Common Language Runtime



























Program execution

General concepts


  • Code


  • Translation


    • Compiler
      • Compile-time


    • Optimizing compiler




  • Intermediate representation (IR)


  • Execution


    • Runtime system
      • Runtime


    • Executable

    • Interpreter

    • Virtual machine

Types of code


  • Source code

  • Object code

  • Bytecode

  • Machine code

  • Microcode

Compilation strategies



  • Just-in-time (JIT)
    • Tracing just-in-time



  • Ahead-of-time (AOT)

  • Transcompilation

  • Recompilation

Notable runtimes



  • Android Runtime (ART)


  • Common Language Runtime (CLR) & Mono

  • crt0

  • HHVM


  • Java virtual machine (JVM)

  • Objective-C


  • V8
    • Node.js


  • PyPy

  • Zend Engine

Notable compilers & toolchains



  • GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)


  • LLVM
    • Clang

  • v

  • t

  • e


The Common Language Runtime (CLR), the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework, manages the execution of .NET programs. A process known as just-in-time compilation converts compiled code into machine instructions which the computer's CPU then executes.[1] The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All programs written for the .NET framework, regardless of programming language, are executed by the CLR. All versions of the .NET framework include CLR. The CLR team was started June 13, 1998.


CLR implements the Virtual Execution System (VES) as defined in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) standard, initially developed by Microsoft itself. A public standard defines the Common Language Infrastructure specification.[2]




The CLR converts CIL (Common Intermediate Language) to native code.


























Overview of the Common Language Runtime release history[1]
CLR version
 .NET version
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
2.0
2.0, 3.0, 3.5
4
4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7


See also



  • Common Intermediate Language

  • List of CLI languages

  • Java virtual machine



References





  1. ^ ab "Common Language Runtime (CLR)". MSDN Library. Retrieved 14 November 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "ECMA C# and Common Language Infrastructure Standards". Visual Studio Developer Center. Retrieved 14 November 2013.




External links



  • Functions of Common Language Runtime

  • Components of Common Language Runtime

  • Components of CLR

  • Overview of the .NET Framework 4.0

  • .NET Framework Conceptual Overview











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