錢莊




錢莊，在華南地區稱為銀號，有如現代存款銀行、財務公司，其業務包括信用貸款、抵押貸款、外幣找換、匯款等。



歷史


錢莊是中國銀行業之源頭，最早始于宋代的四川，是同世界上第一种纸质货币“交子”同时诞生的产物，称“兑换铺”、“交引铺”。进入明代后稱為「錢舖」（或錢肆）。清代乾隆年間江浙、福建開始以「钱庄」稱呼。官方文献最早出现“钱庄”一词是在清乾隆十年（1747年），福建巡抚周学健奏称：“但铺户奸良不一，应敕各州查明，该处钱庄若干，钱铺若干，造册”。


初時只是個體戶式經營，不設分店，資金來源自店主老闆家族信譽，接受顧客現金存款，發出庄票和錢票証明，此類文件有如貨物的提貨紙，可以不具名，跟隨在現金市場的商業貿易自由流通，有如現代紙幣。及後錢莊同業間互聯，等如開設各地的分行，方便提存、信貸、抵押市場因此興盛。



  • 1840年香港開埠之後至1880年代，香港也出現有錢莊式的銀行商號

  • 1853年，太平天國事變，清廷為籌集軍需，發行「戶部官票」和「大清寶鈔」，錢莊易業。

  • 1919年，山西省銀行成立，省政府的《取締各縣紙幣規則》，限制錢莊活動。

  • 1935年，軍閥混戰、國共內戰、日本援助滿州國等戰亂頻仍，錢莊逐漸沒落。

  • 1949年，因中國共產黨取得政權後，導致自宋代以來的錢莊結構在中國大陸基本消失。在台灣，錢莊的經營轉而成為缺乏政府監管的地下經濟，成為現在高利貸集團的雅稱。



相關




  • 明德銀號、嘉華銀號

  • 地下錢莊

  • 黑社會

  • 高利貸

  • 洗黑錢

  • 黑金政治


  • 山西票號



參考文獻



  1. 《金融話舊》洪葭管中國金融出版社

  2. 《晚清錢莊和票號研究》張國輝中華書局89年版

  3. 《山西票號研究集》山西財經學院山西票號史料課題組

  4. 《近代中國金融業管理》人總行金融研究所金融歷史研究組編

  5. 山西錢莊、當鋪、票號


  6. 香港歷史博物館2007年11月至2008年3月展覽：《從錢莊到現代銀行：滬港銀行業發展展覽》


  7. 星島日報2007年11月22日A19版《每日雜誌》版：《見證150年華洋錢莊興衰》








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