Sources of data : INSEE^[21]

Main sights

EuraTechnologies cluster

Lille features an array of architectural styles with various amounts of Flemish influence, including the use of brown and red brick. In addition, many residential neighborhoods, especially in Greater Lille, consist of attached 2–3 story houses aligned in a row, with narrow gardens in the back. These architectural attributes, many uncommon in France, help make Lille a transition in France to neighboring Belgium, as well as nearby Netherlands and England, where the presence of brick, as well as row houses or the terraced house is much more prominent.

Points of interest include

Lille Cathedral (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-la-Treille)

Citadel of Lille

Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille

Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Pharmacie

Jardin botanique Nicolas Boulay

Jardin des Plantes de Lille

La Braderie

Lille hosts an annual braderie on the first weekend in September.^[22] Its origins are thought to date back to the twelfth century and between two and three million visitors are drawn into the city. It is one of the largest gatherings of France and the largest flea market in Europe.

Many of the roads in the inner city (including much of the old town) are closed and local shops, residents and traders set up stalls in the street.

Gallery

Column of the Goddess

Lille Grand Place. La Voix du Nord (newspaper offices)

Lille Grand Place

Lille Cathedral

Théâtre Sébastopol

Lion d'or square

Porte de Roubaix

Rihour palace

Anglican Christ Church

Hôtels particuliers rue Négrier, Vieux-Lille

Transport

Public transport

Lille metro

The Métropole Européenne de Lille has a mixed mode public transport system, which is considered one of the most modern in the whole of France. It comprises buses, trams and a driverless metro system, all of which are operated under the Transpole name. The Lille Metro is a VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle) that opened on 16 May 1983, becoming the first automatic metro line in the world. The metro system has two lines, with a total length of 45 kilometres (28 miles) and 60 stations.^[23] The tram system consists of two interurban tram lines, connecting central Lille to the nearby communities of Roubaix and Tourcoing, and has 45 stops. 68 urban bus routes cover the metropolis, 8 of which reach into Belgium.^[24]

Railways

Lille Flandres railway station

Lille is an important crossroads in the European high-speed rail network. It lies on the Eurostar line to London (1:20 hour journey). The French TGV network also puts it only 1 hour from Paris, 38 minutes from Brussels,^[25] and connects to other major centres in France such as Marseille, Lyon, and Toulouse. Lille has two railway stations, which stand next door to one another: Lille-Europe station (Gare de Lille-Europe), which primarily serves high-speed trains and international services (Eurostar), and Lille-Flandres station (Gare de Lille-Flandres), which primarily serves lower speed regional trains and regional Belgian trains.

Highways

Lille: motorway network.

Five autoroutes pass by Lille, the densest confluence of highways in France after Paris:

Autoroute A27 : Lille – Tournai – Brussels / Liège – Germany

Autoroute A23 : Lille – Valenciennes

Autoroute A1 : Lille – Arras – Paris / Reims – Lyon / Orléans / Le Havre

Autoroute A25 : Lille – Dunkirk – Calais – England / North Belgium

Autoroute A22 : Lille – Antwerp – Netherlands

A sixth one – the proposed A24 – will link Amiens to Lille if built, but there is opposition to its route.

Air traffic

Lille Lesquin International Airport is 15 minutes from the city centre by car (11 km). In terms of shipping, it ranks fourth, with almost 38,000 tonnes of freight which pass through each year.^[26] Its passenger traffic, around 1.2 million in 2010, is modest due to the proximity to Brussels, Charleroi, and Paris-CDG airports. The airport mostly connects other French and European cities (some with low cost airlines).

Waterways

Port de Lille

Lille is the third largest French river port after Paris and Strasbourg. The river Deûle is connected to regional waterways with over 680 km (423 mi) of navigable waters. The Deûle connects to Northern Europe via the River Scarpe and the River Scheldt (towards Belgium and the Netherlands), and internationally via the Lys River (to Dunkerque and Calais).

Shipping statistics

Year	1997	2000	2003
Millions of tonnes	5.56	6.68	7.30
By river or sea	8.00%	8.25%	13.33%
By rail	6.28%	4.13%	2.89%
By road	85.72%	87.62%	83.78%

Education

With over 110,000 students, the metropolitan area of Lille is one of France's top student cities.

With roots^[27] back from 1562 to 1793 as University of Douai (Université de Douai), then as Université Impériale in 1808, the State Université of Lille was established in Lille in 1854 with Louis Pasteur as the first dean of its Faculty of Sciences. A school of medicine and an engineering school were also established in Lille in 1854. The Université de Lille was united as the association of existing public Faculties in 1887 and was split into three independent university campuses in 1970, including: University Lille I with science and technology courses; University Lille II with law, management, sports and medical faculties; University Charles-de-Gaulle Lille III with humanities, social sciences, literature and art courses.

At the beginning of 2018, the three universities merged to form the University of Lille.

It is part of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France.

Arts et Métiers ParisTech

The Arts et Métiers ParisTech, an engineering graduate school of industrial and mechanical engineering, settled in Lille in 1900. This campus is one of the eight Teaching and Research Center (CER) of the school. Its creation was decided by Pierre-Nicolas Legrand de Lérant.

Ecole Centrale de Lille is one of the five Centrale Graduate Schools of engineering in France; it was founded in Lille city in 1854, its graduate engineering education and research center was established as Institut industriel du Nord (IDN) in 1872, in 1968 it moved in a modern campus in Lille suburb.

École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille was established as Institut de chimie de Lille in 1894 supporting chemistry research as followers of Kuhlmann's breakthrough works in Lille.

École supérieure de journalisme de Lille, journalism school created in 1924.

Skema Business School established in 1892 is ranked among the top business schools in France.

École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies settled in Lille in 2009.

ESME-Sudria and E-Artsup settled in Lille in 2012.

The ESA – École Supérieure des Affaires is a Business Management school established in Lille in 1990.

IEP Sciences-Po Lille political studies institute was established in Lille in 1992.

The Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action is also located in Lille.

The Institut supérieur européen de gestion group (ISEG Group) established in Lille in 1988.

The European Doctoral College Lille Nord de France is headquartered in Lille Metropolis and includes 3,000 PhD Doctorate students supported by university research laboratories.

The EDHEC Business School - located in nearby Roubaix - is one of the few Grandes École located outside the Paris Metropolitan Area. It is one of Europe's fastest rising business schools.

The Université Catholique de Lille was founded in 1875. Today it has law, economics, medicine, physics faculties and schools. Among the most famous is Institut catholique d'arts et métiers (ICAM) founded in 1898, ranked 20th among engineering schools, with the specificity of graduating polyvalent engineers, Ecole des Hautes études d'ingénieur (HEI) a school of engineering founded in 1885 and offering 10 fields of specialization, École des hautes études commerciales du nord (EDHEC) founded in 1906, IESEG School of Management founded in 1964 (17th place in the latest Financial Times global ranking of the 90 best masters in management, published on Monday 12 September 2016).^[28] and Skema Business School^[29] currently ranked within the top 5, the top 10 and top 15 business schools in France, respectively. In 1924 ESJ – a leading journalism school – was established.

Notable people from Lille

Writers

Jacquemart Giélée (13th century), poet

Yvonne Chauffin (1905–1995), writer, winner of the 1970 edition of the Prix Breizh

Jean Prieur (fr) (1914–), writer and professor

Scientists and mathematicians

Charles Barrois (1851–1939), geologist and palaeontologist

Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1842–1929), mathematician and physicist

Albert Calmette (1863–1933) and Camille Guérin (1872–1961), scientists who discovered the antituberculosis vaccine

Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat (1923–), mathematician and physicist

Jean Dieudonné (1906–1992), mathematician

Paul Hallez (1846–1938), biologist

Joseph Kampé de Fériet (1893–1982), researcher on fluid dynamics

Charles Frédéric Kuhlmann, (1803–1881), chemist professor

Gaspard Thémistocle Lestiboudois (1797–1876), naturalist

Matthias de l'Obel (1538–1616), physician to King James I of England, scientist

Henri Padé (1863–1953), mathematician

Paul Painlevé (1863–1933), mathematician and politician

Louis Pasteur, (1822–1895), micro-biologist

Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942), Nobel Prize in physics

Artists

Renée Adorée (1898–1933), actress

Alfred-Pierre Agache (1843–1915), academic painter

Alain de Lille (or Alanus ab Insulis) (c. 1128–1202), theologian and poet

Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, (1736–1788), intellectual and writer

Ernest Joseph Bailly (1753–1823), painter

Victor Chocquet (1821–1891), patron of the arts

Émile Bernard (1868–1941), neoimpressionist painter

Édouard Chimot (d. 1959), artist and illustrator, editor of the Devambez illustrated art-editions

Léon Danchin (1887–1938), animal artist and sculptor

Alain Decaux (1925–2016), television presenter, minister, writer, and member of the Académie française

Désiré Dihau (1833–1909), bassoonist and composer

Pierre Dubreuil (1872–1944), photographer

Pierre De Geyter (1848–1932), textile worker who composed the music of The Internationale in Lille

Raoul de Godewaersvelde (1928–1977), singer

Gabriel Grovlez (1879–1944), pianist, conductor and composer

Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820–1892), songwriter

Carolus-Duran (1837–1917), painter

Julien Duvivier (1896–1967), director

Yvonne Furneaux (1928–), actress

Paul Gachet (1828–1909), doctor most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh

Kamini (1980–), rap singer, hits success in 2006 in France with the funny "rural-rap" Marly-Gomont

Édouard Lalo (1823–1892), composer

Adélaïde Leroux (born 1982), actress

Serge Lutens (born 1942), photographer, make-up artist, interior and set designer, creator of perfumes and fashion designer

Philippe Noiret (1930–2006), actor

Benjamin Picard (1912–), artist

Albert Samain (1858–1900), poet

Ana Tijoux (1977–), rapper and singer whose family originally was from Chile

Iris Mittenaere (1993-), model, Miss Universe 2016

Constance Jablonski, model

Politicians, professionals and military

Charles De Gaulle is very popular in Lille

Lydéric (620–?), legendary founder of the city

Jeanne, Countess of Flanders (1188/1200?–1244), countess

Jeanne Maillotte (circa 1580), resistance fighter during the Hurlu attacks

Pierre Joseph Duhem (1758–1807), physician and Montagnard

Louis Faidherbe (1818–1889), general, founder of the city of Dakar and senator

Achille Liénart (1884–1973), « cardinal des ouvriers »

Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970), general, resistance fighter, President of France

Roger Salengro (1890–1936), minister, deputy, and Mayor of Lille

Augustin Laurent (1896–1990), minister, deputy, resistance fighter, and Mayor of Lille

Madeleine Damerment (1917–1944), French Resistance fighter, Legion of Honor, Croix de Guerre, Médaille de la Résistance

Pierre Mauroy (1928–2013), deputy, senator, Prime Minister of France, and Mayor of Lille

Martine Aubry (1950–), deputy, minister, and Mayor of Lille

Sportspeople

Maxime Agueh, footballer

Sanaa Altama, footballer

Alain Baclet, footballer

Ismael Ehui, footballer

Amandine Henry, footballer

Gaël Kakuta, footballer

Sarah Ousfar, basketball player

Alassane Pléa, footballer

Alain Raguel, footballer

Antoine Sibierski, footballer

Didier Six, footballer

Jerry Vandam, footballer

Raphaël Varane, footballer

Nabil Bentaleb, footballer

Clarck N'Sikulu, footballer

Abdellah Zoubir, footballer

Lucas Pouille, tennis player

Media and sports

Local newspapers include Nord éclair and La Voix du Nord.

France's national public television network has a channel that focuses on the local area: France 3 Nord-Pas-de-Calais

The city's most major association football club, Lille OSC, currently plays in Ligue 1, the highest level of football in France. The club has won eight major national trophies and regularly features in the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. In the 2010–11 season, Lille won the league and cup double.

Lille's Stade Pierre-Mauroy was the playground for the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 2015.

It was in Lille that the 100th World Esperanto Congress took place, in 2015.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Lille is partnered with:^[30]

Cologne, Germany^[30]

Erfurt, Germany^[30]

Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg^[30]

Haifa, Israel^[30]

Kortrijk, Belgium^[30]

Kharkiv, Ukraine^[30]

Leeds, United Kingdom^[30]^[31]

Liège, Belgium^[30]

Nablus, Palestine^[30]

Oujda, Morocco^[30]

Rotterdam, Netherlands^[30]

Safed, Israel^[30] (frozen)^[32]

Saint-Louis, Senegal^[30]

Tlemcen, Algeria^[30]

Tournai, Belgium^[30]

Turin, Italy^[30]^[33]

Valladolid, Spain^[30]

Wrocław, Poland^[30]

Buffalo, New York, United States^[34]^{[Notes 1]}

Notes

^ But not according to the official website of Lille.

References

^ "Insee - Chiffres clés : Unité urbaine 2010 de Lille (partie française) (59702)". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 14 March 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Insee - Population - L'Aire métropolitaine de Lille, un espace démographiquement hétérogène aux enjeux multiples". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

^ "Insee - Chiffres clés : Commune de Lille (59350)". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 27 February 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

^ "EUROMÉTROPOLE : Territoire" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

^ Eric Bocquet. "EUROMETROPOLIS : Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

^ Trenard (1981), p. 456.

^ ^a^b Trenard (1981), p. 457.

^ Trenard (1981), pp. 456-457.

^ Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (1977) pp 2:270-71.

^ Wallart, Claudine. Lille under German Rule. Remembrance Trails of the Great War. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOOgEE1e2XM&t=3s

^ https://soundstudiesblog.com/2014/07/07/listening-to-traces-of-war-gas-shell-bombardment-1918/

^ Landry, Gérard (1982). Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing sous l'occupation (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France.
ISBN 9782858824236.

^ "Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.

^ "Données climatiques de la station de Lille" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

^ "Climat Nord-Pas-de-Calais" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

^ "Normes et records 1961-1990: Lille-Lesquin (59) - altitude 47m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

^ "SecteurEmpLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^{[permanent dead link]}

^ "CS-EmploisLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

^ "CS-ActivitéLR-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

^ "Caractéristiques des entreprises et établissements" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^{[permanent dead link]}

^ "The September 'Braderie'". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015.

^ "Public Transport". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

^ "Travel & Transport". La mairie de Lille. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.

^ "Coming by train". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

^ "Lille Lesquin (LFQQ)". AVSIM. Retrieved 25 December 2017.

^ Rapport Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. L'Optimisation du réseau de formation initiale d'enseignement supérieur en région, rapport de M. Alain Lottin Au Conseil Economique et Social Régional Présenté lors de la séance plénière du 7 novembre 2006.

^ Management, IESEG School of. "IÉSEG School of Management - Business School in France (Paris - Lille)". IÉSEG. Retrieved 2016-09-22.

^ [1] Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s "Nos villes partenaires" (in French). Hôtel de Ville de Lille. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

^ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

^ "La ville de Lille "met en veille" son jumelage avec Safed en Israël" (in French). Saint Ouen Cedex, France: Le Parisien. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

^ Pessotto, Lorenzo. "International Affairs - Twinnings and Agreements". International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico. City of Torino. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.

^ "Lille, Buffalo sister cities". Washington, USA: SisterCities International. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

Sources

Codaccioni, Félix-Paul (1976). De l'inégalité sociale dans une grande ville industrielle, le drame de Lille de 1850 à 1914. Lille: Éditions Universitaires, Université de Lille 3. ISBN 2-85939-041-3.

Collectif (1999). Lille, d'un millénaire à l'autre (Fayard ed.). ISBN 2-213-60456-8.

Despature, Perrine (2001). Le Patrimoine des Communes du Nord (Flohic ed.). ISBN 2-84234-119-8.

Duhamel, Jean-Marie (2004). Lille, Traces d'histoire. Les patrimoines. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-079-0.

Gérard, Alain (1991). Les grandes heures de Lille. Perrin. ISBN 2-262-00743-8.

Legillon, Paulette; Dion, Jacqueline (1975). Lille : portrait d'une cité. Axial.

Lottin, Alain (2003). Lille – D'Isla à Lille-Métropole. Histoire des villes du Nord. La Voix du Nord. ISBN 2-84393-072-3.

Maitrot, Eric; Cary, Sylvie (2007). Lille secret et insolite. Les Beaux Jours. ISBN 2-35179-011-1.

Marchand, Philippe (2003). Histoire de Lille. Jean-Paul Gisserot. ISBN 2-87747-645-6.

Monnet, Catherine (2004). Lille : portrait d'une ville. Jacques Marseille. ISBN 2-914967-02-0.

Paris, Didier; Mons, Dominique (2009). Lille Métropole, Laboratoire du renouveau urbain. Parenthèses. ISBN 978-2-86364-223-8.

Pierrard, Pierre (1979). Lille, dix siècles d'histoire. Stock. ISBN 2-234-01135-3.

Trenard, Louis (1981). Histoire de Lille de Charles Quint à la conquête française (1500–1715). Toulouse: Privat. ISBN 978-2708923812.

Versmée, Gwenaelle (2009). Lille méconnu. Jonglez. ISBN 2-915807-56-6.

External links

Lille The most Flemish of French cities - Official French website (in English)

Official website (in French)

European Capital of Culture 2004

Lille at Curlie

Proposal for Lille Expo 2017

[35] But not according to the official website of Lille.

[1] "Insee - Chiffres clés : Unité urbaine 2010 de Lille (partie française) (59702)". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 14 March 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] "Insee - Population - L'Aire métropolitaine de Lille, un espace démographiquement hétérogène aux enjeux multiples". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[3] "Insee - Chiffres clés : Commune de Lille (59350)". Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 27 February 2000. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[4] "EUROMÉTROPOLE : Territoire" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[5] Eric Bocquet. "EUROMETROPOLIS : Eurometropolis Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, the 1st european cross-bordrer metropolis" (in French). Courtrai, Belgium: Agence de l’Eurométropole. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[FOOTNOTETrenard1981456-6] Trenard (1981), p. 456.

[FOOTNOTETrenard1981457-7] Trenard (1981), p. 457.

[FOOTNOTETrenard1981456-457-8] Trenard (1981), pp. 456-457.

[9] Theodore Zeldin, France, 1848-1945, vol. 2, Intellect, Taste and Anxiety (1977) pp 2:270-71.

[10] Wallart, Claudine. Lille under German Rule. Remembrance Trails of the Great War. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

[11] ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOOgEE1e2XM&t=3s

[12] ttps://soundstudiesblog.com/2014/07/07/listening-to-traces-of-war-gas-shell-bombardment-1918/

[13] Landry, Gérard (1982). Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing sous l'occupation (in French). Rennes: Ouest-France.
ISBN 9782858824236.

[14] "Lille 2004 European Capital of Culture". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013.

[MFclimat1-15] "Données climatiques de la station de Lille" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[MFclimat2-16] "Climat Nord-Pas-de-Calais" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[Infoclimat-17] "Normes et records 1961-1990: Lille-Lesquin (59) - altitude 47m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 16 December 2014.

[18] "SecteurEmpLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^{[permanent dead link]}

[19] "CS-EmploisLT-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

[20] "CS-ActivitéLR-DonnéesHarmoniséesRP68-99" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 11 October 2009.

[21] "Caractéristiques des entreprises et établissements" (in French). Paris: Insee (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques). 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^{[permanent dead link]}

[22] "The September 'Braderie'". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015.

[23] "Public Transport". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

[somltrav-24] "Travel & Transport". La mairie de Lille. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2008.

[25] "Coming by train". mairie-lille.fr. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014.

[26] "Lille Lesquin (LFQQ)". AVSIM. Retrieved 25 December 2017.

[27] Rapport Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine. L'Optimisation du réseau de formation initiale d'enseignement supérieur en région, rapport de M. Alain Lottin Au Conseil Economique et Social Régional Présenté lors de la séance plénière du 7 novembre 2006.

[28] Management, IESEG School of. "IÉSEG School of Management - Business School in France (Paris - Lille)". IÉSEG. Retrieved 2016-09-22.

[29] [1] Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine.

[VillesPart-30] ⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o^p^q^r^s "Nos villes partenaires" (in French). Hôtel de Ville de Lille. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[Archant_twinning-31] "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

[32] "La ville de Lille "met en veille" son jumelage avec Safed en Israël" (in French). Saint Ouen Cedex, France: Le Parisien. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.

[Turin_twinnings-33] Pessotto, Lorenzo. "International Affairs - Twinnings and Agreements". International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico. City of Torino. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.

[34] "Lille, Buffalo sister cities". Washington, USA: SisterCities International. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

v t e Prefectures of the regions of France
Metropolitan France	Lyon (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Dijon (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Rennes (Brittany) Orléans (Centre-Val de Loire) Ajaccio (Corsica) Strasbourg (Grand Est) Lille (Hauts-de-France) Paris (Île-de-France) Rouen (Normandy) Bordeaux (Nouvelle-Aquitaine) Toulouse (Occitanie) Nantes (Pays de la Loire) Marseille (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur)
Overseas regions	Cayenne (French Guiana) Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe) Fort-de-France (Martinique) Mamoudzou (Mayotte) Saint-Denis (Réunion)

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