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James Otis Jr.
James Otis | |
|---|---|
 Portrait by Joseph Blackburn, 1755 | |
| Born | (1725-02-05)February 5, 1725 Barnstable, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America |
| Died | May 23, 1783(1783-05-23) (aged 58) Andover, Massachusetts |
| Resting place | Granary Burying Ground, Boston |
| Occupation | lawyer, political activist, pamphleteer, and legislator |
| Known for | Oration against British writs of assistance February 5, 1761 which catapulted him into the first ranks of Patriot leaders |
| Spouse(s) | Ruth Cunningham |
| Children | James, Elizabeth Brown Mary Lincoln |
| Parent(s) | James Otis Sr. Mary Allyne |
Bronze sculpture of James Otis Jr. in front of the Barnstable County Courthouse
James Otis Jr. (February 5, 1725 – May 23, 1783) was a lawyer, political activist, pamphleteer, and legislator in Boston, a member of the Massachusetts provincial assembly, and an early advocate of the Patriot views against British policy which led to the American Revolution. His well-known catchphrase "Taxation without Representation is tyranny" became the basic Patriot position.[1]
Contents
1 Early life
2 Writs of assistance
3 Patriot and pamphleteer
4 Death
5 Published works
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Early life
Otis was born in West Barnstable, Massachusetts, the second of 13 children and the first to survive infancy. His sister Mercy Otis Warren, his brother Joseph Otis, and his youngest brother Samuel Allyne Otis became leaders of the American Revolution, as did his nephew Harrison Gray Otis.[2] His father Colonel James Otis Sr. was a prominent lawyer and militia officer. Father and son had a tumultuous relationship. His father sent him a letter articulating his disappointments and encouraging him to seek God's righteousness to better himself.[3]
In 1755, Otis married Ruth Cunningham, a merchant's daughter and heiress to a fortune worth ₤10,000.[4] Their politics were quite different, yet they were attached to each other. Otis later "half-complained that she was a 'High Tory,'" yet in the same breath declared that "she was a good Wife, and too good for him",[5] in the words of John Adams. The marriage produced children James, Elizabeth, and Mary. Their son James died at age 18. Their daughter Elizabeth was a Loyalist like her mother; she married Captain Brown of the British Army and lived in England for the rest of her life. Their youngest daughter Mary married Benjamin Lincoln, son of the distinguished Continental Army General Benjamin Lincoln.
Writs of assistance
James Otis Sr. hoped that James Otis Jr.’s Harvard education prepared his participation in the respectable Boston community, and this expectation was fulfilled.[6] James Otis Jr.’s Harvard education informed him about Massachusetts’s early legal codes and strengthened his view toward constitutional rights.[7] Otis graduated from Harvard in 1743. Although James Otis Jr. desired to specialize in Greco-Roman works after Harvard graduation, James Otis Sr. desired Otis Jr. to become a lawyer because this profession guaranteed authority.[8] James Otis Jr. desired to reside in Boston, but James Otis Sr. recommended him to develop his legal skills at a lower level. Otis Jr. first chose Plymouth in 1748 to acquire legal experience.[9] When James Otis Jr. came back to Boston during 1750, he utilized familial and economic relations to develop business connections with traders. [10] James Otis Jr. serviced respectable merchants. In Boston, James Otis Jr. ate at restaurants. He formed or reaffirmed notable commercial, political, and social connections. His dual occupations of being a lawyer and family business agent in Boston influenced his curiosity in commerce.[11] Otis rose to the top of the Boston legal profession. In 1760, he received a prestigious appointment as Advocate General of the Admiralty Court. Chief Justice Stephen Sewall’s 1760 death motivated James Otis Jr. to request Governor Bernard for the installment of his father into the Superior Court. However, Bernard appointed Hutchison as chief justice.[12] He promptly resigned, however, when Governor Francis Bernard failed to appoint his father to the promised position of Chief Justice of the province's highest court; the position instead went to Otis' longtime opponent Thomas Hutchinson.
King Charles II first implemented writs of assistance. The court permitted the customs department to seek smuggled imports, and customs officials did not need evidence for each search.[13] The Navigation Acts and opposition toward trade with France in the French and Indian War probably contributed to British officials’ motivation to administer writs of assistance.[14] Massachusetts shippers perceived the French Antilles as a lucrative business opportunity. Merchants specifically conducted commerce with Monte Cristi which implied trade with France. Massachusetts shippers desired to participate in commerce with Monte Cristi. The problem was that the Board of Trade’s selection of Francis Bernard as Massachusetts’s chief executive threatened the possibility of smuggling from the Monte Cristi trade. This was because Governor Bernard faced legal pressure to repress smuggling. Businessmen desired to retain the Monte Cristi trade. They created a ‘Society for Promoting Trade and Commerce within the Province,’ enlisted James Otis Jr.’s legal expertise, and attempted to remove shipping limitations.[15]
Governor Thomas Pownall had a lenient policy toward smuggling, but Governor Bernard’s new administration in 1760 became stricter because it sought to obey the British government.[16] As a maritime judicial official, Otis Jr. faced a dilemma. He had to comply with Governor Bernard’s antismuggling policy enforcement, but his social and business connections participated in illicit shipping.[17] Governor Bernard supported tighter enforcement of trade regulations in his conversation with Otis Jr. on maritime issues. Otis expressed his disagreement with Bernard by assisting business allies in the opposition toward crackdown on maritime smuggling.[16] Financial incentives from seizures attracted Governor Bernard because they potentially increased his annual income and mitigated financial strains on his family.[18] Bernard observed anti-smuggling laws under his governorship, and this raised consciousness of the Writs of Assistance.[19]
The general writs of assistance allowed British trade officials to seek goods without probable cause and prior judicial permission.[20] On December 27, 1760, Bostonians learned of King George II’s death which ended the current writs of assistance. Trade officials had to acquire judicial authorization for novel writs. This probably compelled shippers to oppose the general writs. General writs, not special writs, endangered smuggling. This was because special writs needed the informer’s identity for every seizure, and notification of smuggling invited social ostracism in Boston. The general writs’s elimination would have provided merchants a method to engage in French trade.[21]
Otis then represented the merchants who were challenging the legality of the "writs of assistance" before the Superior Court, the predecessor of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Jeremy Gridley represented the British government and James Otis Jr. and Oxenbridge Thacher represented the business community in the trial on February 1761.[22] These writs enabled British authorities to enter any home with no advance notice, no probable cause, and no reason given. According to John J. Waters and John A. Schutz, James Otis Jr. strategically opposed the Writs because he hoped to provoke Chief Justice Hutchinson to support it. Otis’s plan partially failed. Hutchison passed the decision to the British metropolitan government. However, Otis made Hutchinson appear as an accommodationist to the Writs.[23]
Otis considered himself a loyal British subject, yet he argued against the writs of assistance in a nearly five-hour oration before a select audience in the State House in February 1761. Joseph R. Frese argued that James Otis Jr. and Oxenbridge Thacher’s rationale initially persuaded the Superior Court to oppose the writs. Knowledge of this trial pervasively circulated. Other American colonies opposed the writs by using Otis Jr. and Thacher’s contention of the writs’ legal illegitimacy.[24] His argument failed to win his case, but it galvanized the revolutionary movement. John Adams recollected years later: "Otis was a flame of fire; with a promptitude of classical allusions, a depth of research, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities."[25] Adams promoted Otis as a major player in the coming of the Revolution. Adams said, "I have been young and now I am old, and I solemnly say I have never known a man whose love of country was more ardent or sincere, never one who suffered so much, never one whose service for any 10 years of his life were so important and essential to the cause of his country as those of Mr. Otis from 1760 to 1770." Adams claimed that "the child independence was then and there born, every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away as I did, ready to take arms against writs of assistance." The Superior Court decided to reissue the writs of assistance after Hutchinson presented an English version.[26] After the trial in February 1761, Otis Jr. acquired a seat in the General Court and persisted in his opposition to the writs.[27]
Otis expanded his argument in a pamphlet published in 1765 to state that the general writs violated the British constitution harkening back to the Magna Carta. The text of his 1761 speech was much enhanced by Adams on several occasions; it was first printed in 1773 and in longer forms in 1819 and 1823.[28] According to James R. Ferguson,[29] the four tracts that Otis wrote during 1764–65 reveal contradictions and even intellectual confusion. Otis was the first leader of the period to develop distinctive American theories of constitutionalism and representation, but he relied on traditional views of Parliamentary authority. He refused to follow the logical direction of his natural law theory by drawing back from radicalism, according to Ferguson, who feels that Otis appears inconsistent. Samuelson, on the other hand, argues that Otis should be seen as a practical political thinker rather than a theorist, and that explains why his positions changed as he adjusted to altered political realities and exposed the British constitutional dilemmas of colonial parliamentary representation and the imperial relationship between Britain and the American colonies.[30]
Otis did not identify himself as a revolutionary; his peers, too, generally viewed him as more cautious than the incendiary Samuel Adams. Otis at times counseled against the mob violence of the radicals and argued against Adams' proposal for a convention of all the colonies resembling that of the British Glorious Revolution of 1688. Yet, on other occasions, Otis exceeded Adams in rousing passions and exhorting people to action. He even called his compatriots to arms at a town meeting on September 12, 1768, according to some accounts.[31]
Patriot and pamphleteer
Otis was originally in the rural Popular Party, but he effectively made alliances with Boston merchants and he grew in popularity after the controversy over the writs of assistance. He was elected by an overwhelming margin to the provincial assembly a month later. He subsequently wrote several important patriotic pamphlets, served in the assembly, and was a leader of the Stamp Act Congress. He also was friends with Thomas Paine, the author of Common Sense.
He was banished from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Watertown in 1743, and he suffered from increasingly erratic behavior as the 1760s progressed. He received a gash on the head from British tax collector John Robinson's cudgel at the British Coffee House in 1769. Some attribute Otis's mental illness to this event alone, but John Adams, Thomas Hutchinson, and many others mention his mental illness well before 1769. The blow to the head probably made it worse and, shortly after, he could no longer continue his work. By the end of the decade, Otis's public life largely came to an end, though he was able to do occasional legal practice during times of clarity.
Otis asserted that blacks had inalienable rights, and he favored extending the freedoms of life, liberty, and property to them. The idea of racial equality also permeates his Rights of the British Colonies (1764), in which he states:
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The colonists are by the law of nature freeborn, as indeed all men are, white or black.
— James Otis, Rights of the British Colonies, 1764[32]
Death
James Otis' grave in the Granary Burying Ground
Otis died suddenly in May 1783 at age 58, struck by lightning as he stood in the doorway of a friend's house. He is reported to have said to his sister Mercy Otis Warren, "My dear sister, I hope, when God Almighty in his righteous providence shall take me out of time into eternity that it will be by a flash of lightning".[33][not in citation given]
Published works
The Rudiments of Latin Prosody (1760). Otis published the first of two treatises on prosody, and his alma mater Harvard eventually adapted it as a textbook.
A Vindication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives (1762). The first political publication by Otis. Here he uses an example of an expenditure not sanctioned by the colonial legislature as the foundation of his theory that taxes can be charged only by a representative government. In effect, he summarizes the argument that held a central place in Revolutionary rhetoric.
The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764). This pamphlet sets down another important philosophy underpinning the Revolutionary debate: it asserts that rights are not derived from human institutions, but from nature and God. Thus, government does not exist to please monarchs but to promote the good of the entire society.
Considerations on Behalf of the Colonists (1765). This pamphlet expands the author's argument from The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved. He furthers the notion of natural rights by linking it to the theory of equal representation. In this year, he also authored the pamphlets Vindication of the British Colonies and Brief Remarks on the Defence of the Halifax Libel, Otis's last, in which he grants Parliament complete authority over the colonies. Scholars have settled on two explanations for his drastic reversal: either he temporarily became mentally ill, or he intended to use these pieces to defend himself against charges of treason.
References
^ The slogan was already in use in Ireland.McCullough, David (2001). John Adams. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7432-2313-3..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ http://www.juntosociety.com/founders/jamesotis.html
^ Nielsen, Kim E. (2012). A Disability History of the United States. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8070-2204-7.
^ Charles H. Turtle, "Christopher Kilby of Boston", New England Hist. and Mass. Register, XXVI (1872), 4,4, n
^ John Adams Diary, I, 349 (January 16, 1770).
^ Walters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 110–11.
^ Walters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 112.
^ Waters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. University of North Carolina Press. p. 113.
^ Waters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 113–14.
^ Waters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 115.
^ Waters Jr., John J. (1968). The Otis Family: In Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 115–16.
^ Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 560.
^ Hickman, Emily (January 1932). "Colonial Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 5 (1): 83–84.
^ Hickman, Emily (January 1932). "Colonial Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 5 (2): 85.
^ Hickman, Emily (January 1932). "Colonial Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 5 (1): 86–89.
^ ab Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 555, 558–59.
^ Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 558–59.
^ Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 559.
^ Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 561–62.
^ Hickman, Emily (January 1932). "Colonial Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 5 (1): 91.
^ Hickman, Emily. "Colonial Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 5 (1): 90–91.
^ Frese, Joseph R. (December 1957). "James Otis and Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 30 (4): 497.
^ Waters, John J.; Schutz, John A. (October 1967). "Patterns of Massachusetts Colonial Politics: The Writs of Assistance and the Rivalry between the Otis and Hutchinson Families". William and Mary Quarterly. 24 (4): 543.
^ Frese, Joseph R. (December 1957). "James Otis and Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 30 (4): 497–98.
^ Adams, John. Novanglus and Massachusettensis; or, Political Essays. Boston: Hews and Goss, 1819, p. 246.
^ Frese, Joseph R (December 1957). "James Otis and Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 30 (4): 499.
^ Frese, Joseph R. (December 1957). "James Otis and Writs of Assistance". New England Quarterly. 30 (4): 499.
^ http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1204.html
^ Ferguson, 1979
^ Samuelson, 1999
^ "James Otis, Jr". Geni. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Breen, T. H. “Subjecthood and Citizenship: The Context of James Otis’s Radical Critique of John Locke.” New England Quarterly 71, no. 3 (September 1998): 390
^ Drake, S.G. (1848). The New England Historical & Genealogical Register, Volume 2. p. 290. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Further reading
- Breen, T. H. "Subjecthood and Citizenship: The Context of James Otis's Radical Critique of John Locke," New England Quarterly (Sep., 1998) 71#3, pp. 378–403 in JSTOR
- Brennan, Ellen E. "James Otis: Recreant and Patriot," New England Quarterly (1979) 12:691–725 in JSTOR
- Clancy, Thomas K., "The Importance of James Otis," 82 Miss. L.J. 487 (2013).
- Farrell, James M. "The Writs of Assistance and Public Memory: John Adams and the Legacy of James Otis," New England Quarterly (2006) 79#4 pp. 533–556 in JSTOR
- Ferguson, James R. "Reason in Madness: The Political Thought of James Otis," William and Mary Quarterly, (1979): 36:194–214. in JSTOR
- Frese, Joseph R. "James Otis and the Writs of Assistance," New England Quarterly 30 (1957) 30:496–508 in JSTOR
- Pencak, William. "Otis, James" in American National Biography Online Feb. 2000
- Samuelson, Richard A. "The Constitutional Sanity of James Otis: Resistance Leader and Loyal Subject," Review of Politics (Summer, 1999), 61#3 pp. 493–523 in JSTOR
- Shipton, Clifford K. Sibley's Harvard Graduates, vol. 11 (1960), pp. 247–87, a short scholarly biography
- Waters, John J. Jr., The Otis Family in Provincial and Revolutionary Massachusetts (1968)
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External links
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James Otis Jr. at the Database of Classical Scholars- Full text of James Otis, the Pre-Revolutionist by John Clark Ridpath, from Project Gutenberg
James Otis at Find a Grave
Works by James Otis Jr. at Open Library
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^ Ferguson, James. "Reason in Madness: The Political Thought of James Otis". Omohundro Institute of Early American History. JSTOR 1922264. Missing or empty|url=(help)
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