Brooklyn

This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see Brooklyn (disambiguation).

Borough in New York City and county in New York, United States

Coordinates: 40°41′34″N 73°59′25″W / 40.69278°N 73.99028°W / 40.69278; -73.99028

Borough of New York City, County of New York State in New York, United States

Brooklyn Kings County
Borough of New York City County of New York State
Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island
Flag Seal
Motto(s): Eendraght Maeckt Maght ("Unity makes strength")
Interactive map outlining Brooklyn
Brooklyn Location within the State of New York Show map of New York Brooklyn Location within United States Show map of the US Brooklyn Location within North America Show map of North America Brooklyn Location on Earth Show map of Earth
Coordinates: 40°37′29″N 73°57′8″W / 40.62472°N 73.95222°W / 40.62472; -73.95222
Country	United States
State	New York
County	Kings (coterminous)
City	New York City
Settled	1634
Named for	Breukelen, Netherlands
Government
• Type	Borough (New York City)
• Borough President	Eric Adams (D) — (Borough of Brooklyn)
• District Attorney	Eric Gonzalez (D) — (Kings County)
Area
• Total	97 sq mi (250 km2)
• Land	71 sq mi (180 km2)
• Water	26 sq mi (70 km2)
Population (2017)
• Total	2,648,771[1]
• Density	37,306.6/sq mi (14,404.2/km2)
• Demonym	Brooklynite, Brooklyn people (plural)
ZIP Code prefix	112
Area code(s)	718/347/929, 917
Website	www.Brooklyn-USA.org

Brooklyn (/ˈbrʊklɪn/) is the most populous borough of New York City, with a census-estimated 2,648,771 residents in 2017.^[1] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it borders the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn also has several bridge connections to the boroughs of Manhattan (across the East River) and Staten Island (across the Verrazano Narrows Bridge). Since 1896, the borough has been coterminous with Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after the county of New York (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).^[2]

With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km²) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km²), Kings County is New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs.^[3] Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U.S. after Los Angeles and Chicago.

Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength".

In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant garde destination for hipsters,^[4] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.^[5] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,^[6][7] and of postmodern art^[8] and design.^[7]

New York City's five boroughs v t e
Jurisdiction		Population	Land area		Density
Borough	County	Estimate (2017)[9]	square miles	square km	persons / sq. mi	persons / sq. km
Manhattan	New York	1,664,727	22.83	59.13	72,033	27,826
The Bronx	Bronx	1,471,160	42.10	109.04	34,653	13,231
Brooklyn	Kings	2,648,771	70.82	183.42	37,137	14,649
Queens	Queens	2,358,582	108.53	281.09	21,460	8,354
Staten Island	Richmond	479,458	58.37	151.18	8,112	3,132
City of New York		8,622,698	302.64	783.83	28,188	10,947
State of New York		19,849,399	47,214	122,284	416.4	159
Sources: [10] and see individual borough articles

Contents

• 
  1 Toponymy
  


• 
  2 History
  
  
  
  • 
    2.1 Colonial era
    
    
    
    • 
      2.1.1 Six Dutch towns
      
    
    
    • 
      2.1.2 Six townships in an English province
      
    
    
    • 
      2.1.3 Revolutionary War
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.2 Post-colonial era
    
    
    
    • 
      2.2.1 Urbanization
      
    
    
    • 
      2.2.2 Civil War
      
    
    
    • 
      2.2.3 Twin city
      
      
      
      • 
        2.2.3.1 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    2.3 New York City borough
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  3 Geography
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Boroughscape
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Climate
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Demographics
  
  
  
  • 
    4.1 2010 Census
    
  
  
  • 
    4.2 2012 estimates
    
  
  
  • 
    4.3 Languages
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  5 Neighborhoods
  
  
  
  • 
    5.1 Community diversity
    
    
    
    • 
      5.1.1 Jewish American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.2 Chinese American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.3 Caribbean and African American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.4 Latino American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.6 Polish American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.7 Italian American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.8 Muslim American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.9 Irish American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.10 Greek American
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.11 Same-sex couples
      
    
    
    • 
      5.1.12 Artists-in-residence
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  6 Government and politics
  


• 
  7 Economy
  


• 
  8 Culture
  
  
  
  • 
    8.1 Cultural venues
    
  
  
  • 
    8.2 Media
    
    
    
    • 
      8.2.1 Local periodicals
      
    
    
    • 
      8.2.2 Ethnic press
      
    
    
    • 
      8.2.3 Television
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    8.3 Events
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  9 Parks and other attractions
  
  
  
  • 
    9.1 Sports
    
    
    
    • 
      9.1.1 Recreational Fishing
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  10 Transportation
  
  
  
  • 
    10.1 Public transport
    
  
  
  • 
    10.2 Roadways
    
  
  
  • 
    10.3 Waterways
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  11 Education
  
  
  
  • 
    11.1 Higher education
    
    
    
    • 
      11.1.1 Public colleges
      
    
    
    • 
      11.1.2 Private colleges
      
    
    
    • 
      11.1.3 Community colleges
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


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  12 Brooklyn Public Library
  


• 
  13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
  


• 
  14 Hospitals and healthcare
  


• 
  15 See also
  


• 
  16 References
  


• 
  17 Further reading
  
  
  
  • 
    17.1 Published 1950–present
    
  
  
  • 
    17.2 Published until 1949
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  18 External links
  

Toponymy

The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen, meaning marshland in Dutch. Established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663.^[11] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, near Utrecht.^[12][13] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen.^[14] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of Brooklyn's name it has caused confusion about its origin; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."^[15] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning.^[16][17]

History

Part of a series of articles on
Topics
Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture
Regions
Brooklyn Queens Nassau County Suffolk County Municipalities North Shore South Shore North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands
v t e

New Netherland series
Exploration
Fortifications:
Fort Amsterdam Fort Nassau (North) Fort Orange Fort Nassau (South) Fort Goede Hoop De Wal Fort Casimir Fort Altena Fort Wilhelmus Fort Beversreede Fort Nya Korsholm De Rondout
Settlements:
Noten Eylandt Nieuw Amsterdam Rensselaerswijck Nieuw Haarlem Beverwijck Wiltwijk Bergen Pavonia Vriessendael Achter Col Vlissingen Oude Dorpe Colen Donck Greenwich Heemstede Rustdorp Gravesende Breuckelen Nieuw Amersfoort Midwout Nieuw Utrecht Boswijk Swaanendael Nieuw Amstel Nieuw Dorp
The Patroon System
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620–25) Willem Verhulst (1625–26) Peter Minuit (1626–32) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632–33) Wouter van Twiller (1633–38) Willem Kieft (1638–47) Peter Stuyvesant (1647–64)
People of New Netherland
New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men Nine Men
Flushing Remonstrance
v t e

Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn

See also: Timeline of Brooklyn

The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and part of the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The etymology of Breuckelen may be directly from the dialect word Breuckelen meaning buckle or from the platte Deutsche Brücken meaning bridge.

Colonial era

Six Dutch towns

The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an American Indian tribe who are often referred to in colonial documents by a variation of the place name "Canarsie". The "Breuckelen" settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland, and the Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English names):^[18]

• 
  Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody, possibly after Gravesend, England, or 's-Gravenzande, Netherlands


• 
  Brooklyn Heights: as "Breuckelen" in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was located along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, it is where the village Brooklyn was born in 1816.


• 
  Flatlands: as "New Amersfoort" in 1647


• 
  Flatbush: as "Midwout" in 1652


• 
  New Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands


• 
  Bushwick: as "Boswijck" in 1661

A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c. 1664, from The Brooklyn Museum.

The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653, later than the village of Brooklyn. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. However, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.^[19]

Six townships in an English province

Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766

What is Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the conquerors renamed their prize in honor of the overall English naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II of England and future king himself as King James II of England and James VII of Scotland; Brooklyn became a part of the new English and later British colony, the Province of New York.

The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683,^[20] one of the "original twelve counties" then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity.

Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slavery among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies" along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.^[21]

Revolutionary War

Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign

The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County.

On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.^[22]

Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was famously reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".^[23]

The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.^[23]

The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—American intelligence network, headed by Washington himself.

The British set up a system of notorious prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died of intentional neglect than died in combat on all the battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century.

Post-colonial era

Urbanization

A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c. 1819–20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum).

The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) for the entire 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.

The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834.

In parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, a little farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.

However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854.

By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.^[24] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,^[25] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.^[26] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;^[27] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.^[28] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957.

Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York^{[citation needed]}, and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.

The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 at night. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars coming in from New York City. Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.^[29]

Civil War

"Any Thing for Me, if You Please?" Post Office, 1864

Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city; President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by that of the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults on the enemy.

As both a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.

Twin city

Brooklyn is referred to as a twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival.

Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. The USS Monitor was only the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county.

Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives

The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.

Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.

Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900

Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county.

Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.

Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. In the space of a decade, the city annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn

See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents

Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn^[30]

Mayor	Party	Start year	End year
George Hall	Democratic-Republican	1834
Jonathan Trotter	Democrat	1835	1836
Jeremiah Johnson	Whig	1837	1838
Cyrus P. Smith		1839	1841
Henry C. Murphy	Democrat	1842
Joseph Sprague		1843	1844
Thomas G. Talmage		1845
Francis B. Stryker	Whig	1846	1848
Edward Copland		1849
Samuel Smith	Democrat	1850
Conklin Brush	Whig	1851	1852
Edward A. Lambert	Democrat	1853	1854
George Hall		1855	1856
Samuel S. Powell	Democrat	1857	1860
Martin Kalbfleisch		1861	1863
Alfred M. Wood	Republican	1864	1865
Samuel Booth		1866	1867
Martin Kalbfleisch	Democrat	1868	1871
Samuel S. Powell		1872	1873
John W. Hunter		1874	1875
Frederick A. Schroeder	Republican	1876	1877
James Howell	Democrat	1878	1881
Seth Low	Republican	1882	1885
Daniel D. Whitney	Democrat	1886	1887
Alfred C. Chapin		1888	1891
David A. Boody		1892	1893
Charles A. Schieren	Republican	1894	1895
Frederick W. Wurster		1896	1897

New York City borough

Further information: History of New York City (1898–1945)

Brooklyn in 1897

In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.

The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haskell Green and other progressives said Yes, and eventually they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.^[31]

Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. The merger was called the "Great Mistake of 1898" by many newspapers of the day, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.^[32]

Geography

Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white)

Brooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km²) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km²) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km²) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.^[3] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Howard Beach neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn.

Boroughscape

The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013.

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),^[33] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.^[34] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.^[35]

Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[36] extremes 1948–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	71 (22)	71 (22)	85 (29)	90 (32)	99 (37)	99 (37)	104 (40)	101 (38)	98 (37)	90 (32)	77 (25)	75 (24)	104 (40)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	56.8 (13.8)	57.9 (14.4)	68.5 (20.3)	78.1 (25.6)	84.9 (29.4)	92.1 (33.4)	94.5 (34.7)	92.7 (33.7)	87.4 (30.8)	78.0 (25.6)	69.1 (20.6)	60.1 (15.6)	96.6 (35.9)
Average high °F (°C)	39.1 (3.9)	41.8 (5.4)	49.0 (9.4)	59.0 (15)	68.5 (20.3)	78.0 (25.6)	83.2 (28.4)	81.9 (27.7)	75.3 (24.1)	64.5 (18.1)	54.3 (12.4)	44.0 (6.7)	61.6 (16.4)
Average low °F (°C)	26.3 (−3.2)	28.1 (−2.2)	34.2 (1.2)	43.5 (6.4)	52.8 (11.6)	62.8 (17.1)	68.5 (20.3)	67.8 (19.9)	60.8 (16)	49.6 (9.8)	40.7 (4.8)	31.5 (−0.3)	47.2 (8.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	9.8 (−12.3)	13.4 (−10.3)	19.1 (−7.2)	32.6 (0.3)	42.6 (5.9)	52.7 (11.5)	60.7 (15.9)	58.6 (14.8)	49.2 (9.6)	37.6 (3.1)	27.4 (−2.6)	16.3 (−8.7)	7.5 (−13.6)
Record low °F (°C)	−2 (−19)	−2 (−19)	4 (−16)	20 (−7)	34 (1)	45 (7)	55 (13)	46 (8)	40 (4)	30 (−1)	19 (−7)	2 (−17)	−2 (−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.16 (80.3)	2.59 (65.8)	3.78 (96)	3.87 (98.3)	3.94 (100.1)	3.86 (98)	4.08 (103.6)	3.68 (93.5)	3.50 (88.9)	3.62 (91.9)	3.30 (83.8)	3.39 (86.1)	42.77 (1,086.4)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	6.3 (16)	8.3 (21.1)	3.5 (8.9)	0.8 (2)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.2 (0.5)	4.7 (11.9)	23.8 (60.5)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch)	10.5	9.6	11.0	11.4	11.5	10.7	9.4	8.7	8.1	8.5	9.4	10.6	119.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 inch)	4.6	3.4	2.3	0.3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.2	2.8	13.6
Average relative humidity (%)	64.9	64.4	63.4	64.1	69.5	71.5	71.4	71.7	71.9	69.1	67.9	66.3	68.0
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[37][38][39]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn

Brooklyn has been New York City's most populous borough since the mid-1920s. (Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island)

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1731	2,150	—
1756	2,707	+25.9%
1771	3,623	+33.8%
1786	3,966	+9.5%
1790	4,549	+14.7%
1800	5,740	+26.2%
1810	8,303	+44.7%
1820	11,187	+34.7%
1830	20,535	+83.6%
1840	47,613	+131.9%
1850	138,822	+191.6%
1860	279,122	+101.1%
1870	419,921	+50.4%
1880	599,495	+42.8%
1890	838,547	+39.9%
1900	1,166,582	+39.1%
1910	1,634,351	+40.1%
1920	2,018,356	+23.5%
1930	2,560,401	+26.9%
1940	2,698,285	+5.4%
1950	2,738,175	+1.5%
1960	2,627,319	−4.0%
1970	2,602,012	−1.0%
1980	2,230,936	−14.3%
1990	2,300,664	+3.1%
2000	2,465,326	+7.2%
2010	2,504,700	+1.6%
2017	2,648,771	+5.8%
1731–1786[40] U.S. Decennial Census[41] 1790–1960[42] 1900–1990[43] 1990–2000[44] 2010 and 2017[1] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[45]

Since 2010, the population of Brooklyn was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased 5.8% to 2,648,771, as of 2017 – Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,622,698; 33.7% of Long Island's population of 7,869,820; and 13.3% of New York State's population of 19,849,399.^{[46][47][48][49][50]}

Haredim Jewish (יהודי) residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough's population in 2011 was Jewish.^[51]

2010 Census

According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.^[52]

Celebrating Chinese New Year in "Little Fuzhou (小福州)", one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park (日落公園). Brooklyn's rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014.^[53]

In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.^[54]

2012 estimates

According to the 2012 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn.^[55][56] The population density was 34,920/square mile (13,480/km²). There were 930,866 housing units at an average density of 13,180/square mile (5,090/km²).

Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41.

In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. Brooklyn's lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs.^[57]

The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32,135, and the median income for a family was $36,188. Males had a median income of $34,317, which was higher than females, whose median income was $30,516. The per capita income was $16,775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over.

Racial composition	2015[58]	2010[59]	1990[60]	1950[60]	1900[60]
White	49.3%	42.8%	46.9%	92.2%	98.3%
—Non-Hispanic	35.9%	35.7%	40.1%	n/a	n/a
Black or African American	34.8%	34.3%	37.9%	7.6%	1.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	19.5%	19.8%	20.1%	n/a	n/a
Asian	12.4%	10.5%	4.8%	0.1%	0.1%

Languages

Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.46% (148,012) Chinese, 5.31% (121,607) Russian, 3.47% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.75% (63,019) French Creole, 1.35% (31,004) Italian, 1.20% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.01% (23,207) Polish, 0.99% (22,763) French, 0.95% (21,773) Arabic, 0.85% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.70% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.54% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.88% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.^[61]

Neighborhoods

See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves

Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District

Park Slope

150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights

Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights

Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, during the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.^[60]

The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.^{[62][63][64][65][66][67][68]}

Community diversity

Given New York City's role as a crossroads for legal and illegal immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambience of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:

Jewish American

Main article: Jews in New York City

Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox Jews and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Flatbush, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Midwood, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville.^[69][70] Many non-Orthodox Jews are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.

Chinese American

Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City

Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which is known for Chinese culture. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown" and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames "Fuzhou Town (福州埠), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou (小福州)" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration.

Caribbean and African American

Main article: Caribbeans in New York City

Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of West Indians outside of the Caribbean, being rivaled only by Toronto, Miami, Montreal, and London. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are mostly Jamaicans, Guyanese and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island.

Latino American

Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican

Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Latino, its residents having created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg, and East New York, while Mexicans are predominant in Sunset Park and Panamanians in Crown Heights.

Russian and Ukrainian American

Main article: Russian Americans in New York City

Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown in size and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture.

Polish American

Brooklyn's Polish are largely concentrated in Greenpoint, which is home to Little Poland. They are also scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn.

Italian American

Main article: Italians in New York City

Italian Americans are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach, Gravesend, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens, where there are many Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes, and social clubs.

Muslim American

Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques. Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan as Church Avenue is to Bangladeshis. Jay Street Borough Hall (Downtown Brooklyn) is little Arabia. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominately for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. There are also many Middle Eastern, particularly Yemeni, businesses, mosques, and restaurants on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue, in Boerum Hill.

Irish American

Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, in moderate concentrations^{[clarification needed]} in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park, Gerritsen Beach, and Vinegar Hill. Many moved east on Long Island, to suburban and Upstate New York Counties (Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Sullivan Counties), Staten Island, and New Jersey in the mid-twentieth century. Those that stayed engendered close-knit and stable communities, representing many to the civil services (esp. in law enforcement, transportation and the FDNY) as well as the legal profession and the building and construction trades.^{[citation needed]}

Greek American

Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough.

Same-sex couples

Main article: Same-sex marriage in New York

Brooklyn is home to a large and growing population of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.^[71] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBTQ communities.

Artists-in-residence

Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.^[72]

Government and politics

See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn

Brooklyn Borough Hall

Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U.S. federal government, and private donors.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.^[73]

Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn.

The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.^[74] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of majority Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood by U.S. Representative Dan Donovan and New York State Senator Marty Golden.

Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016.^[75] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies.

Economy

See also: Economy of New York City

The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940

Newer buildings near East River State Park

Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.^[76]

Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.^[76]

Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.^[76]

Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.^[77] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that once employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.^[78]

First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the Maine, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968–1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer.^[79] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard.

Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.^[80] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.^[81] As of August 2008^[update], the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.^[82]

Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.^[83][84]

The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City's entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn.^[85]

Culture

See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City

The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway

Brooklyn Botanic Garden

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza

Main article: Culture of Brooklyn

Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the "typical New York accent" in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out.^[86] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.^[87]

Cultural venues

Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.

The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.

The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.^[88]

Media

Local periodicals

Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post.

The borough is home to the bi-weekly cultural guide The L Magazine and the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in Brooklyn.

Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others, that are now defunct, include: BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").^[89]

Ethnic press

Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.^[90] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them the quarterly "L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.^{[citation needed]}Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local paper with the Global View".

Television

The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough's public access channel.^{[citation needed]}

Events

• The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.^[91]
  


• Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4).^[91]
  


• The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.


• 
  The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.^[92]
  

Parks and other attractions

See also: Tourism in New York City

Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Astroland in Coney Island.

• 
  Brooklyn Botanic Garden: located adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.


• 
  Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s, but has undergone a renaissance.^[93]
  


• 
  Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains.


• 
  Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont^[94] in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers.


• 
  Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area
  


• 
  New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is located at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line.


• 
  Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km²).^[95] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;^[96] Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.


• 
  Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners during the revolutionary war.

Sports

Main article: Sports in Brooklyn

Barclays Center, located in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Islanders.

Brooklyn's major professional sports teams are the NBA's Brooklyn Nets and the NHL's New York Islanders. The Nets and Islanders moved into the borough in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey, while the Islanders had played in Uniondale since their inception.

Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.

In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval.^[97] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.^[98]

Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.^[99] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club.

After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.^[100]

Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.^[101]

Recreational Fishing

Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is also a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay that includes the Marily Jean, Ocean Eagle, Brooklyn, Captain Dave, Midnight Star, Sea Queen and Flamingo. Species that are caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.^{[102][103][104]}

Transportation

Public transport

See also: Transportation in New York City

About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.^[105]

Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station

Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact that some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include:

• Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center


• Broadway Junction


• DeKalb Avenue


• Jay Street – MetroTech


• 
  Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue^[106]
  

Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,^[107] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.^[108][109]

Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, many of which were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.^[110] New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is located near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.^[111][112] The ferry opened in May 2017,^[113][114] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.^[115]

A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016,^[116] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.^[117]

Roadways

See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues

View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger ca. 1903-1910 Brooklyn Museum

The Marine Parkway Bridge

Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background

The great majority of limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Gowanus Expressway (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78^[118] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.^[119] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.

Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.

Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Pulaski Bridge, and the JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.

Waterways

Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England.

^[115]

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.^[111][112] The ferry opened in May 2017,^[120][121] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan.^[115]NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11 downtown and East 34th Street in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.

Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park.

Education

See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City

Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system.

Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.^[122] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is located across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6,000,000 and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.^[123] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni^[124] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities.

Higher education

Public colleges

Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation Americans.

Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The College offers programs both at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as Adult and Continuing Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.

CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State.

Private colleges

Brooklyn Law School's 1994 new classical "Fell Hall" tower, by architect Robert A. M. Stern

Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.^[125]

Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.

Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.

NYU Tandon Wunsch Building

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).^{[126][127][128][129]}

St. Francis College is a Catholic college located in Brooklyn Heights and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, there are over 2,400 students attending the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by both Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.^{[130][131][132]}

Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.

Community colleges

Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system, located in Manhattan Beach.

Brooklyn Public Library

The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza.

As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library^[133] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.

There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.

Partnerships with districts of foreign cities

See also: New York City § Sister cities

• 
  Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)


• 
  Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)^[134]
  


• 
  Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)^[135]
  


• 
  Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)^{[136][137][138]}
  


• 
  London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom
  


• 
  Bnei Brak, Israel
  

Hospitals and healthcare

Main article: List of hospitals in Brooklyn

• 
  Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center ^[139]
  


• Kings County Hospital Center


• NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County

See also

• 
  Brooklyn portal
  

General links: NRHP listings in Kings County List of people from Brooklyn List of counties in New York List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn

History of neighborhoods: Bedford–Stuyvesant Bushwick Canarsie Coney Island Crown Heights East Williamsburg Flatbush Gravesend Greenpoint New Utrecht Park Slope Williamsburg

General history: Brooklyn Visual Heritage History of New York City List of former municipalities in New York City Timeline of Brooklyn history

• New York City portal


• New York portal

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Brooklyn

Published 1950–present

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

• Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243-1258.


• Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427-1440.


• Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier Corporation, 2010)


• Harris, Lynn. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?" The New York Times May 18, 2008


• Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)


• McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos


• McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001)


• Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979)


• Trezza, Frank J. "Brooklyn Navy Yard 1966–1986, the Yard was still a Shipyard not an Industrial Park"
  


• Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. Workman Publishing, New York, 2001.


• Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018)


• Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004)


• Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73-96.


• Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014)


• Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013)

Published until 1949

• 
  Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893). The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn daily eagle. Vol 1.
  


• 
  W. Williams (1850), "Brooklyn", Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton
  


• 
  Henry Reed Stiles (1867), A history of the city of Brooklyn, Brooklyn: Pub. by subscription
  


• 
  "Brooklyn", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
  


• 
  Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). Almanac: 1898 (2nd ed.). Brooklyn.
  


• 
  Harrington Putnam (1899), "Brooklyn", in Lyman P. Powell, Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, OCLC 248109
  


• 
  Ernest Ingersoll (1906), "Greater New York: Brooklyn", Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, OCLC 29277709
  


• 
  Edward Hungerford (1913), "Across the East River", The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company
  


• 
   Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brooklyn". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  


• 
  Federal Writers’ Project (1940). "New York City: Brooklyn". New York: a Guide to the Empire State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press.
  

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Brooklyn

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn, New York City.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brooklyn

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brooklyn.

• Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President

History:

• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Brooklyn, various dates.


• 
  The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841-1902 (from the Brooklyn Public Library)


• 
  Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman


• 
  Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition. by Gabriel Furman


• ""Becoming Wards One By One" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12.


• Society of Old Brooklynites

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