缅甸语













































缅甸语

မြန်မာဘာသာ myanma bhatha
区域
 緬甸
 泰國
 孟加拉国
 老挝
 马来西亚
 新加坡
 澳大利亚
 美國
母语使用人数
总人数：3200万
第二语言：1000万（日期不详）
語系

汉藏语系

  • 藏缅语族

    • 缅彝语群

      • 缅语支
        • 缅甸语
文字
缅文
官方地位
作为官方语言
 緬甸
管理机构
缅甸语委员会
語言代碼
ISO 639-1
my
ISO 639-2
bur （B）
mya （T）
ISO 639-3
mya





本页面包含缅文字母，部分操作系统及浏览器需要特殊字母与符号支持才能正確显示为缅文字母，否则可能出现乱码、问号、空格等其它符号。

缅甸语（မြန်မာဘာသာ）属汉藏语系藏缅语族，以仰光音为标准。它是缅甸联邦的官方语言，在該國有大约3200万人使用，而且在孟加拉国、马来西亚、泰国、美国也有少量分布。


缅甸语共有33个辅音，並与母音拼合组成音节。它一共有四个声调，分别是高平、高降、低平和短促。


缅甸文字的特征是它呈圆形，這是因為古時候的緬甸文是書寫在棕櫚葉上的，必須設計圓弧形的筆劃才能避免劃破葉面。字符的構成是以輔音字母與元音拼合後形成音節符號。




目录






  • 1 古缅甸语和仰光话之间的历史演变


  • 2 羅馬字拼寫法舉隅


  • 3 音系


    • 3.1 声调


    • 3.2 韻尾




  • 4 辅音


  • 5 參考文獻


  • 6 參考資料


  • 7 參見


  • 8 外部連結





古缅甸语和仰光话之间的历史演变


缅甸文在某种程度上代表古缅甸语，因此可以用缅甸文的罗马转写来推测古缅甸文的发音，从此也可以看出其与仰光话之间的巨大的区别。



羅馬字拼寫法舉隅



  • Baranathee

  • Duzzaraik

  • Dzedi

  • Kium

  • Magga

  • Manh

  • Mar

  • Mat

  • Miemmo

  • Migadawon

  • Namau

  • Nat

  • Neimmo

  • Migadawon

  • Namau

  • Nat

  • Neibban

  • Niria

  • Pathanadi

  • Phungee

  • Ptetzega

  • Pitagat

  • Prachadi

  • Racior rathee

  • Radzagio

  • Rahan

  • Raoula



音系



声调


古缅甸语有三个声调，但其在12世纪的确切音值不清楚，仰光话的发音是：



  • 第一声：高降调53（在开音节中，用短元音符号表示，在闭音节中，在基本辅音之下加一个点）

  • 第二声：低平调11（在开音节中，用长元音符号表示，在闭音节中，没有特殊的符号）

  • 第三声：高平调55（在音节后加双点符号：）


古缅甸文的塞音韵尾演变成喉塞音，成为第四个声调。



韻尾


古緬甸語的陽聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合并爲一個鼻音-ɴ，仰光話拉丁轉寫用-n表示。古緬甸語的入聲韻的韻尾在現代仰光話中一律合并爲一個喉塞音-ʔ，仰光話拉丁轉寫用-t表示。



辅音



























































缅甸语仰光话的辅音系统


双唇音
齿音
齿龈音
舌面音
和软颚音
硬颚音和
唇化舌根音
喉音
 无发音部位

塞音和塞擦音
.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}
pʰ
p
b

tʰ
t
d

tʃʰ
tʃ
dʒ

kʰ
k
g

ʔ
  

鼻音

m̥
m

n̥
n

ɲ̥
ɲ

ŋ̊
ŋ
  

~ （鼻化元音）

擦音
  

θ
(ð)

sʰ
s
z

ʃ
  

h
  

半元音
  

(r)

j

(ʍ)
w
  

边音
  

l̥
l
  


參考文獻


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  • Julie D. Allen; 等 (编). 11. Southeast Asian Scripts. The Unicode Standard Version 6.1 – Core Specification (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. April 2012: 368–373. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3. 


  • Aung-Thwin, Michael. The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8. 


  • Aung Bala. Contemporary Burmese literature. Contributions to Asian Studies. 1981, 16. 


  • Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten. Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences (PDF). Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007 [2010-08-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-27）. 


  • Benedict, Paul K. Tonal Systems in Southeast Asia. Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society). Oct–Dec 1948, 68 (4). JSTOR 595942. doi:10.2307/595942. 


  • Bradley, David. Pronouns in Burmese–Lolo (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area (Melbourne: La Trobe University). Spring 1993, 16 (1). 


  • Bradley, David. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, 编. Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1. 


  • Bradley, David. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas 1. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9. 


  • Bradley, David. Uncles and Aunts: Burmese Kinship and Gender (PDF). South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London). 1989: 147–162. 


  • Bradley, David. 9. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. (编) Martin J. Ball. The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World (PDF). Routledge. 2010: 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-07-16）. 


  • Bradley, David. Reflexives in Burmese (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: studies in Burmese languages (Australian National University). 1995, (A-83): 139–172. 


  • Bradley, David. Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography. SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013]. 


  • Bradley, David. The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman. Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 171–192. 


  • Chang, Charles Bond. “High-Interest Loans”: The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A.论文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24]. 


  • Chang, Charles B. English loanword adaptation in Burmese (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2009, 1: 77–94. 


  • Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925. 


  • Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6. 


  • Hill, Nathan W. Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 2012, 110 (1): 64–79. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x. 


  • Hnin Tun, San San. Burmese Phrasebook. Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8. 


  • Houtman, Gustaaf. Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990. 


  • Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy, 编. Pitch register languages. Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986. 


  • Khin Min, Maung. Old Usage Styles of Myanmar Script. Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. 1987 [2008-07-29]. 


  • Lieberman, Victor B. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7. 


  • Nishi, Yoshio. The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 30 October 1998, 23 (1): 253–260. [永久失效連結]


  • Nishi, Yoshio. The Orthographic Standardization of Burmese: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Speculations (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 31 March 1998, 22: 975–999. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年10月22日）. 


  • Okell, John. Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. 


  • Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4. 


  • San San Hnin Tun. Discourse Marking in Burmese and English: A Corpus-Based Approach (PDF) (Thesis). University of Nottingham. 2006 [2013-10-20]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-21）. 


  • Taw Sein Ko. Elementary Handbook of the Burmese Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924. 


  • Taylor, L. F. On the tones of certain languages of Burma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (Cambridge University Press). 1920, 1 (4). JSTOR 607065. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685. 


  • Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin. Languages in contact: The case of English and Burmese. The Journal of Burma Studies. 1999, 4. 


  • Wheatley, Julian. 12. Burmese. (编) Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood. Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1. 


  • Aung Zaw. Tell the World the Truth. The Irrawaddy (Chiang Mai). September 2010, 18 (9). （原始内容存档于2010-09-18）. 


  • Wheatley, Julian K. Burmese. (编) B. Comrie (ed.). Handbook of the world's major languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987: 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3. 


  • Yanson, Rudolf A. Nathan Hill, 编. Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. 2012: 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0. 


  • Yanson, Rudolf. Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz, 编. Chapter 3. Language. Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar (LIT Verlag Münster). 1994: 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9. 




參考資料






  • Becker, Alton L. Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb. (编) E. M. Bruner (ed.). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55. 


  • Bernot, Denise. Le prédicat en birman parlé. Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 （法语）. 


  • Cornyn, William Stewart. Outline of Burmese grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944. 


  • Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968. 


  • Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; and Sigrid Lew. Paper presented at the 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012. 


  • Green, Antony D. Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. (编) J. Watkins (ed.). Studies in Burmese linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2. 


  • Okell, John. A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8. 


  • Roop, D. Haigh. An introduction to the Burmese writing system. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3. 


  • Taw Sein Ko. Elementary handbook of the Burmese language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924. 


  • Watkins, Justin W. Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122. 


  • Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (编). South East Asia Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0. 


  • Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation. Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016. 




參見


  • 白狼王歌


外部連結






维基百科提供如下语言版本：
缅甸语维基百科





维基词典有此种语言版本：
缅甸语维基词典





维基孵育场的維基教科書語言試驗版：
缅甸语試驗版




關於一系列與缅甸语有關的詞語，參見維基詞典上缅甸语的詞語目錄



  • 维基导游中有關Burmese phrasebook的旅遊指南

  • Omniglot: Burmese Language

  • Learn Burmese online

  • Online Burmese lessons


  • Burmese language resources from SOAS


  • E-books for children with narration in Burmese. Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21]. 

  • Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center

  • Myanmar 3 font and keyboard


  • Burmese online dictionary (Unicode)

  • Ayar Myanmar online dictionary

  • Myanmar unicode character table


  • Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip Ka Naung Converter Engine


Template:Burmese language
Template:Languages of Burma





规范控制


  • GND: 4120159-0

  • NDL: 00560676



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