音位降階




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音位降阶
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ꜜ◌

国际音标编号
517
编码
HTML码 十进制
ꜜ
Unicode 十六进制
U+A71C

音位降階（downstep）在語音學上是用以表示聲調語言中音節與字詞之間，其聲調裡的音位或語音「向下轉移」之特性。西非的語言上音位降階已是廣為人所知曉的，但是日語（一種非聲調、非重音的語言）之音調重音現象卻也和非洲語言裡的音位降階特性非常類似。音位降階是對比於一般比較少出現的音位升階之語音特徵。在國際音標裡，音位降階的符號是一個上標的向下指箭頭，它在Unicode中為ꜜ。




目录






  • 1 降階機制


    • 1.1 契維語


    • 1.2 日語




  • 2 參見


  • 3 參考文獻





降階機制


音位降階可以出現在有相同音位聲調的序列之間。



契維語


在加纳的契維語裡，當兩個中階的聲調出現在一塊時，第二個調子比起第一個調子來得低些。因此，"向下轉移"的特性在下降浮動與聲調台階的語音結構上扮演著很重要的角色。


音位降階可以發生在低聲調的語音省略之時，或者出現在一種浮動聲調的型態裡，且會隨後留下一個比起其它語音來是比較低位準的聲調。在班巴拉語裡有這樣一個例子。在這種語言裡，定冠詞是以一種浮動的低聲調型態來表現。而名詞是獨立出現，且連接上一個母音，在將一個高聲調轉成下降聲調時語義變化如例所示：[bá](意即「河流」)對比於[bâ](意即「這條河流」)。然而，當音位降階現象出現在兩個高聲調之間，它會降低接下來的聲調，語義變化如例所示：[bá tɛ́](意即「它不是一條河流」)、[bá ↓ tɛ́](意即「它不是所指的河流」)等。



日語


参见：日語音高重音

日語的音調重音也有類似型態特徵的出現。大約有80%的日語字彙有一個平滑的上升音調，有些情形也如法語一樣，上升音調能夠繼續出現在接下來沒有重音的語法性不變詞(質詞)上頭。不過，一個字詞在音拍之間可以有音調的下降，或者說在不變詞之前音調就已經下降了。以「かき」(kaki) 的同音詞為例：


























IPA

/kaꜜki/

/kakiꜜ/

/kaki/


[kákì]

[kàkí]

[kàkí]
日語漢字
 牡蠣 垣
柿
意思
 牡蠣 籬笆
柿子

獨立來看字義的變化情形是像這樣的，第一個單字為「高—低」音調，而第二及第三個單字為「低—高」音調的同音異義字。然而，當後面接著表示主語的格助詞「が」(ga) 時，結果會造成三個字詞其音義均相異。


























IPA

/ka↓kiga/

/kaki↓ga/

/kakiga/


[kákìgà]

[kàkígà]

[kàkīgá]

漢假混用日文
 牡蠣が 垣が
柿が
意思
 牡蠣（句中主語，右同） 籬笆
柿子


參見



  • 音位升阶（英语：Upstep (phonetics)）


  • 聲調台階(Tone terracing)


  • 聲調下降(Downdrift)


  • 浮動聲調(Floating tone)



參考文獻


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  • Beckman Mary E. & Janet B. Pierrehumbert, (1986). "Intonational Structure in English and Japanese". Phonology Yearbook 3, 255-309.

  • Connell, Bruce (2001) "Downdrift, Downstep, and Declination". Typology of African Prosodic Systems Workshop, Bielefeld University, Germany

  • Crystal, David (2003). A dictionary of linguistics & phonetics. Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 130.

  • Myers, Scott (1996). "Boundary tones and the phonetic implementation of tone in Chichewa", Studies in African Linguistics 25, 29-60.

  • Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Welmers, William E. (1974). African Language Structures. University of California Press.

  • Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge University Press.
































  • 查

  • 论

  • 编


超音段音位

等時性（英语：Isochrony）


  • 音节

  • 音拍

  • 音步

  • 元音弱化
聲調


  • 聲調輪廓

  • 高低重音

  • 音區

  • 音位降階

  • 音位升階（英语：Upstep）

  • 聲調下降（英语：Downdrift）

  • 聲調台階（英语：Tone terracing）

  • 浮動聲調（英语：Floating tone）

  • 變調

  • 調符（英语：Tone letter）
輕重讀


  • 次重音（英语：Secondary stress）

  • 元音弱化

  • 強弱重音

  • 長短重音
音長（英语：Length (phonetics)）


  • 長音素（英语：Chroneme）

  • 輔音延長

  • 元音長度

  • 音長額外短（英语：Extra-short）
韻律



  • 語調（音高）

  • 音高輪廓（英语：Pitch contour）

  • 音高複位（英语：Pitch reset）

  • 重音韻律

  • 节奏

  • 響度

  • 韵律单位

  • 韻律暫停（英语：Pausa）



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