西伯利亞野牛














































西伯利亞野牛
化石时期：埃爾廣登階（英语：Irvingtonian） － 全新世 1.8–0.009 Ma

PreЄ

Є

O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N



⬇




Steppe bison mummy.jpg
一具来自阿拉斯加的西伯利亞野牛木乃伊，展示於北方極地博物館（英语：University of Alaska Museum of the North）

保护状况


化石


科学分类 编辑
界：
动物界 Animalia
门：
脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：
哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：
偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
科：
牛科 Bovidae
族：
牛族 Bovini
属：
美洲野牛属 Bison

种：
†西伯利亞野牛 B. priscus

二名法

Bison priscus
Bojanus, 1827


西伯利亞野牛（學名：Bison priscus），又名草原野牛，是生存於第四紀歐洲[1]、中亞[2]、北亞[3][4][5]、白令陸橋及北美洲[6][7]加拿大至墨西哥地區草原上的野牛。该生物现已灭绝，有時會出現在石洞壁畫中。



演化




西伯利亞野牛全身骨架




西伯利亞野牛復原圖


西伯利亞野牛有可能是在南亞進行演化。由於牠們生活的時間及地方與原牛相同，故有時會把牠的後裔與原牛混淆。


於全新世滅絕。在歐洲，牠們是被現今的歐洲野牛所取代；而在美洲，牠們則是被美洲野牛與其他同屬野牛（包括古風野牛、長角野牛以及福爾松野牛（英语：Bison occidentalis））所取代。


西伯利亞野牛超過2米高，像現今的美洲野牛。兩角角尖相距約1米，角本身亦長約半米。其體重可達900公斤（2,000英磅）。[8]



發現





西班牙阿爾塔米拉洞中的石洞壁畫


西伯利亞野牛出現在石洞壁畫之中，尤其是在阿爾塔米拉洞以及拉斯科洞窟中。其他形式的史前藝術包括由馴鹿角雕刻而成的Bison Licking Insect Bite（英语：Bison Licking Insect Bite）。另外也有發現許多冰凍的西伯利亞野牛屍體[9][10][11]。


在1979年7月，一具36,000年前的雄性西伯利亞野牛木乃伊在美國費爾班克斯發現，被暱稱為 Blue Babe （意思為「藍寶貝」）。這具木乃伊由當地的一名金礦工發現，同時也是 Blue Babe 的命名者，"Babe" 一詞來自於美國神話中保羅·班揚身旁同名的藍色公牛。木乃伊呈現藍色的原因主要是因為整個樣本表層覆蓋著一層藍鐵礦（英语：vivianite）[12]。北方極地博物館（英语：University of Alaska Museum of the North）
|的研究團隊在將這具木乃伊放入博物館進行永久展示之前，移除了部分頸肉，烹調後食用以慶祝這項特別的發現[13][14]。


在2011年7月，一具9,300年前的西伯利亞野牛木乃伊發現於西伯利亞尤卡吉爾（英语：Yukagir）地區[15]。



參考文獻





  1. ^ Вестник Кирилло-Белозерского музея 9 (Май 2006) О. Яшина, Т.В. Цветкова – Кирилловский бизон. Kirmuseum.ru. Retrieved on 2013-05-31.


  2. ^ Vasiliev, S. K. Late pleistocene bison (Bison p. priscus Bojanis, 1827) from the Southeastern part of Western Siberia. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia. 2008, 34 (2): 34–56. doi:10.1016/j.aeae.2008.07.004. 


  3. ^ Kurosawa, Y. モノが語る牛と人間の文化 -　② 岩手の牛たち (pdf). LIAJ News (奥州市牛の博物館（日语：奥州市牛の博物館）): 29–31. [2016-04-06]. 


  4. ^ Hasegawa, Y.; Okumura, Y.; Tatsukawa, H. First record of Late Pleistocene Bison from the fissure deposits of the Kuzuu Limestone, Yamasuge，Sano-shi，Tochigi Prefecture，Japan (pdf). Bull.Gunma Mus.Natu.Hist. (Gunma Museum of Natural History and Kuzuu Fossil Museum). 2009, (13): 47–52 [2016-04-06]. 


  5. ^ Boeskorov, Gennady G.; Potapova, Olga R.; Protopopov, Albert V.; Plotnikov, Valery V.; Agenbroad, Larry D.; Kirikov, Konstantin S.; Pavlov, Innokenty S.; Shchelchkova, Marina V.; Belolyubskii, Innocenty N.; Tomshin, Mikhail D.; Kowalczyk, Rafal; Davydov, Sergey P.; Kolesov, Stanislav D.; Tikhonov, Alexey N.; Van Der Plicht, Johannes. The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia. Quaternary International. 2016, 406: 94–110. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.084. 


  6. ^ Zazula, Grant D.; MacKay, Glen; Andrews, Thomas D.; Shapiro, Beth; Letts, Brandon; Broc, Fiona. A late Pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) partial carcass from Tsiigehtchic, Northwest Territories, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2009, 28 (25–26): 2734–2742. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.012. 


  7. ^ Marsolier-Kergoat, Marie-Claude; Palacio, Pauline; Berthonaud, Véronique; Maksud, Frédéric; Stafford, Thomas; Bégouën, Robert; Elalouf, Jean-Marc. Hunting the Extinct Steppe Bison (Bison priscus) Mitochondrial Genome in the Trois-Frères Paleolithic Painted Cave. PLOS ONE. 2015-06-17, 10 (6): e0128267. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4471230. PMID 26083419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128267. 


  8. ^ McPhee, R. D. E. (1999) Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences, Springer, isbn 0306460920, p. 262.


  9. ^ Verkaar, E. L. C.; Nijman, IJ; Beeke, M; Hanekamp, E; Lenstra, JA. Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin?. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004, 21 (7): 1165–70. PMID 14739241. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh064. 


  10. ^ Dale Guthrie, R. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe. 1989. ISBN 9780226311234. 


  11. ^ Paglia, C. The Magic of Images: Word and Picture in a Media Age. Arion: A Journal of Humanities and the Classics (Trustees of Boston University). 2004, 11 (3): 1–22. JSTOR 20163935. doi:10.2307/20163935. 


  12. ^ "Steppe Bison" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-12-12. – Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre. Beringia.com. Retrieved on 2013-05-31.


  13. ^ Dale Guthrie, R. Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe: The Story of Blue Babe: 298. 1989. ISBN 9780226311234. 


  14. ^ ḎḤWTY. Blue Babe: Would You Eat 36,000-year-old Bison Meat?. Ancient Origins. [8 April 2018] （英语）. 


  15. ^ Palermo, Elizabeth. 9,000-Year-Old Bison Mummy Found Frozen in Time. www.livescience.com. 6 November 2014 [4 December 2014]. 







物種識別信息


  • 維基數據: Q830854

  • 維基物種: Bison priscus

  • EoL: 4447747

  • Fossilworks: 44526

  • GBIF: 4970769

  • NCBI: 268291



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Volkswagen Group MQB platform

Image
The Volkswagen Group MQB platform is the company's strategy for shared modular design construction of its transverse, front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout (optional front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout) automobiles. Volkswagen spent roughly $60bn [1] developing this new platform and the cars employing it. The platform underpins a wide range of cars from the supermini class to the mid size SUV class. MQB allows Volkswagen to assemble any of its cars based on this platform across all of its MQB ready factories. This allows the Volkswagen group flexibility to shift production as needed between its different factories. Beginning in 2012, Volkswagen Group marketed the strategy under the code name MQB , which stands for Modularer Querbaukasten , translating from German to "Modular Transversal Toolkit" or "Modular Transverse Matrix". [2] [3] MQB is one strategy within VW's overall MB (Modularer Baukasten or modular matrix) program which also includes th...
Read more

Daniel Guggenheim

Image
Daniel Guggenheim 1925 photo Born ( 1856-07-09 ) July 9, 1856 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Died September 28, 1930 (1930-09-28) (aged 74) Port Washington, New York Alma mater Peirce College Known for Battle for control of ASARCO Daniel Guggenheim Medal Spouse(s) Florence Shloss Children Meyer Robert Guggenheim Harry Guggenheim Gladys Eleanor Guggenheim Parent(s) Meyer Guggenheim Barbara Guggenheim Daniel Guggenheim, 1910 Daniel Guggenheim (July 9, 1856 – September 28, 1930) was an American mining magnate and philanthropist, and a son of Meyer and Barbara Guggenheim. Contents 1 Biography 2 Personal life 2.1 Aviation 2.2 Alaska 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography Born and raised in Philadelphia, Daniel Guggenheim was sent to Switzerland as a young man to study the Swiss lace and embroidery business, and to serve as a buyer for his father's import firm. The...
Read more