List of political parties in China




This article is about political parties in People's Republic of China. For political parties in Republic of China after 1949, see List of political parties in Taiwan.
























































China
National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
China




United Front




  • Political Consultative Conference

    • National Committee [zh]


      Chairman: Wang Yang


      Vice-Chairpersons
      Top-ranked: Zhang Qingli



      Secretary-General: Xia Baolong





  • Political parties:


    CPC (ruling)

    United Front Work Department
    Head: You Quan




    • RCCK

    • CDL

    • CDNCA

    • CAPD

    • CPWDP

    • CZGP

    • JS

    • TDSGL




  • Federation of Industry and Commerce

  • People's organizations





























  • Other countries

  • Atlas




  • v

  • t

  • e


China, officially the People's Republic of China, is formally a multi-party state under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in a United Front similar to the popular fronts of former Communist-era Eastern European countries such as the National Front of Democratic Germany.


Under the one country, two systems scheme, the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, which were previously colonies of European powers, operate under a different political system to the rest of China. Currently, both Hong Kong and Macau possess multi-party systems.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Relationships with the Communist Party


  • 2 Parties


    • 2.1 Current existing


    • 2.2 Suppressed parties


    • 2.3 Historical Republic of China




  • 3 References


  • 4 External links


  • 5 See also





Relationships with the Communist Party


In practice, only one political party holds effective power at the national level, namely the CPC. Its dominance is such that China is effectively a one-party state. Eight minor parties are part of the United Front and also take part in the political system, but they have limited power on a national level and are almost completely subservient to the CPC as they must accept the "leading role" of the CPC as a condition of their continued existence. The Chinese political system allows for the participation of some non-CPC members and minor parties in the National People's Congress (NPC), but they are vetted by the CPC. The Constitution of China states in the preamble: "The system of the multi-party cooperation and political consultation led by the Communist Party of China will exist and develop for a long time to come".[2]


Although opposition parties are not formally banned in China, the CPC maintains control over the political system in several ways.


First, only the people's congresses/assemblies up to the county level (or district under a municipality) are subject to direct popular vote. Even such a lower-level direct election can be highly controlled or managed by the CPC and higher level governmental bodies. Above the county level, one people's congress appoints the members of the next higher congress. This means that although independent members can theoretically and occasionally in practice get elected to county-level people's congresses, it is impossible for them to organize to the point where they can elect members above the county level without the approval of the CPC or to exercise oversight over executive positions at the lowest level in the hierarchy. This lack of effective power also discourages outsiders from contesting the people's congress elections even at the lowest level.


Second, although Chinese law has no formal provision for banning a non-religious organization, it also has no provision which would give non-CPC political parties any corporate status. This means that a hypothetical opposition party would have no legal means to collect funds or own property in the name of the party. More importantly, Chinese law also has a wide range of offenses which can and have been used against the leaders of efforts to form an opposition party such as the Democracy Party of China and against members of organizations that the CPC sees as threatening its power.[3][4] These include the crimes of subversion, sedition and revealing state secrets. Moreover, the control that the CPC has over the legislative and judicial processes means that the party can author legislation that targets a particular group.


Third, Article 1 of the Constitution defines China as a "people's democratic dictatorship" with "the socialist system" as its "basic system". It explicitly forbids "sabotage of the socialist system by any individual or organization".[5]



Parties



Current existing
















































































































English name
(abbreviation)
 Chinese name
(abbreviation)
 Date founded
 Existed
 Location founded
 Members
 Current leader
 Official website


Communist Party of China (CPC) – ruling party
 中国共产党 (中共)
 1 July 1921
7004356620000000000♠97 years, 233 days
Shanghai, China
 89,450,000
 General Secretary
Xi Jinping
 [6]


Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK)
 中国国民党革命委员会 (民革)
 1 January 1948
7004259820000000000♠71 years, 49 days
British Hong Kong
 127,930
 Chairman
Wan Exiang
 [7]


China Democratic League (CDL)
 中国民主同盟 (民盟)
 19 March 1941
7004284610000000000♠77 years, 337 days
Chongqing, China
 282,000
 Chairman
Ding Zhongli
 [8]


China Democratic National Construction Association (CDNCA)
 中国民主建国会 (民建)
 16 December 1945
7004267280000000000♠73 years, 65 days
Chongqing, China
 170,000
 Chairman
Hao Mingjin
 [9]


China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD)
 中国民主促进会 (民进)
 30 December 1945
7004267140000000000♠73 years, 51 days
Shanghai, China
 156,808
 Chairman
Cai Dafeng
 [10]


Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party (CPWDP)
 中国农工民主党 (农工党)
 9 August 1930
7004323360000000000♠88 years, 194 days
Shanghai, China
 145,000
 Chairman
Chen Zhu
 [11]


China Zhi Gong Party (CZGP)
 中国致公党 (致公党)
 10 October 1925
7004341000000000000♠93 years, 132 days
Los Angeles, California, United States
 48,000
 Chairman
Wan Gang
 [12]


Jiusan Society (JS)
 九三学社
 3 September 1945
7004268320000000000♠73 years, 169 days
Chongqing, China
 167,218
 Chairman
Wu Weihua
 [13]


Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TDSGL)
 台湾民主自治同盟 (台盟)
 12 November 1947
7004260320000000000♠71 years, 99 days
British Hong Kong
 3,000
 Chairman
Su Hui
 [14]


Suppressed parties


The following parties have been and are currently suppressed in China. Due to censorship and suppression, they most likely have their headquarters outside the Chinese mainland.



  • The Democracy Party of China (Chinese: 中国民主党) was founded by participants of the 1978 Chinese Democracy Wall Movement and the 1989 Democracy Movement. Founded in 1998, it was declared illegal that same year.[3][4]

  • The New Democracy Party of China (Chinese: 中国新民党) was founded by Guo Quan in Nanjing at the end of 2007.[3][4]

  • The Union of Chinese Nationalists (Chinese: 中国泛蓝联盟) aspires to the ideals of the Pan-Blue Coalition on Taiwan. As such, its values include establishing a liberal democracy in accordance with the Three Principles of the People. The group originated from an Internet forum discussion in August 2004 and was declared to be an illegal organization in September 2006.[15]

  • The Zhi Xian Party (Chinese: 至宪党), also known as the Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English. Founded by the supporters of Bo Xilai[16][17] in 2013 and banned in December of that year.[18][19]

  • The Chinese Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) (Chinese: 中国共产党（马列）) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by members of several Maoist Rebel Factions of Red Guard in Wuhan, Hubei. They believed it was illegal to arrest the Gang of Four and that the new leadership of the CPC is revisionist and unlawful. They were suppressed after the attempts of Armed Revolt also failed in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Canton and Yunnan.[20]

  • The Chinese Communist Party (Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army) (Chinese: 中国共产党（工农解放军）) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by members of a Maoist Rebel Faction of Red Guard in Fujian. They used the old fortifications built on the era of the Socialist Revolution and organized a partisan army named the "Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army″. [21]They announced that the new leadership of the CPC is revisionist and called for uprising and reestablished the Party Centeral Committee[22]. Their activities lasted until 1978.

  • The Maoist Communist Party of China (Chinese: 中国毛泽东主义共产党) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded on 2008. The party seeks to initiate a "second socialist revolution" to re-establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. It has been subject to crackdowns by the Chinese government.[23]

  • The Chinese Proletarian Revolutionary Central Committee (Chinese: 中国无产阶级革命中央委员会, abbreviated Chinese: 中革中央) is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in the 2010s by Zhou Qun (Chinese: 周群). The party leaders were numbers of rebel faction (Chinese: 造反派) during the Cultural Revolution and the committee core consisted of dozens of laid-off (Chinese: 大下岗) workers in Jiangsu, but it was suppressed after the police found their "provocative" online activities.[24]



Historical Republic of China


Main article: History of political parties in China

See also: List of political parties in Taiwan




Sun Yat-sen together with the members of the Singapore branch of the Tongmenghui


The Republic of China (ROC) was founded by the Kuomintang (KMT) leader Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1912. The Kuomintang's prior revolutionary political group, the Revive China Society, was founded on 24 November 1894. It later merged with various other revolutionary groups to form the Tongmenghui in 1905. In August 1911, the Tongmenghui further merged with various other political parties i]n Beijing to form the KMT. In July 1914, the KMT re-organized itself as the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Tokyo, Japan. In 1919, the party officially renamed itself as Kuomintang of China, which literally translates to Chinese Nationalist Party.[25] It was China's first major political party. In 1921, the Communist Party of China (CPC) was founded by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao in Shanghai as a study society and an informal network. Slowly, the CPC began to grow. These were the two major political parties in China during the time when the ROC ruled mainland China from 1911 to 1949.


During the Chinese Civil War, under the leadership of the CPC the People's Liberation Army defeated the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang in 1949. The Kuomintang had no choice but to leave mainland China and move to the island of Taiwan in 1945 from Japan, then fled there with the aim to retake mainland China and retained the name Republic of China even though the CPC claimed that it had ceased to exist after 1949.


This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.


  • Kuomintang

  • United Republic party

  • Unity Party

  • Progressive Party

  • Democratic Party

  • Republican Party

  • China Democratic Socialist Party

  • Chinese Youth Party

  • People Constitution Party

  • Association of Political Friendship

  • China Socialism Party

  • Citizen Party

  • Dazhong Party

  • Chongqing Communist Party

  • Oriental Communist Party

  • Chinese Youth Communist Party

  • Productive People's Party



References





  1. ^ Buckley, Roger (1997). Hong Kong: The Road to 1997. Cambridge University Press. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
    ISBN 0-521-46979-1.


  2. ^ "The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China". npc.gov.cn.


  3. ^ abc Gittings, John. The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. (2005). Oxford University Press.
    ISBN 0-19-280612-2.


  4. ^ abc Goldsmith, Jack L. and Wu, Tim (2006). Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. Oxford University Press.
    ISBN 0-19-515266-2.


  5. ^ "Constitution of China". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 28 December 2016.


  6. ^ "Info". english.cpc.com.cn.


  7. ^ "Info". minge.gov.cn.


  8. ^ "Info". dem-league.org.cn.


  9. ^ "Info". cdnca.org.cn.


  10. ^ "Info". mj.org.cn.


  11. ^ "Info". ngd.org.cn.


  12. ^ "Info". zg.org.cn.


  13. ^ "Info". 93.org.cn.


  14. ^ "Info". taimeng.org.cn.


  15. ^ "Chinese Pan-Blue Alliance Members Arrested". Epoch Times. 18 February 2008.


  16. ^ Moore, Malcolm. "Former teacher names Bo Xilai chairman of 'new political party'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 November 2013.


  17. ^ Benjamin Kang Lim and Ben Blanchard (9 November 2013). "Bo Xilai supporters launch new political party in China". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 10 November 2013.


  18. ^ Shao, Heng. "Bizarre China Report: The Grand Wedding, Power Play & Smog-Inspired Creativity". Forbes.


  19. ^ "北京民政局发出取缔"至宪党"决定". Deutsche Welle. 14 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2016.


  20. ^ Su, Yuan (2017). 1978-1979: Diary. China Cultural Communication Press.


  21. ^ "'四人帮'在福建打游击". 展望. 01. 1977-01-01.


  22. ^ "福建四人帮战讯". 展望. 1977-12-01.


  23. ^ Demick, Barbara (20 March 2012). "China puts a stop to Maoist revival". Los Angeles Times.


  24. ^ "Zhihu". zhihu.com.


  25. ^ "- 中國國民黨全球資訊網 KMT Official Website". 中國國民黨全球資訊網.




External links




  • List of Democratic Parties – People's Daily


  • Profile of Democratic Parties – Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference



See also




  • History of political parties in China

  • List of ruling political parties by country

  • List of political parties in Hong Kong

  • List of political parties in Macau

  • List of political parties in Taiwan











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