Hydrogen bromide


















































































































































































































Hydrogen bromide

Skeletal formula of hydrogen bromide with the explicit hydrogen and a measurement added





Ball-and-stick model of hydrogen bromide
Hydrogen-bromide-3D-vdW.svg

Names

Preferred IUPAC name
Hydrogen bromide[citation needed]


Systematic IUPAC name
Bromane[1]

Identifiers

CAS Number

  • 10035-10-6 ☑Y

3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image

Beilstein Reference

 3587158

ChEBI

  • CHEBI:47266 ☑Y

ChEMBL

  • ChEMBL1231461 ☒N

ChemSpider

  • 255 ☑Y

ECHA InfoCard
100.030.090

EC Number
 233-113-0

KEGG

  • C13645 ☒N

MeSH
Hydrobromic+Acid


PubChem CID
  • 260

RTECS number
 MW3850000

UNII

  • 3IY7CNP8XJ ☒N

UN number
 1048




Properties

Chemical formula

 HBr

Molar mass
 80.91 g/mol
Appearance
 Colorless gas

Odor
 Acrid

Density
 3.6452 kg/m3 (0 °C, 1013 mbar)[2]

Melting point
 −86.9 °C (−124.4 °F; 186.2 K)

Boiling point
 −66.8 °C (−88.2 °F; 206.3 K)

Solubility in water

 221 g/100 mL (0 °C)
204 g/100 mL (15 °C)
193 g/100 mL (20 °C)
130 g/100 mL (100 °C)

Solubility
 Soluble in alcohol, organic solvents

Vapor pressure
 2.308 MPa (at 21 °C)

Acidity (pKa)
 −8.8 (±0.8);[3] ~−9[4]

Basicity (pKb)
 ~23

Conjugate acid
Bromonium

Conjugate base
Bromide


Refractive index (nD)

 1.325[citation needed]
Structure

Molecular shape

 Linear

Dipole moment

 820 mD
Thermochemistry


Heat capacity (C)

 350.7 mJ/(K·g)


Std molar
entropy (So298)

 198.696–198.704 J/(K·mol)[5]


Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)

 −36.45...−36.13 kJ/mol[5]
Hazards

Safety data sheet
hazard.com

physchem.ox.ac.uk

GHS pictograms
The corrosion pictogram in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)The exclamation-mark pictogram in the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

GHS signal word
 Danger

GHS hazard statements
H314, H335

GHS precautionary statements
P261, P280, P305+351+338, P310

NFPA 704


Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water
Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas
Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen
Special hazard COR: Corrosive; strong acid or base. E.g., sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxideNFPA 704 four-colored diamond


0


3


0

COR
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):


LC50 (median concentration)

 2858 ppm (rat, 1 h)
814 ppm (mouse, 1 h)[7]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):


PEL (Permissible)

 TWA 3 ppm (10 mg/m3)[6]


REL (Recommended)

 TWA 3 ppm (10 mg/m3)[6]


IDLH (Immediate danger)

 30 ppm[6]
Related compounds

Related compounds
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen astatide

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).


☒N verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)

Infobox references

Hydrogen bromide is the diatomic molecule with the formula HBr. It is a colorless compound and a hydrogen halide. Hydrobromic acid is a solution of HBr in water. Both the anhydrous and aqueous solutions of HBr are common reagents in the preparation of bromide compounds.


HBr is very soluble in water, forming hydrobromic acid solution, which is saturated at 68.85% HBr by weight at room temperature. Aqueous solutions that are 47.6% HBr by mass form a constant-boiling azeotrope mixture that boils at 124.3 °C. Boiling less concentrated solutions releases H2O until the constant-boiling mixture composition is reached.




Contents






  • 1 Uses of HBr


    • 1.1 Other reactions


    • 1.2 Potential applications




  • 2 Industrial preparation


  • 3 Laboratory synthesis


  • 4 Safety


  • 5 References





Uses of HBr


Hydrogen bromide and hydrobromic acid are important reagents in the production of inorganic and organic bromine compounds.[8] The free-radical addition of HBr to alkenes gives alkyl bromides:


RCH=CH2 + HBr → R−CHBr−CH3

These alkylating agents are precursors to fatty amine derivatives. Similar free radical addition to allyl chloride and styrene gives 1-bromo-3-chloropropane and phenylethylbromide, respectively.


Hydrogen bromide reacts with dichloromethane to give bromochloromethane and dibromomethane, sequentially:



HBr + CH2Cl2 → HCl + CH2BrCl

HBr + CH2BrCl → HCl + CH2Br2


Allyl bromide is prepared by treating allyl alcohol with HBr:


CH2=CHCH2OH + HBr → CH2=CHCH2Br + H2O


Other reactions


Although not widely used industrially, HBr adds to alkenes to give bromoalkanes, an important family of organobromine compounds. Similarly, HBr adds to haloalkene to form a geminal dihaloalkane. (This type of addition follows Markovnikov's rule):


RC(Br)=CH2 + HBr → RC(Br2)−CH3

HBr also adds to alkynes to yield bromoalkenes. The stereochemistry of this type of addition is usually anti:


RC≡CH + HBr → RC(Br)=CH2

Also, HBr is used to open epoxides and lactones and in the synthesis of bromoacetals. Additionally, HBr catalyzes many organic reactions.[9][10][11][12]



Potential applications


HBr has been proposed for use in a utility-scale flow-type battery.[13]



Industrial preparation


Hydrogen bromide (along with hydrobromic acid) is produced by combining hydrogen and bromine at temperatures between 200 and 400 °C. The reaction is typically catalyzed by platinum or asbestos.[10][14]



Laboratory synthesis


HBr can be synthesized by a variety of methods. It may be prepared in the laboratory by distillation of a solution of sodium bromide or potassium bromide with phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid:[15]


KBr + H2SO4 → KHSO4 + HBr

Concentrated sulfuric acid is less effective because it oxidizes HBr to bromine:


2 HBr + H2SO4 → Br2 + SO2 + 2 H2O

The acid may be prepared by:



  • reaction of bromine with water and sulfur:[15]
    2 Br2 + S + 2 H2O → 4 HBr + SO2


  • bromination of tetralin:[15]
    C10H12 + 4 Br2 → C10H8Br4 + 4 HBr


  • reduction of bromine with phosphorous acid:[10]
    Br2 + H3PO3 + H2O → H3PO4 + 2 HBr



Anhydrous hydrogen bromide can also be produced on a small scale by thermolysis of triphenylphosphonium bromide in refluxing xylene.[9]


Hydrogen bromide prepared by the above methods can be contaminated with Br2, which can be removed by passing the gas through a solution of phenol at room temperature in tetrachloromethane or other suitable solvent (producing 2,4,6-tribromophenol and generating more HBr in the process) or through copper turnings or copper gauze at high temperature.[14]



Safety


HBr is highly corrosive and irritating to inhalation.



References




  1. ^ "Hydrobromic Acid - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 16 September 2004. Identification and Related Records. Retrieved 10 November 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


  3. ^ Trummal, Aleksander; Lipping, Lauri; Kaljurand, Ivari; Koppel, Ilmar A; Leito, Ivo (2016). "Acidity of Strong Acids in Water and Dimethyl Sulfoxide". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 120 (20): 3663. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02253. PMID 27115918.


  4. ^ Perrin, D. D. Dissociation constants of inorganic acids and bases in aqueous solution. Butterworths, London, 1969.


  5. ^ ab Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-94690-X.


  6. ^ abc NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0331". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).


  7. ^ "Hydrogen bromide". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).


  8. ^ Dagani, M. J.; Barda, H. J.; Benya, T. J.; Sanders, D. C., "Bromine Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_405CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)


  9. ^ ab Hercouet, A.; LeCorre, M. (1988) Triphenylphosphonium bromide: A convenient and quantitative source of gaseous hydrogen bromide. Synthesis, 157–158.


  10. ^ abc Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements; Butterworth-Heineman: Oxford, Great Britain; 1997; pp. 809–812.


  11. ^ Carlin, William W. U.S. Patent 4,147,601, April 3, 1979.


  12. ^ Vollhardt, K. P. C.; Schore, N. E. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function; 4th Ed.; W. H. Freeman and Company: New York, NY; 2003.


  13. ^ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/30535ag.pdf


  14. ^ ab Ruhoff, J. R.; Burnett, R. E.; Reid, E. E. "Hydrogen Bromide (Anhydrous)" Organic Syntheses, Vol. 15, p. 35 (Coll. Vol. 2, p. 338).


  15. ^ abc M. Schmeisser "Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 282.











Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th
Read more

章鱼与海女图

Image
本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして
Read more

Farm Security Administration

Image
Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration logo Agency overview Formed September 1, 1937  ( 1937-09-01 ) Preceding agencies Resettlement Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved 1946 Superseding agency Farmers Home Administration Key documents Farm Security Act Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act The Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). [1] The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of sharecroppers, tenants, very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Critics, including the Farm Bureau, strongly opposed the FSA as an experiment in collectivizing agriculture—that is, in bringing
Read more