Mixing
Moroni, Comoros
Moroni موروني Mūrūnī | |
|---|---|
 Moroni in early July 2008 | |
  Moroni Location of Moroni on the island of Grande Comore | |
| Coordinates: 11°41′56″S 43°15′22″E / 11.699°S 43.256°E / -11.699; 43.256Coordinates: 11°41′56″S 43°15′22″E / 11.699°S 43.256°E / -11.699; 43.256 | |
| Country |  Comoros |
| Island | Grande Comore |
| Capital city | 1962 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 30 km2 (10 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 29 m (95 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 54,000 |
| • Density | 1,800/km2 (4,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (Eastern Africa Time) |
| Area code(s) | 269 |
Moroni (Arabic: موروني Mūrūnī) is the largest city, federal capital and seat of the government of the Union of the Comoros, a sovereign archipelago nation in the Indian Ocean. In Comorian, Moroni translates as "in the heart of the fire", perhaps alluding to the city's location at the foot of Mount Karthala, an active volcano.[citation needed][1] Moroni is the capital of the semi-autonomous island Grande Comore, the largest of the three main islands of the republic. The city's estimated population in 2003 was 41,557 residents.[2] Moroni, which lies along the Route Nationale 1, has a port and several mosques such as the Badjanani Mosque.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Landmarks
2.2 Environment
2.2.1 Climate
2.2.2 Mount Karthala
2.2.3 Wildlife
2.3 Demographics
3 Economy and infrastructure
3.1 Transport
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History
Moroni's earliest history is poorly known. The earliest secure evidence for settlement in the Comoros Islands comes no earlier than the 7th century, with Bantu-speaking agriculturalists.[3] Ceramic finds from the 7th to 10th century demonstrate that the Islands were part of the developing Swahili civilization.[4] The 11th century Egyptian "Book of Curiosities" identifies the Comoros Islands as part of the Zanj coast, indicting the islands' participation in the broader Indian Ocean world.[5] Moroni was a well established Swahili town by the late medieval period, widely engaged in trade networks throughout the Indian Ocean. The city's oldest mosque, built in 1427, is a testament to the city's wealth, contemporary with the golden ages of other Swahili cities.[6]
An agreement on broad autonomy to the three islands was refused by the Anjouan representatives which resulted in an eruption of violence affecting Moroni in April 1999,[citation needed] during which Colonel Azali Assoumani assumed power in a coup d'état.[7] In December 2003, the Moroni Agreement on Transition Agreements was signed by the island presidents of the Union of Comoros.[7] In the run up to the 2006 elections, the government-owned Radio Ngazidja and private station Moroni FM were raided by armed assailants and forced off the air temporarily.[8] In 2010, the U.S. Navy's Seabees constructed Hamramba School in Moroni as a humanitarian project, in partnership with the local military and Comoros' federal government; construction methods included mixing concrete by hand before using buckets and wheel barrels to move the concrete to the school site.[9]
Geography
Itsandra beach
The city is on the western coast of Grande Comore (also known as N'gazidja) island.[citation needed] Moroni has a rocky volcanic coastline, mostly without beaches. A small beach north of town at Itsandra contains the ruins of the Sultans Fort and Palace, built in the 15th century.[citation needed] Settlements to the north of Moroni include Ntsoudjini, Ouellah, Bahani, Batsa, Vanambouani and Vanadjou, and to the south are Mvouni, Daoueni and Selea.
Landmarks
Badjanani Mosque
The historic town centre, the Medina, contains a maze of narrow alleys and ancient buildings of Swahili period but is poorly maintained. The old city centre is based on Zanzibar's Stone Town, but is smaller. There are many mosques, notably the Badjanani Mosque pr Ancienne Mosquée de Vendredi (old Friday mosque), which is the oldest mosque in the Medina.[2][10] It was originally built in 1427, and a minaret was added in 1921.[11] The 300-seat theatre of the Alliance Franco-Comorienne serves as a venue for national and international performances, ceremonies, conferences, film screenings, and seminars. Other venues include the 700-seat Al-Kamar, the 500-seat Palais du Peuple, and the 300-seat Foyer des Jeunes de Foumbouni.[12]
Moroni has many shopping centres, a few hotels and also a nightclub. The nearby Karthala volcano is also an attraction for hiking when the volcano is dormant.[13] In the port area apart from the mosque, the other attraction is the Historical and Literary Museum. In the outskirts of the city there is a fishing village which is well known for the Coelacanth fish species.[14]
Environment
Climate
Moroni features a tropical rainforest climate (Af ), with generally heavy precipitation throughout the year—only October sees on average less than 100 mm (4 in) of rain (roughly 98 mm (3.9 in)). The average annual rainfall is 2,700 millimetres (110 in) and it rains during all months of the year. The monsoon season lasts from November to April. Humidity is in the range of 69 to 79 percent. Moroni's average temperatures throughout the year are relatively constant with a high in the range of 32–34 °C (90–93 °F) and a low in the range of 14–20 °C (57–68 °F). The region experiences frequent cyclones and as the islands are located more than 10 degrees below the equator in the western part of the Indian Ocean, the climate is generally termed as "maritime tropical".[15][citation needed]
| Climate data for Moroni, Comoros | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 34 (93) | 34 (93) | 35 (95) | 34 (93) | 33 (91) | 32 (90) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 31 (88) | 33 (91) | 34 (93) | 36 (97) | 36 (97) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.4 (86.7) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.1 (82.6) | 29.1 (84.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.8 (87.4) | 29.5 (85.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 19.6 (67.3) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 20.3 (68.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.2 (70.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 20 (68) | 17 (63) | 14 (57) | 14 (57) | 14 (57) | 15 (59) | 16 (61) | 18 (64) | 19 (66) | 14 (57) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 364 (14.3) | 293 (11.5) | 279 (11.0) | 316 (12.4) | 256 (10.1) | 266 (10.5) | 244 (9.6) | 150 (5.9) | 108 (4.3) | 97 (3.8) | 108 (4.3) | 219 (8.6) | 2,700 (106.3) |
| Average rainy days | 18 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 167 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 79 | 77 | 76 | 74 | 69 | 66 | 65 | 65 | 70 | 73 | 69 | 72 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 187 | 177 | 225 | 192 | 232 | 231 | 236 | 232 | 221 | 237 | 230 | 212 | 2,612 |
| Source #1: World Meteorological Organization[15] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: BBC weather,[16]Danish Meteorological Institute (sun and relative humidity, 1931–1960)[17] | |||||||||||||
Mount Karthala
Moroni is situated at the foot of Mount Karthala, 10 kilometres (6 miles) northwest from the volcano's crater. The 2,361-metre (7,746 ft) high active volcano is reported to be one of the largest active volcanoes in the world, with a diameter of about 1 mile (1.6 km),[citation needed] and erupting approximately every eleven years over the past two hundred years.[18] The eruption of 2005 caused displacement of a large number of people due to volcanic ash.[19]
Wildlife
The volcano which forms the backdrop of the Moroni city has numerous bird species including Comoro pigeon, Karthala scops owl, Comoro cuckoo-roller, Comoro drongo, Comoro thrush, Comoro bulbul, Humblot's flycatcher, Comoro cuckoo-shrike, Kirk's white-eye, Karthala white-eye, Comoro brush-warbler, Comoro green sunbird, and Comoro fody.[20]
Demographics
Moroni in 1908
As of 2011[update], Moroni had a population of about 54,000. Sunni Muslims account for 98%, and there is a minority of Roman Catholics. Arabic and French are the official languages while Comorian, which is a Bantu language closely related to Swahili and heavily influenced by Arabic, is also spoken.[19]
Economy and infrastructure
Goods produced on the island are vanilla, cacao, coffee, soft drinks, processed and distilled essential oils, metal and wood products, and processed pozzolana (cement); these are exported from the port.[2] The tourist infrastructure is poorly developed. Financial institutions include Banque Centrale des Comores, Banque de Development des Comores, and Banque pour Industries et le Commerce.[citation needed] Towards the south of Moroni are several markets, including the old market and the Dubai Market (Marche Dubai).
Transport
Moroni Harbour
The country's civil aviation authority, Ministère des Postes et Télécommunications de la Promotion des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication chargé des Transports et du Tourisme, is located in Moroni, as is the National Agency of Civil Aviation and Meteorology.[21]
Moroni is served by the Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport (airport code: HAH), located at Hahaia, about 15 km (9 mi) north of the town. However, there are no direct flights to Europe. It is a civilian airport at an elevation of 28 m and has a paved runway which has dimensions of 2900 x 45 meters.[22] Airlines which operate international flights to this airport are Air Austral, Kenya Airways, South African Airways, Air Mauritius, Egyptair and Qatar Airways covering many countries. However, between the islands the local airlines, Air Services Comores and Comores Aviation operate.[13]
On 30 June 2009, Yemenia Flight 626, en route from Yemen to Moroni, crashed into the Indian Ocean with 153 passengers and crew on board, many from France.[23]
Moroni Port in the foreground
There is a major harbour though small in size with regular transport to the African mainland and the other islands in the Comoros archipelago,[13] as well as Madagascar and other Indian ocean islands.[19] The port is a small quay of 80 metres (260 ft) with a draught of 3.5 metres (11 ft), and hence is not suitable for large ships to enter as coral reefs pose a threat to safety. It supports a maximum vessel size of 150 metres (490 ft). The channel depth is 24.4 metres (80 ft), with an anchorage depth of 23.2 metres (76 ft), a cargo pier depth of 4.9 metres (16 ft) and a terminal depth of 4.9 metres (16 ft).[24] Within the harbour's mini industrial zone, a local container terminal was managed by Gulfcom Port Management SA during the period of 2006-2012, after which Bolloré Africa Logistics won the concession and it will partner with Cofipri, a Luxembourg investment company.[25] Storage facilities such as warehouses have been established to facilitate imports and exports and also for petroleum storage.[2][26]
See also
References
^ "Introducing Moroni". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 30 September 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ abcd Encyclopædia Britannica. "Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
^ Crowther, et al. "Coastal Subsistence, Maritime Trade, and the Colonization of Small Offshore Islands in Eastern African Prehistory." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 11:211–237, 2016
^ Fleisher, Jeremy, et al. "Ceramics and the Early Swahili: Deconstructing the Early Tana Tradition." African Archaeology Review (2011) 28:245–278
^ Horton, Mark. "The Swahili Corridor Revisited." African Archaeological Review June 2018, Volume 35, Issue 2, pp 341–346."
^ Michael Hodd (1994). East African Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 686.
^ ab Union of the Comoros: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. International Monetary Fund. 2009. p. 19.
^ Karlekar & Marchant 2008, p. 106.
^ Morris, Gregg (June 30, 2010). "Hamramba School Opens in Moroni, Comoros Islands". United States Navy. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ "Lonely Planet review for Arab Quarter". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Michael Hodd (1994). East African Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 686. ISBN 978-0-8442-8983-0.
^ Rubin 1999, p. 77.
^ abc "Flights to Comoros". Saflights. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Wendy Canning Church (1 January 1999). Aqua Expeditions: Great global hot spots for scuba diving and snorkeling. W.C. Church. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-9643711-1-8.
^ ab "World Weather Information Service – Moroni". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
^ "Average Conditions - Moroni". BBC. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
^ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Comorerne - Ile Moroni" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 70. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
^ REUTERS (January 14, 2007). "Volcano Stirs on Main Comoros Island". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ abc "Africa ComorosWorld Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Sinclair & Langrand 2003, p. 26.
^ "ISO Country Code – KM" (PDF). FAA. 29 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ "Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport". Great Circle mapper. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ Thorpe. The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual 2010 (New Edition). Pearson Education India. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-81-317-2766-9.
^ "Port of Moroni". Fleetmon. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ "Moroni Agency". Delmas. Archived from the original on 7 October 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
^ Peoples of Africa: Burkina Faso-Comoros. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. pp. 99–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7160-8.
Bibliography
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Karlekar, Karin Deutsch; Marchant, Eleanor (2008). Freedom of the Press 2007: A Global Survey of Media Independence. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5582-2.
Rubin, Don (January 1999). The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Arab world. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-05932-9.
Sinclair, Ian; Langrand, Olivier (2003). Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-956-2.
External links
Media related to Moroni at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Moroni at Wikimedia CommonsAuthority control  |
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