坟墓





Disambig gray.svg  「坟」重定向至此。關於中國作家鲁迅的一本論文集《坟》，詳見「坟 (鲁迅)」。

COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Offeren op een Chinees graf te Pematangsiantar Noord-Sumatra TMnr 10003145.jpg

墳墓或墓穴（又稱塚、冢），是指一个人死亡后被埋葬的地方。下葬前多数会有一场葬礼。除了人类坟墓，世上也有动物坟墓。


霍桑的小說《紅字》寫新殖民地的建设者，一開始便是設立第一座監獄以及圈出第一個墳場，幾乎是同時進行的。日本歷史上的一個時代名叫古墳時代，就是以該時代的代表性建築古墳而命名的。西都原古墳群有311座各式各樣的古墳是日本最大的古墳群。中國古时称墓之封土成丘者为坟，平者为墓。新石器时代即有墓地。殷墟发现有妇好墓，周原发现黄堆墓。早期的墓並無坟丘，《易·系辞传下》说：“古之葬者，厚衣之以薪，藏之中野，不封不树。”刘向认为“殷汤无葬处，文武周公葬于毕，秦穆公葬于雍橐泉宫祈年馆下，樗里子葬于武库，皆无丘垅之处。”[1]。商周时有所謂的“族坟墓”制度，反映宗法制度的存在[2]。战国之後，贵族墓与平民墓交错相并，象徵族坟墓制度走向瓦解。


中國有大量的古冢。例如湖北省随州市的西北郊發現擂鼓墩古墓群。亂葬崗是由於戰爭、瘟疫或天災，或屠殺，導致大量人員死亡，當時草草掩埋以致後來白骨磷磷。亂葬崗會不經意被發現。有时候，坟墓下隐含着一些重要线索，以供考古学家研究某时代的生活与文化。在某一些宗教，信徒认为只有把死者埋葬，才可以保存尸体，让灵魂生存。風水認為先祖墳墓對後代子孫的運勢、壽命和健康等都有關聯。華人通常會在每年的清明節等時分掃墓，祭拜、清理祖先墓園，緬懷先人。



注釋





  1. ^ 刘向《谏成帝营陵寝疏》：“黄帝葬于桥山，尧葬济阴，丘陇皆小，葬具甚微。文、武、周公葬于毕，秦穆公葬于雍橐泉宫祈年馆下，皆无丘陇之处。此圣帝明王、贤君智士远览独虑无穷之计也。”


  2. ^ 《周礼·地官·大司徒》：“安万民，一曰媺宫室，二曰族坟墓。”




参看



  • 陵墓

  • 掃墓


  • 海底墓穴：公元6世紀時在加勒比海生活的盧卡揚人的墓葬方式，由潛水員把死者以特定方式放在海底墓穴裡。






维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：坟墓


维基文库标志


维基文库中相关的原始文献：
墳墓設置管理條例






规范控制


  • AAT: 300005907

  • GND: 4021716-4



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