Austric languages

Austric
(controversial)
Geographic distribution	Southeast Asia, South Asia, Taiwan, Madagascar, East Asia
Linguistic classification	proposed language family
Subdivisions	Austroasiatic Austronesian Kra–Dai (sometimes) Hmong–Mien (sometimes) Ainu (rarely) Nihali (rarely) Japonic (sometimes)
Glottolog	None
Map of the Austric languages.

Austric^[1] is a large hypothetical grouping of languages primarily spoken in Southeast Asia and Pacific. It includes the Austronesian language family of Taiwan, the Malay Archipelago, Pacific Islands, and Madagascar, as well as the Austroasiatic language family of mainland Southeast Asia, India, Nepal and Bangladesh. The hypothesis of a genetic relationship between these two language families is not widely accepted among linguists.

Additional sometimes the Kra–Dai languages, the Japonic languages and the Hmong–Mien languages are included by some linguists.^[2][3] This proposal would be called Greater Austric languages.^[4][5]

Related proposals include Sino-Austronesian (Laurent Sagart) and Austro-Tai and Austro-Tai-Japanese (both from Paul K. Benedict).^[6]

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Classification schemes
  
  
  
  • 
    2.1 Starosta (2005)
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  3 Distributions
  


• 
  4 See also
  


• 
  5 References
  


• 
  6 Further reading
  


• 
  7 External links
  

History

The Austric superfamily was first proposed by the German missionary Wilhelm Schmidt in 1906. He showed phonological, morphological, and lexical evidence to support the existence of an Austric phylum consisting of Austroasiatic and Austronesian (in particular, Malayo-Polynesian), but the lexical evidence was considered to be tenuous by the larger linguistic community. Consequently, the Austric hypothesis has never gained wide acceptance. In 1942, Paul K. Benedict extended the Austric hypothesis to include the Kra–Dai languages, Japanese language and the Hmong–Mien (Miao–Yao) languages.

Despite the tenuous lexical evidence, the relationship of Austronesian with either Austroasiatic or Kra–Dai has many proponents to this day, mostly on morphological grounds. Some believe that recently discovered morphological similarities between Nicobarese and Austronesian constitute solid proof of a genetic relationship. Other researchers are still searching for the missing lexical link between Austronesian and Austroasiatic or Kra–Dai. Reid (2005) summarizes the present state of the Austric hypothesis.

Murray Gell-Mann, Ilia Peiros, and Georgiy Starostin maintain that the Austric hypothesis is less well supported than several other linguistic macrofamilies, including Sino-Caucasian, Eurasiatic, and Afroasiatic since "no detailed proto-Austric glossaries or equally detailed tables of correspondences between the various daughter branches of Austric have been produced."^[7] An expanded Greater-Austric has been suggested to include the Ainu languages and possibly the Nihali language though this is currently not a mainstream view.^[8] In contrast to these older proposals subsumed under the label Austric, an exclusive relationship of Austronesian with the Ongan languages (but not other Andamanese languages) has been suggested (Blevins 2007) but has no support by mainstream linguists.

Echoing part of Benedict's version of the Austric proposal, Kosaka (2002) argued specifically for a Miao–Dai family.^[9]

A 2015 analysis using the Automated Similarity Judgment Program resulted in support for the Austric and the Nostratic languages, where Japonic languages were most closely grouped with the Ainu and the Austroasiatic languages. Thought the linguist doing this research said himself that this program only compared today languages and not the proto-languages. Thus it can be not used to classify the origin of the languages.^[10]

Classification schemes

The following classification scheme, proposed by Paul K. Benedict, is the most commonly accepted one. Hmong–Mien languages are occasionally included, but are often rejected from the Austric superfamily.

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Austric	Hmong–Mien  (?)        Austroasiatic         Kra–Dai         Austronesian       Japanese-Ryukyuan

Sergei Starostin, however, splits Austric into two main branches. The Austric branch would be considered to be most closely related to Dené–Caucasian, forming a Dene-Daic super-family:^[11]

Austric	Hmong–Mien       Austroasiatic       Austro‑Tai     Kra–Dai       Austronesian

Starosta (2005)

Stanley Starosta (2005)^[12] includes Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Kra–Dai, Austroasiatic, and Hmong–Mien as part of an East Asian superphylum, which he also alternatively refers to as Sino-Tibetan–Austronesian ("STAN") (see also Sino-Austronesian languages). Unlike Benedict's Austric family, Starosta's East Asian family includes Sino-Tibetan. Starosta (2005) considers Proto-East Asian to have been a disyllabic (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by Peiligang culture and Cishan culture millet farmers on the North China Plain (specifically the Han River, Wei River, and central Yellow River areas).

• 
  East Asian
  
  
  
  • 
    Austronesian
    
    
    
    • Formosan
    
    
    • Extra-Formosan
      
      
      
      • Kra–Dai
      
      
      • Malayo-Polynesian
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian
    
    
    
    • Sino-Tibetan
    
    
    • Yangzian
      
      
      
      • Austroasiatic
      
      
      • Hmong–Mien
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  

Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in Proto-Tibeto-Burman and Proto-Austronesian, as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as Nicobaric.^[13]

• *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'


• *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'


• *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'


• *n(V)- 'perfective'

The linguist Juha Janhunen found during his analysis of Asian languages strong similarities between proto-Japanese and language like Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai and Hmong-Mien languages. He says, similar to Vovin, that proto-Japanese originated somewhere in southeast China or the Shandong peninsula.^[14]

Distributions

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• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Distribution of Kra–Dai languages
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Distribution of Austroasiatic languages
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Distribution of Hmong–Mien languages
  

  
  

  
  


• 
  

  

  
  

  
  

  Distribution of Austronesian languages
  

  
  

  
  

See also

• Classification schemes for Southeast Asian languages


• Haplogroup O-M175#Languages families and genes


• Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area

References

1. 
   ^ http://ehl.santafe.edu/EhlforWeb.pdf
   


2. 
   ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1930). ""Die Beziehungen der austrischen Sprachen zum Japanischen", 'The connections of the Austric languages to Japanese'". Wiener Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik. 1: 239–51.
   


3. 
   ^ Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Karoma. ISBN 9780897200783..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


4. 
   ^ !MOTHER TONGUE - JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN PREHISTORY by Wilhelm Schmidt 1999
   


5. 
   ^ Driem, George van (2001). Handbuch Der Orientalistik. BRILL. ISBN 9004120629.
   


6. 
   ^ Solnit, David B. (1992). "Japanese/Austro-Tai By Paul K. Benedict (review)". Language. 68 (1): 188–196. doi:10.1353/lan.1992.0061. ISSN 1535-0665.
   


7. 
   ^ Gell-Mann, Murray; Peiros, Ilia; Starostin, George (2009). "Distant Language Relationship: The Current Perspective" (PDF). Journal of Language Relationship. 1: 13–30.
   


8. 
   ^ Bengtson, John (2010). "The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis" (PDF).
   


9. 
   ^ Kosaka, Ryuichi (2002). "On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family" (PDF). Mon-Khmer Studies. 32: 71–100.
   


10. 
    ^ Gerhard Jäger, "Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted sequence alignment." PNAS vol. 112 no. 41, 12752–12757, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1500331112. Published online before print September 24, 2015.
    


11. 
    ^ van Driem, George (2005). "Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory" (PDF). In Yadava, Yogendra P. Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics. Linguistic Society of Nepal. pp. 285–338. ISBN 978-99946-57-69-8. (see page 309)
    


12. 
    ^ Starosta, Stanley. 2005. "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of the languages of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific." Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench & Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 182–197.
    


13. 
    ^ Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33(2):323-344.
    


14. 
    ^ ユハ・ヤンフネン 「A Framework for the Study of Japanese Language Origins」『日本語系統論の現在』(pdf) 国際日本文化センター、京都、2003年、477-490頁。
    

Further reading

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

• Benedict, Paul K. 1976. Austro-Thai and Austroasiatic. In: Philip N. Jenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta, eds., Austroasiatic Studies, Part I, pp. 1–36. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press.


• Blazhek, Vaclav. 2000. Comments on Hayes "The Austric Denti-alveolar Sibilants". Mother Tongue V:15-17.


• 
  Blevins, Juliette (2007). "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands". Oceanic Linguistics 46 (1): 154–198.


• 
  Blust, Robert. 1996. Beyond the Austronesian homeland: The Austric hypothesis and its implications for archaeology. In: Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, ed. by Ward H.Goodenough,
  ISBN 978-0-87169-865-0 DIANE Publishing Co, Collingdale PA, 1996, pp. 117–137. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86.5. (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society).


• Blust, Robert. 2000. Comments on Hayes, "The Austric Denti-alveolar Sibilants". Mother Tongue V:19-21.


• 
  Diffloth, Gerard F. 1989. What Happened to Austric? Mon–Khmer Studies XVI-XVII:1-9.


• Diffloth, Gerard. 1994. The lexical evidence for Austric so far. Oceanic Linguistics 33(2):309-321.


• Fleming, Hal. 2000. LaVaughn Hayes and Robert Blust Discuss Austric. Mother Tongue V:29-32.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 1992. On the Track of Austric, Part I: Introduction. Mon–Khmer Studies XXI:143-77.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 1997. On the Track of Austric, Part II: Consonant Mutation in Early Austroasiatic. Mon–Khmer Studies XXVII:13-41.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 1999. On the Track of Austric, Part III: Basic Vocabulary Correspondence. Mon–Khmer Studies XXIX:1-34.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2000. The Austric Denti-alveolar Sibilants. Mother Tongue V:1-12.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2000. Response to Blazhek's Comments. Mother Tongue V:33-4.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2000. Response to Blust's Comments. Mother Tongue V:35-7.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2000. Response to Fleming's Comments. Mother Tongue V:39-40.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2001. On the Origin of Affricates in Austric. Mother Tongue VI:95-117.


• Hayes, La Vaughn H. 2001. Response to Sidwell. Mother Tongue VI:123-7.


• Larish, Michael D. 2006. Possible Proto-Asian Archaic Residue and the Statigraphy of Diffusional Cumulation in Austro-Asian Languages. Paper presented at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, 17–20 January 2006, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.


• Reid, Lawrence A. 1994. Morphological evidence for Austric. Oceanic Linguistics 33(2):323-344.


• Reid, Lawrence A. 1996. The current state of linguistic research on the relatedness of the language families of East and Southeast Asia. In: Ian C. Glover and Peter Bellwood, editorial co-ordinators, Indo-Pacific Prehistory: The Chiang Mai Papers, Volume 2, pp . 87-91. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 15. Canberra: Australian National University.


• Reid, Lawrence A. 1999. New linguistic evidence for the Austric hypothesis. In Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, ed. by Elizabeth Zeitoun and Paul Jen-kuei Li, pp. 5–30. Taipei: Academia Sinica.


• Reid, Lawrence A. 2005. The current status of Austric: A review and evaluation of the lexical and morphosyntactic evidence. In The peopling of East Asia: putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics, ed. by Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas. London: Routledge Curzon.


• Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1906. Die Mon–Khmer-Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens [The Mon–Khmer Peoples, a Link between the Peoples of Central Asia and Austronesia]. Archiv für Anthropologie, Braunschweig, new series, 5:59-109.


• Schmidt, Wilhelm. 1930. Die Beziehungen der austrischen Sprachen zum Japanischen [The Connections of the Austric Languages to Japanese]. Wien Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik 1:239-51.


• Shorto, H. L. 1976. In Defense of Austric. Computational Analyses of Asian and African Languages 6:95-104.


• Sidwell, Paul. 2001. Comments on La Vaughn H. Hayes' "On the Origin of Affricates in Austric". Mother Tongue VI:119-121.


• Van Driem, George. 2000. Four Austric Theories. Mother Tongue V:23-27.

External links

• Phonologies of selected Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages


• Glossary of purported lexical links among Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages


• Papers on the Austric hypothesis

Word lists

• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: Austronesian, Tai–Kadai, Hmong–Mien, Austro-Asiatic word lists


• 
  Comparative Tai–Kadai and Hmong–Mien Swadesh vocabulary lists (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

v t e Austroasiatic languages
Bahnaric	North Jeh Halang Kayong Kaco’ Takua Monom Todrah Sedang Rengao Hrê Duan Katua West Lavi Jru' Laven Su' Juk Nyaheun Sapuan Oi Brao Central Alak Tariang Tampuan Bahnar South Chrau Koho Stieng Ra’ong Mnong Mel-Khaonh Thmon East Cua
Katuic	Katu Phuong Bru Kuy Pacoh Ta’Oi
Vietic	Viet-Muong Vietnamese Mường Nguồn Cuoi Cuoi Chutic Thavưng Chứt Arem Maleng Kri
Khmuic	Khmu Mlabri Phai Mal Ksingmul O’du Phray Phong Khao
Palaungic	Danau Palaung Riang Lamet Kiorr Kuan Tai Loi Angkuic Hu U Man Met Mok Muak Sa-aak Va Waic Blang Lawa Wa Meung Yum Savaiq Bit-Khang Bit Quang Lam Kháng Bumang
Khasic	Khasi Pnar War Lyngngam
Mangic	Mang Bolyu Bugan
Khmeric	Khmer Northern Khmer Western Khmer Khmer Khe
Pearic	Pear Suoi Saoch Western Chong Central Chong (Samre) Somray (Samre of Siem Reap) Kasong
Monic	Mon Nyah Kur
Aslian	(Proto-Aslian) Jahaic Cheq Wong Batek Jahai Jedek Minriq Mintil Kintaq Kensiu Ten'edn Wila' Senoic Semai Temiar Lanoh Sabüm Semnam Jah Hut Jah Hut Semelaic Temoq Semelai Semaq Beri Mah Meri (unclassified) Kenaboi
Nicobaric	Car Chaura Teressa Central Nicobarese Nancowry Camorta Katchal Southern Nicobarese Shompen?
Munda	North Korku Korwa Santali Turi Birhor Mundari Ho Koda Kol Asur Birjia Agariya South Kharia Juang Gta’ Remo Gutob Gorum Sora Juray Lodhi
Proto-languages	Proto-Austroasiatic

v t e Kra–Dai languages
Kra	(Proto-Kra) Laha Gelao Lachi Paha Buyang En Qabiao
Kam–Sui	(Proto-Kam–Sui) Mulam Kam (Dong) Cao Miao Naxi Yao Sanqiao Then Maonan Chadong Sui Mak Ai-Cham
Biao–Lakkia	Biao Lakkia
Hlai	(Proto-Hlai) Hlai Cun
Jiamao	Jiamao
Be–Jizhao	Be Jizhao
Tai (Zhuang)	(Proto-Tai) Northern Standard Zhuang Bouyei Hezhang Buyi Yei Zhuang Longsang Zhuang E Saek Tai Yo (Nyaw) Yoy Tai Pao Central Nong Zhuang Dai Zhuang Min Zhuang Yang Zhuang Pyang Zhuang Myang Zhuang Nung Tày Tsʻün-Lao Southwestern (Thai) Northwestern Shan Tai Ya Tai Nuea Tai Long Tai Hongjin Khamti Tai Laing Tai Phake Tai Aiton Khamyang Ahom Turung Lao–Phutai Lao Phu Thai Isan Nyaw Lao Nyo Kaloeng Chiang Saen Thai (Siamese) Northern Thai Tai Daeng Tai Dón Tai Hang Tong Tai Lue Tai Dam Khun Phuan Thai Song Tày Tac Southern Southern Thai (other) Sapa Pa Di Tai Muong Vat Tai Thanh Tai Khang Yong Kuan (mixed) Caolan
(mixed origins)	Hezhang Buyi E Caolan Sanqiao Jiamao
proposed groupings	Kam–Tai

v t e Hmong–Mien languages
(Proto-language)	Proto-Hmong-Mien
Hmongic	Bahengic Pa-Hng Hm Nai Sheic She Kiong Nai Pa Na Younuo? West Hmongic Hmong Small Flowery Xixiu A-Hmao Mashan Guiyang Mo Piu Huishui Pingtang Luobohe Gejia Bu-Nao Xong Xong Hmuic Hmu Raojia Ná-Meo
Mienic	Iu Mien Biao Mon Kim Mun Biao Min Dzao Min
Mixed languages	Lingling Maojia Badong Yao Yeheni Sanqiao Shehua Younian

v t e Austronesian languages
Formosan Rukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanabu Saaroa Northern Formosan Atayalic Atayal Seediq Northwest Formosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † East Formosan Ketagalan † Basay † Kavalan Amis Siraya † Southern Puyuma Paiwan Bunun
Malayo-Polynesian Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Batanic (Bashiic) ? Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Ilokano Pangasinan Ibanag Arta Isnag Atta Itawis Yogad Cagayan Aeta Gaddang Ga'dang Northern Alta Southern Alta Isinai Itneg Kalinga Ifugao Tuwali ? Balangao Bontok-Finallig Kankanaey Ilongot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Dicamay Agta † Central Luzon Kapampangan Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambali Remontado Agta (Sinauna) Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater Central Philippine Southern Mindoro Buhid Hanuno'o Tawbuid Central Philippine Tagalog Visayan Cebuano Hiligaynon Waray Tausug Kinaray-a Aklanon Capiznon Asi Ati Bantayanon Baybayanon Boholano Butuanon Caluyanon Cuyunon Kinabalian Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Surigaonon Bikol Central Bikol Albay Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisakol Masbatenyo South Sorsogon (Gubat) Central Sorsogon (Masbate) Unclassified Sulod Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka Palawan Aborlan Tagbanwa Palawan Batak Palawano Mindanao Maguindanao Maranao Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kagayanen Kinamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Subanen Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo- Mongondow Bolango Buol Bintauna Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Suwawa Mongondow Ponosakan Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Bagobo B'laan T'boli Tiruray Sangiric Sangirese Talaud Bantik Ratahan Minahasan Tonsawang Tontemboan Tombulu Tondano Tonsea Unclassified Umiray Dumaget Manide-Inagta Inagta Alabat Manide Other western branches North Bornean Sabahan Ida'an Bonggi Brunei Bisaya Tatana (Sabah Bisaya) Lotud Dusun Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Gana' Kota Marudu Talantang Kinamaragang (Momogun) Klias River Kadazan Coastal Kadazan Yakan Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Sungai Keningau Murut Okolod Tagol Paluan Selungai Murut Timugon Bookan Abai Papar Kalabakan Sembakung Serudung Nonukan Tidong Unclassified Dumpas Molbog North Sarawakan Kenyah (Bakung) Sebob Tutoh Uma' Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Unclassified Bintulu Melanau-Kajang Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Basap Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayan-Murik Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bekati' Sara Lara' Bukar Sadong Rejang Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyadu' Sanggau Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dihoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama-Bajaw ? Abaknon Bajaw Sama Pangutaran Sama Malayo-Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Sundanese Madurese Kangean Madurese Malayo-Chamic Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat (Utsat) Malayic Bamayo Banjar Brunei/Kedayan Malay Berau Malay Bangka Malay Balau Bengkulu Col Duano' Haji Iban Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay (Yawi) Kendayan Keninjal Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Johore-Riau Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian) Minangkabau Musi Mualang Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Remun Sarawak Malay Seberuang Sebuyau Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Bali–Sasak Balinese Sasak Sumbawa Northwest Sumatran Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Mandailing Lampungic Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Celebic Andio Badaic Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lawa Lemolang Maiwa (Sulawesi) Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Tae' Talondo' Taman Toraja-Sa'dan Ulumanda' Moken Moken dialects Javanese Arekan Banyumasan Mataraman Kawi (Old Javanese) Kedu Osing Tenggerese Unclassified Chamorro Hukumina † Palauan Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian Central Malayo-Polynesian Sumba–Flores Bima Sumba-Manggarai Sumba Hawu ? Dhao ? Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Ende-Manggarai Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepo' Wae Rana Palu'e Ende-Li'o Nage Ke'o Ngad'a Rongga So'a Flores-Lembata Kedang Sika-Lamaholot Sika Lamaholotic Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamaholot Alorese Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei-Tanimbar Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timor-Babar Timoric ? Kemak Tukudede Mambai Idalaka Dawan Amarasi Helong Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Tetum Bekais Wetar Galoli Luang Makuva Babar West Damar ? Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Tela'a Unclassified Naueti Kairui Waimoa Midiki Kowiai Kowiai Central Maluku ? Teor-Kur West Central Maluku Ambelau Buru Lisela Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Central Maluku {Navbox Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano (Moluccas) Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian linkages Halmahera–Cenderawasih Oceanic languages
Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers ? indicates classification dispute † indicates extinct status

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