Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers






The Dai-Ichi Seimei Building which served as SCAP headquarters, c. 1950


The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) (originally briefly styled Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers[1]) was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Allied occupation of Japan following World War II.


In Japan, the position was generally referred to as GHQ (General Headquarters), as SCAP also referred to the offices of the occupation, including a staff of several hundred U.S. civil servants as well as military personnel. Some of these personnel effectively wrote a first draft of the Japanese Constitution, which the National Diet then ratified after a few amendments. Australian, British, Indian, and New Zealand forces under SCAP were organized into a sub-command known as British Commonwealth Occupation Force.


These actions led MacArthur to be viewed as the new Imperial force in Japan by many Japanese political and civilian figures, even being considered to be the rebirth of the shōgun-style government[2] which Japan was ruled under until the start of the Meiji Restoration. Biographer William Manchester argues that without MacArthur's leadership, Japan would not have been able to make the move from an imperial, totalitarian state, to a democracy. At his appointment, MacArthur announced that he sought to "restore security, dignity and self-respect" to the Japanese people.[3]




Contents






  • 1 Welfare programs


  • 2 War crimes issues


  • 3 Media censorship


  • 4 End of SCAP


  • 5 References


  • 6 Further reading





Welfare programs


One of the largest of the SCAP programs was Public Health and Welfare, headed by U.S. Army Colonel Crawford F. Sams. Working with the SCAP staff of 150, Sams directed the welfare work of the American doctors, and organized entirely new Japanese medical welfare systems along American lines. The Japanese population was physically badly worn down, doctors and medicines were very scarce, sanitary systems had been bombed out in larger cities. His earliest priorities were in distributing food supplies from the U.S. Millions of refugees from the defunct overseas Empire were pouring in, often in bad physical shape, with a high risk of introducing smallpox, typhus and cholera. The outbreaks that did occur were localized, as emergency immunization, quarantine, sanitation, and delousing prevented massive epidemics. Sams, who was promoted to Brigadier General in 1948, worked with Japanese officials to establish vaccine laboratories, reorganize hospitals along American lines, upgrade medical and nursing schools, and bring together Japanese, international, and U.S. teams that dealt with disasters, child care, and health insurance. He set up an Institute of Public Health for educating public health workers and a National Institute of Health for research, and set up statistical divisions and data collection systems.[4]



War crimes issues


SCAP arrested 28 suspected war criminals on account of crimes against peace, but it did not conduct the Toyko trials; the International Military Tribunal for the Far East handled that.[5][6] President Harry Truman had negotiated Japanese surrender on the condition the Emperor would not be executed or put on trial. SCAP carried out that policy.[7]


As soon as November 26, 1945, MacArthur confirmed to admiral Mitsumasa Yonai that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary.[8] Before the war crimes trials actually convened, SCAP, the IPS and Shōwa officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility.[9]


As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, MacArthur also decided not to prosecute Shiro Ishii and all members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On May 6, 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as "War Crimes" evidence."[10] The deal was concluded in 1948.[11]


According to historian Herbert Bix in Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save the Emperor from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war."[12]



Media censorship


Above the political and economic control SCAP had for the seven years following Japan's surrender, SCAP also had strict control over all of the Japanese media, under the formation of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) of SCAP. The CCD eventually banned a total of 31 topics from all forms of media.[2] These topics included:



  • Criticism of SCAP (individuals and the organization).

  • All Allied countries.

  • Criticism of Allied policy pre- and post-war.

  • Any form of imperial propaganda.

  • Defense of war criminals.

  • Praise of "undemocratic" forms of government, though praise of SCAP itself was permitted.

  • The atomic bomb.


  • Black market activities.

  • Open discussion of allied diplomatic relations (Soviet Union–United States relations).


Although some of the CCD censorship laws considerably relaxed towards the end of SCAP, some topics, like the atomic bomb, were taboo until 1952 at the end of the occupation.



End of SCAP


MacArthur was succeeded as SCAP by General Matthew Ridgway when MacArthur was relieved by President Harry S. Truman during the Korean War in April 1951. When the Treaty of San Francisco came into effect on April 28, 1952, the post of SCAP lapsed.



References





  1. ^ We, the Japanese people, p. 360, Dale M. Hellegers, Stanford University Press, 2002


  2. ^ ab Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, p. 341.


  3. ^ Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. Little, Brown and Company. p. 472. ISBN 0-316-54498-1..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  4. ^ Crawford F. Sams, "Medic": The Mission of an American Military Doctor in Occupied Japan and Wartorn Korea (1998)


  5. ^ Timothy P. Maga, Judgment at Tokyo: The Japanese War Crimes Trials (2001).


  6. ^ Yuki Tanaka; et al. (2011). Beyond Victor's Justice? The Tokyo War Crimes Trial Revisited. BRILL. pp. 149–50.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)


  7. ^ Paul Ham (2014). Hiroshima Nagasaki: The Real Story of the Atomic Bombings and Their Aftermath. St. Martin's Press. pp. 79–80.


  8. ^ Dower, p. 323.


  9. ^ Dower, p. 325.


  10. ^ Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony, 2003, p. 109


  11. ^ Drayton, Richard (May 10, 2005) "An Ethical Blank Cheque: British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American war making Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine., the Guardian.


  12. ^ Bix, p. 545.




Further reading




  • Bix, Herbert P. (2000). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. New York: HarperCollins.
    ISBN 978-0-06-019314-0;
    OCLC 247018161


  • Dower, John W. (1999). Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II. New York: W. W. Norton.
    ISBN 978-0-393-04686-1;
    OCLC 39143090

  • Gold, Hal. (2003). Japan's Wartime Human Experimentation and the Post-War Cover-up. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.
    ISBN 978-4-900737-39-6;
    OCLC 422879915

  • Lind, Jennifer. (2008). Sorry States: Apologies in International Politics Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
    ISBN 978-0-8014-4625-2;
    OCLC 214322850


  • Manchester, William (1978). American Caesar. New York: Little, Brown and Company, pp 459–544.
    ISBN 0-316-54498-1

  • Japanese Press Translations Collection from Dartmouth College Library




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