Organisation of African Unity

For the successor organization, see African Union.

Organisation of African Unity Organisation de l'Unité Africaine
1963–2002
Flag Emblem
Capital	n/a a
Secretary-general
• 1963–1964	Kifle Wodajo
• 1964–1972	Diallo Telli
• 1972–1974	Nzo Ekangaki
• 1974–1978	William Eteki
• 1978–1983	Edem Kodjo
• 1983–1985	Peter Onu
• 1985–1989	Ide Oumarou
• 1989–2001	Salim Ahmed Salim
• 2001–2002	Amara Essy
History
• Charter	25 May[citation needed] 1963
• Disbanded	9 July 2002
Preceded by Succeeded by Casablanca Group Monrovia Group African Union
a Headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU; French: Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA)) was established on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with 32 signatory governments.^[1] It was disbanded on 9 July 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki, and replaced by the African Union (AU). Some of the key aims of the OAU were to encourage political and economic integration among member states, and to eradicate colonialism and neo-colonialism from the African continent. Although it achieved some success, there were also differences of opinion as to how that was going to be achieved.

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 Aims
  


• 
  3 Criticism and praises
  


• 
  4 Agencies
  


• 
  5 List of Chairpersons
  


• 
  6 List of Secretaries-general
  


• 
  7 OAU Summits
  


• 
  8 OAU members by date of admission (53 states)
  


• 
  9 See also
  


• 
  10 References
  


• 
  11 Further reading
  

History

See also: Union of African States and History of the African Union

The OAU was founded in May 1963^[2] in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia by 32 African states with the main aim of bringing the African nations together and resolve the issues within the continent.^[2] Its first ever conference was held on 1st May 1963^[3] at Addis Ababa.^[3][2] In that conference, the late Gambia historian, and one of the leading Gambian nationalists and Pan-Africanists at the time—Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof delivered a speech in front of the member states—in which he said:

"It is barely 75 years when the European Powers sat round the table in Germany each holding a dagger to carve up Africa for its own benefit.… Your success will inspire and speed up the freedom and total independence of the African continent and eradicate imperialism and colonialism from the continent and eventually neo-colonialism from the globe… Your failure, which no true African in Africa is praying for, will prolong our struggle with bitterness and disappointment. I therefore adjure that you ignore any suggestion outside Africa and holding that the present civilization, which some of the big powered are boasting of, sprang up from Africa, and realising that the entire world has something earthly to learn from Africa, you would endeavour your utmost to come to agreement, save Africa from the clutches of neo-colonialism and resurrect African dignity, manhood and national stability."^[3]

Aims

The OAU had the following primary aims:

Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie with President of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser in Addis Ababa for the Organisation of African Unity summit, 1963.

• To co-ordinate and intensify the co-operation of African states in order to achieve a better life for the people of Africa.^[1]
  


• To defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of African states.


• The OAU was also dedicated to the eradication of all forms of colonialism and white minority rule as, when it was established, there were several states that had not yet won their independence or were white minority-ruled. South Africa and Angola were two such countries. The OAU proposed two ways of ridding the continent of colonialism and white minority rule. Firstly, it would defend the interests of independent countries and help to pursue the independence those of still-colonised ones. Secondly, it would remain neutral in terms of world affairs, preventing its members from being controlled once more by outside powers.

A Liberation Committee was established to aid independence movements and look after the interests of already-independent states. The OAU also aimed to stay neutral in terms of global politics, which would prevent them from being controlled once more by outside forces – an especial danger with the Cold War.

Part of a series on the
History of the African Union
History of Africa Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the African Union Union Launch
v t e

The OAU had other aims, too:

• Ensure that all Africans enjoyed human rights.


• Raise the living standards of all Africans.


• Settle arguments and disputes between members – not through fighting but rather peaceful and diplomatic negotiation.

Soon after achieving independence, a number of African states expressed a growing desire for more unity within the continent. Not everyone was agreed on how this unity could be achieved, however, and two opinionated groups emerged in this respect:

• 
  The Casablanca bloc, led by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, wanted a federation of all African countries. Aside from Ghana, it comprised also Algeria, Guinea, Morocco, Egypt, Mali and Libya. Founded in 1961, its members were described as "progressive states".


• 
  The Monrovian bloc, led by Senghor of Senegal, felt that unity should be achieved gradually, through economic cooperation. It did not support the notion of a political federation. Its other members were Nigeria, Liberia, Ethiopia and most of the former French colonies.

Some of the initial discussions took place at Sanniquellie, Liberia. The dispute was eventually resolved when Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I invited the two groups to Addis Ababa, where the OAU and its headquarters were subsequently established. The Charter of the Organisation was signed by 32 independent African states.

At the time of the OAU's disbanding, 53 out of the 54 African states were members; Morocco left on 12 November 1984 following the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as the government of Western Sahara in 1982.

Criticism and praises

The organisation was widely derided as a bureaucratic "talking shop" with little power. It struggled to enforce its decisions, and its lack of armed force made intervention exceedingly difficult. Civil wars in Nigeria and Angola continued unabated for years, and the OAU could do nothing to stop them.

The policy of non-interference in the affairs of member states also limited the effectiveness of the OAU. Thus, when human rights were violated, as in Uganda under Idi Amin in the 1970s, the OAU was powerless to stop them.

The Organisation was praised by Ghanaian former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan for bringing Africans together. Nevertheless, in its 39 years of existence, critics argue that the OAU did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it as a "Dictators' Club"^[4] or "Dictator's Trade Union".

The OAU was, however, successful in some respects. Many of its members were members of the UN, too, and they stood together within the latter organisation to safeguard African interests – especially in respect of lingering colonialism. Its pursuit of African unity, therefore, was in some ways successful.

Total unity was difficult to achieve, however, as the OAU was largely divided. The former French colonies, still dependent on France, had formed the Monrovia Group, and there was a further split between those that supported the United States and those that supported the USSR in the Cold War of ideologies. The pro-Socialist faction was led by Kwame Nkrumah, while Félix Houphouët-Boigny of the Ivory Coast led the pro-capitalists. Because of these divisions, it was difficult for the OAU to take action against states involved in internal conflicts because it could rarely reach an agreement on what was to be done.

The OAU did play a pivotal role in eradicating colonialism and white minority rule in Africa. It gave weapons, training and military bases to rebel groups fighting white minority and colonial rule. Groups such as the ANC and PAC, fighting apartheid, and ZANU and ZAPU, fighting to topple the government of Rhodesia, were aided in their endeavours by the OAU. African harbours were closed to the South African government, and South African aircraft were prohibited from flying over the rest of the continent. The UN was convinced by the OAU to expel South Africa from bodies such as the World Health Organization.

The OAU also worked with the UN to ease refugee problems. It set up the African Development Bank for economic projects intended to make Africa financially stronger. Although all African countries eventually won their independence, it remained difficult for them to become totally independent of their former colonisers. There was often continued reliance on the former colonial powers for economic aid, which often came with strings attached: loans had to be paid back at high interest-rates, and goods had to be sold to the aiders at low rates.

The USA and USSR intervened in post-colonial Africa in pursuit of their own objectives. Help was sometimes provided in the form of technology and aid-workers. Despite the fight to keep "Westerners" (Colonialists) out of African affairs, the OAU has failed to achieve to meet goals set up to advocate African affairs. The Organisation still heavily depends on Western help (Military and Economic) to intervene in African affairs despite African leaders displeasure dealing with the international community especially Western Countries.

Agencies

Autonomous specialised agencies, working under the auspices of the OAU, were:

• 
  Pan-African Telecommunications Union (PATU)


• 
  Pan-African Postal Union (PAPU)


• 
  Pan-African News Agency (PANA)


• 
  Union of African National Television and Radio Organisations (URTNA)


• 
  Union of African Railways (UAR)


• 
  Organisation of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU)


• Supreme Council for Sports in Africa


• African Civil Aviation Commission

List of Chairpersons

Main article: Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity

List of Secretaries-general

Main article: Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity

OAU Summits

Egypt's president Nasser at the Cairo summit 1964

International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
Campaigns Academic boycott Sporting boycott Disinvestment Constructive engagement Free South Africa Movement International anti-apartheid music
Instruments and legislation 1962 UN Resolution 1761 1973 Crime of Apartheid Convention 1977 Gleneagles Agreement 1977 Sullivan principles 1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
Organisations Anti-Apartheid Movement Artists United Against Apartheid Commonwealth of Nations Halt All Racist Tours Organisation of African Unity TransAfrica UN Special Committee against Apartheid
Conferences 1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions 1978 World Conference against Racism
UN Security Council Resolutions Resolution 134 (Sharpeville massacre) Resolution 181 (voluntary arms embargo) Resolution 191 (sanctions feasibility) Resolution 282 (arms embargo strengthening) Resolution 418 (mandatory arms embargo) Resolution 435 (South-West Africa ceasefire) Resolution 591 (arms embargo strengthening)
Other aspects Elimination of Racism Day "Biko" (song) Activists Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute Equity television programming ban Rugby union and apartheid
v t e

African Union
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the African Union
Institutions Casablanca Group Union of African States Organisation of African Unity African Economic Community African Unification Front
Executive Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Conference and Events Peace & Sec. Pol. Affairs Infra. & Energy Soc. Affairs HR, Sci., & Tech. Trade and Industry Rural Econ. & Agri. Economic Legal Counsel Executive Council Rep. Committee
Legislature Pan-African Parliament President Bureau Secretariat List of members Permanent Committees Rural Econ., Agri., Resources, Environ. Monetary & Financial Trade, Customs, & Immigration Cooperation, IR, & Conflict Transport, Industry, Communications,   Energy, Science, & Tech. Health, Labour, & Social Educ., Culture, Tourism, & HR Gender, Family, Youth, Disabilities Justice & Rights Rules, Privileges, & Discipline
Judiciary Sirte Declaration Constitutive Act of the AU Law Charter on Rights Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights Justice and Human Rights Court of Justice Court on Human and Peoples' Rights List of judges
Advisory bodies Peace and Security Council Economic, Social and Cultural Council Specialised Technical Committees Rural Econ., Agri. Monetary & Financial Trade, Customs, and Immigration Industry, Sci. & Tech., Energy, Natural Resources, & Environment Transport, Comm., Tourism Health, Labor, Social Edu., Culture, & Human Resources
Financial bodies AEC Pillars (Abuja Treaty) CEN-SAD COMESA EAC ECCAS/CEEAC CEMAC ECOWAS UEMOA WAMZ IGAD SADC SACU AMU/UMA African Central Bank African Monetary Union African Investment Bank New Partnership for Africa's Development African Peer Review Mechanism
Decentralised bodies Agencies of the AU
Related topics Enlargement Foreign relations TerrAfrica partnership
Other countries Atlas
v t e

Host City	Host Country	Date
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	22–25 May 1963
Cairo	Egypt	17–21 July 1964
Accra	Ghana	21–26 October 1965
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	5–9 November 1966
Kinshasa	Democratic Republic of the Congo	11–14 September 1967
Algiers	Algeria	13–16 September 1968
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	6–10 September 1969
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	1–3 September 1970
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	21–23 June 1971
Rabat	Morocco	12–15 June 1972
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	27–28 May 1973
Mogadishu	Somalia	1974
Kampala	Uganda	28 July – 1 August 1975
Port Louis	Mauritius	2–6 July 1976
Libreville	Gabon	2–5 July 1977
Khartoum	Sudan	18–22 July 1978
Monrovia	Liberia	17–20 July 1979
Freetown	Sierra Leone	1–4 July 1980
Nairobi	Kenya	24–27 June- 1981
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	6–12 June 1983
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	12–15 November 1984
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	18–20 July 1985
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	28–30 July 1986
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	27–29 July- 1987
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	Extraordinary Summit: October 1987
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	25–28 May 1988
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	24–26 July 1989
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	9–11 July 1990
Abuja	Nigeria	3–5 July 1991
Dakar	Senegal	29 June – 1 July 1992
Cairo	Egypt	28–30 June 1993
Tunis	Tunisia	13–15 June 1994
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia	26–28 June 1995
Yaoundé	Cameroon	8–10 June 1996
Harare	Zimbabwe	2–4 June 1997
Ouagadougou	Burkina Faso	8–10 June 1998
Algiers	Algeria	12–14 July 1999
Sirte	Libya	Extraordinary Summit 6–9 September 1999
Lomé	Togo	10–12 July 2000
Lusaka	Zambia	9–11 July 2001, the last OAU summit

OAU members by date of admission (53 states)

  Indicates no longer member

Date	Countries	Notes
25 May 1963[citation needed]	Algeria
	Burundi
	Cameroon
	Central African Republic
	Chad
	Congo
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1971–97 Zaire
	Dahomey	From 1975 Benin
	Egypt
	Ethiopia
	Gabon
	Ghana
	Guinea
	Ivory Coast	From 1985 Côte d'Ivoire
	Liberia
	Libya
	Madagascar
	Mali
	Mauritania
	Morocco	Withdrew 12 November 1984 protesting the membership of Western Sahara. Morocco however rejoined the African Union in January, 2017, 33 years after its withdrawal.[5]
	Niger
	Nigeria
	Rwanda
	Senegal
	Sierra Leone
	Somalia
	Sudan
	Tanganyika	Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 November 1964.
	Togo
	Tunisia
	Uganda
	Upper Volta	From 1984 Burkina Faso
	Zanzibar	Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which was renamed Tanzania 1 November 1964.
13 December 1963	Kenya
13 July 1964	Malawi
16 December 1964	Zambia
October 1965	Gambia
31 October 1966	Botswana
	Lesotho
August 1968	Mauritius
24 September 1968	Eswatini
12 October 1968	Equatorial Guinea
19 November 1973	Guinea-Bissau
11 February 1975	Angola
18 July 1975	Cape Verde
	Comoros
	Mozambique
	São Tomé and Príncipe
29 June 1976	Seychelles
27 June 1977	Djibouti
1 June 1980	Zimbabwe
22 February 1982	Western Sahara
3 June 1990	Namibia
24 May 1993	Eritrea
6 June 1994	South Africa

See also

• 
  African Parliamentary Union (APU), another inter-parliamentary institution only of some African countries (non-members are Eritrea, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Sahrawi Republic)^[6]
  


• Bamako Convention


• Casablanca Group


• Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa


• List of Linguistic Rights in Constitutions (Africa)


• Monrovia Group


• MPAIAC


• Pan-Africanism

• 
  Africa portal
  


• 
  AU portal
  


• 
  Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof portal
  

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organisation of African Unity.

References

1. 
   ^ ^ab "Department of International Relations and Cooperation - South Africa". www.dfa.gov.za. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


2. 
   ^ ^abc Jaynes, Gerald D., Encyclopedia of African American Society, Volume 1 (contributors: Thomson Gale (Firm), Sage Publications), SAGE (2005), p. 672,
   ISBN 9780761927648 [1] Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine
   


3. 
   ^ ^abc The Point Newspaper : (Cham Joof's speech). Archived 2011-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
   


4. 
   ^ "BBC NEWS - World - Africa - African Union replaces dictators' club". news.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2006.
   


5. 
   ^ "{title}". Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
   


6. 
   ^ "African Parliamentary Union". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
   

Further reading

• "OAU After Twenty Years" Pub. Praeger;
  ISBN 0-03-062473-8; (May 1984)


• "Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAU in Chad, 1981-1982" by Terry M. Mays, Pub. Praeger;
  ISBN 0-275-97606-8; (30 April 2002)


• "African Exodus: Refugee Crisis, Human Rights, & the 1969 OAU Convention" by Chaloka Beyani, Chris Stringer, Pub. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights;
  ISBN 0-934143-73-0; (July 1995)


• 
  CEC.rwanda2.free.fr, Report on the Rwandan Genocide in 2000.


• 
  Black-king.net, Emperor Haile Selassie I speaks at the OAU conference, Addis Ababa, 1963

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v t e Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
Biography	Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
Youth and education	St. Mary’s Kings School The Gambia Scout Association Wolf Cub Scout Wood Badge (award) St Augustine’s High School University of the Gambia (lecturer)
Politics and trade unionism	Bathurst Trade Union Bread and Butter Demonstration (1959) Democratic Party (Gambia) Democratic Congress Alliance Gambia Congress Party Gambia Workers' Union Gambia nationalism Organisation of African Unity Pan-Africanism People's Progressive Party (Gambia)
Books and manuscripts	Gambia, Land of our heritage The history of the Banjul Mosque Senegambia, The land of our heritage The history of the Bushell. Origin of The Gambia Chamber of Commerce & Industries Getting to know The Gambia Reviving a culture that had refused to die (1995) The calendar of historical events in The Gambia, 1455-1995 (1995) The Research Committee of Mbootaayi Xamxami Wolof The Centenary of Muhammedan School, 1903–2003. The First School Built by Muslim Community in Bathurst. A Memory Lane. The lives of the Great Islamic Scholars and Religious leaders of Senegambia. (November 1998) Banjul, The Gambia From: Freedom. To: Slavery. The evil that men do. Lives after them. Alex Haley’s "Roots" The century of historic events in The Gambia. Third Edition, 1900–1999 Ethnic groups of The Gambia. 1990 The history of Fanal (January 1991) Party politics in The Gambia, 1945-1970 The visit of the venerable Sheikh Alhaji Sekou Umar (Futi) Taal, Njol Futa to The Gambia. A visit which illuminates a whole nation Know your country, General knowledge, Questions Know your country, General knowledge, Answers The Adventurer The traditional way of life in Gambian society The root cause of the bread and butter demonstration, s.n. (1959) Banjul Daemba 1816-1999 Tagator (1999)
Media and broadcasting	Radio Gambia Radiodiffusion Télévision Sénégalaise Chossani Senegambia (radio programme) Columnist The Daily Observer (Weekend Observer) The Point
Organisations founded or co-founded	Central Council of Youths (progenitor of The Gambia National Youth Council) Gambia Development Company Bathurst Studios The Gambia Farmers Poultry and Fishermen Union Mbootaayi Xamxami Wolof (The Wolof Wisdom’s Association) Education Through Culture and Communication Organisation (ECCO)
Relatives	Alboury Ndiaye (great-grand-uncle) Bai Konte (cousin by marriage) Bai Modi Joof (brother) Dembo Konte Kebba Tamsir Njie (nephew) Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop (great-grand-uncle) Maba Diakhou Bâ (great-grand-uncle through marriage) Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Pap Cheyassin Secka (nephew) Tamsier Joof (nephew) See also Joof family Index of Joof dynasty
Index	Category:Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof
Related articles	Dawda Jawara Edward Francis Small History of the Gambia History of Senegal History of Senegambia topics Reverend John Colley Faye (J.C. Faye) Pierre Sarr N'Jie History of Senegambia topics Serer people Wolof people Cham Joof category Cham Joof portal

Authority control	BNF: cb11865217d (data) GND: 2748-0 ISNI: 0000 0001 2151 5191 LCCN: n79133801 NKC: ko2007396193 SUDOC: 027580474 VIAF: 125181801 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 125181801

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