Simultaneum




Not to be confused with Double church.

A shared church, or Simultankirche, simultaneum or, more fully, simultaneum mixtum, a term first coined in 16th-century Germany, is a church in which public worship is conducted by adherents of two or more religious groups. Such churches became common in the German-speaking lands of Europe in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.[1] The different Christian denominations (such as Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, or United, etc.), share the same church building, although they worship at different times and with different clergy. It is thus a form of religious toleration.[1]


Simultaneum as a policy was particularly attractive to rulers who ruled over populations which contained considerable numbers of both Catholics and Protestants. It was often the opposite of cuius regio, eius religio and used in situations where a ruler was of a different religion than the majority of the people, and not strong enough to impose his religion on the population.[1]


During the Nine Years' War (1688–1697), Louis XIV of France occupied the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Protestant region situated mainly in the western part of what is today Germany, where he introduced the simultaneum. At the end of the war the region returned to Protestant control, but a last-minute addition to the Treaty of Ryswick provided for a continuation of the simultaneum. Although intended to apply only to the Palatinate, the simultaneum was subsequently also applied in portions of Protestant Alsace (a region ruled by France, but where the Edict of Fontainebleau was not enforced).




Contents






  • 1 Examples


    • 1.1 Belgium


    • 1.2 France


    • 1.3 Germany


    • 1.4 Poland


    • 1.5 United Kingdom


    • 1.6 United States




  • 2 Holy Land church-sharing


  • 3 References


  • 4 Notes





Examples




Following the compromise between the Reformed Aniconism and Lutheran Adiaphora in Ringstedt's Reformed-Lutheran simultaneum of St. Fabian there is a Lutheran altar, but it shows no crucifix, but only candles.




Map of all simultaneum churches in Germany




Lutheran and Catholic altars in St. M. Kozal church in Gniezno, Poland




Triple in New York



Belgium




  • Olne, province of Liège; a simultaneum was introduced in 1649


  • Rheinberg-Ossenberg, Castle Chapel, a Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day



France




  • Béarn - there used to be a simultaneum there between 1561–1569


  • Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg, Alsace; now divided into separate Protestant and Catholic churches


  • Wissembourg, Alsace: there was a so-called trimultaneum, with a Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed congregation sharing one church



Germany




  • Altenberg im Bergischen Land, Altenberger Dom, since 1857 Catholic-United simultaneum


  • Althaldensleben, Double Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Bautzen, St. Peter's Cathedral, oldest Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum since 1524


  • Bechtolsheim, Ss. Mary and Christopher, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Berlin, French Church of Friedrichstadt, Calvinist-United simultaneum since 1981


  • St. Martin's Church, Biberach, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day


  • Biebelsheim, St. Martin's Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Boos upon Nahe, Simultaneum,[2][3] Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Brauneberg, St. Remigius Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Braunfels, Castle Church, since 2005 a Catholic-United simultaneum


  • Wildenreuth, St. James' Church, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day


  • Fröndenberg, Collegiate Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Gau-Odernheim, St. Rufus Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Goldenstedt, in Vechta, Lower Saxony was a simultaneum between 1650 and 1850.


  • Groß Ammensleben, former Cloister Church, from 1614 until 1817 a Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum, since then a Catholic-United simultaneum


  • Hahn im Hunsrück, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Hildesheim, St. Michael's Church, since 1542 a Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum

  • Frankenhof, St. Margareth Church, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day

  • Götzendorf in Bavaria, St. Magdalena Church, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day


  • Illschwang, St. Vitus Church, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day


  • Kulmbach, the castle chapel on the Plassenburg, Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum until the present day


  • Mosbach, St. Juliana Collegiate Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Neuried-Schutterzell, St. Michael's Church, a Catholic-United since 1804


  • Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Collegiate Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Otterberg, Otterberg Abbey, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Ringstedt, St. Fabian Church, since 1706 a Reformed-Lutheran simultaneum


  • Rohrdorf in the Black Forest, John's Church, a Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Saarbrücken, Church of Peace (German: Friedenskirche), an Old Catholic-Russian Orthodox simultaneum until the present day


  • Siebeldingen, St. Quintinus Church, a Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Thuine, St. George's Church, Catholic-Reformed simultaneum until the present day


  • Vechta, Cloister Church (German: Klosterkirche), since 1818 a Catholic-Lutheran simultaneum


  • Wachenheim an der Weinstraße, St. George's Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Wetzlar, former collegiate church, colloquially Wetzlar Cathedral, since 1544–1817 a Catholic-Lutheran, from then on a Catholic-United simultaneum


  • Wilnsdorf-Rödgen, St. John the Baptist Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Worms-Pfeddersheim, simultaneum, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day


  • Worms-Rheindürkheim, St. Peter Church, Catholic-United simultaneum until the present day



Poland



  • Gniezno, St. Michał Kozal Church, Roman Catholic and Evangelical (of the Augsburg confession) simultaneum (the church with two presbiteries)


United Kingdom



  • Arundel, St. Nicholas Church and Fitzalan Chapel, an Anglican parish church with a Roman Catholic chapel, the burial place of the Dukes of Norfolk.


United States



  • Virginia Beach, Church of the Holy Apostles, Roman Catholic and Anglican simultaneum[4]


Holy Land church-sharing


Main article: Status quo (Holy Land sites)

The main traditional pilgrim churches of Jerusalem and Bethlehem are shared between several denominations. The regulatory work is known as the "Status quo", a type of church-sharing which is in no way related to the West European Protestant-Catholic sharing system described here (the "simultaneum").[citation needed][who?]




  • Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem - Greek Orthodox-Eastern Orthodox-Oriental Orthodox-Catholic simultaneum until the present day[dubious – discuss]


  • Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem[dubious – discuss]



References



  • HighBeam Research, dictionary definition: simultaneum [1][dead link]

  • Wiki-Protestants.org, Simultaneum (French language) [2]

  • Musée virtuel du Protestantisme, "Le Simultaneum" (French language): "Le simultaneum résulte de l'histoire alsacienne. Il s'agit d'un édifice cultuel utilisé simultanément par les deux confessions catholique et protestante." [3]


  • [The] Rhein and Laeng of Herrliesheim: Brief History of Alsace-Lorraine [4]

  • Bernhard Brockmann, Simultaneum in Goldenstedt [5]



Notes




  1. ^ abc Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe, Harvard University Press, 2007, Chapter 8, pp. 198. ff..


  2. ^ Simultaneum in Boos (Nahe)[permanent dead link]


  3. ^ Boos (Nahe), photos of the simultaneum


  4. ^ "Two Altars, One Mass: Catholics and Episcopalians worship together in a unique church". TIME. 117: 20. 1981..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}







Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Volkswagen Group MQB platform

Image
The Volkswagen Group MQB platform is the company's strategy for shared modular design construction of its transverse, front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout (optional front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout) automobiles. Volkswagen spent roughly $60bn [1] developing this new platform and the cars employing it. The platform underpins a wide range of cars from the supermini class to the mid size SUV class. MQB allows Volkswagen to assemble any of its cars based on this platform across all of its MQB ready factories. This allows the Volkswagen group flexibility to shift production as needed between its different factories. Beginning in 2012, Volkswagen Group marketed the strategy under the code name MQB , which stands for Modularer Querbaukasten , translating from German to "Modular Transversal Toolkit" or "Modular Transverse Matrix". [2] [3] MQB is one strategy within VW's overall MB (Modularer Baukasten or modular matrix) program which also includes th...
Read more

刘萌萌

Image
body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center} 刘萌萌 女演员 罗马拼音 Liu Meng Meng 英文名 Cya 国籍   中国 民族 汉族 出生 ( 1989-10-16 ) 1989年10月16日 （ 29歲）   中国辽宁省大连市 职业 演员、艺人 语言 汉语 教育程度 沈阳音乐学院 北京电影学院表演系进修班 活跃年代 2011年至今 唱片公司 浙江永乐影视制作有限公司 经纪公司 浙江永乐影视制作有限公司 网站 刘萌萌 官方微博 刘萌萌 （1989年10月16日 － ），汉族，中国演员，2010年参加湖南卫视《芒果训练营》而出道至今，凭借电视剧《爱情公寓》“诺澜”一角走红。北京电影学院10级表演系（进修班）毕业。 目录 1 主要经历 2 影视作品 2.1 电视剧 2.2 电影 2.3 综艺节目 3 参考文献 4 外部链接 主要经历 1989年，出生于辽宁省大连市一个工人家庭； 2006年，考入沈阳音乐学院舞蹈系本科班学习； 2010年，参加湖南卫视《芒果训练营》演艺新秀比赛而出道 [1] ；進入北京电影学院表演系进修班 2011年，出演电视剧《隋唐演义》“琼花公主”一角色； 2012年，担任电视剧《爱情公寓》“诺澜”一角并开始走红 [2] ； 2013年，担任电视剧《利箭纵横》《利剑行动》 [3] 女主角“林筱雨” 2014年，参加江苏卫视真人秀栏目《花样年华》 [4] 备受瞩目 [5] 。 影视作品 电视剧 首播年份 剧名 角色 备注 2012 《爱情公寓3》 诺澜 2012 《利箭行动》 林筱雨 2013 《隋唐演义》 琼花公主 2013 《决战燕子门》 马晓婉 2014 《利箭纵横》 林筱雨 2014 《屌丝日记》 林洛霏 網絡劇 2014 《爱情公寓4》 诺澜 ...
Read more