Barbary Coast

For other uses, see Barbary Coast (disambiguation).

"Barbary" redirects here. For other uses, see Barbary (disambiguation).

A 17th-century map by the Dutch cartographer Jan Janssonius showing the Barbary Coast, here "Barbaria"

The term Barbary Coast (also Barbary, Berbery or Berber Coast) was used by Europeans from the 16th century to the early 19th to refer to the coastal regions of North Africa inhabited by Berber people. Today this land is part of the modern nations of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.

The English term "Barbary" (and its European varieties: Barbaria, Berbérie, etc.) could refer to all the Berber lands whether coastal or not, as seen in European geographical and political maps published during the 17th–20th centuries.^[1]

The name derives from the Berber people of North Africa, from Greek Bàrbaroi (Βάρβαροι) and the Arabic Barbar ( بربر ), meaning "barbaric". In the West, the name commonly evoked the Barbary pirates and Barbary slave traders based on that coast—who attacked ships and coastal settlements in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean, and captured and traded slaves or goods from Europe, America and sub-Saharan Africa. These actions finally provoked the Barbary Wars of the early 19th century.^[2]

Contents

• 
  1 History
  


• 
  2 See also
  


• 
  3 Footnotes
  


• 
  4 References
  


• 
  5 External links
  

History

Ex-Voto of a naval battle between a Turkish ship from Algiers (front) and a ship of the Order of Malta under Langon, 1719.

Barbary was not always a unified political entity. From the 16th century onwards, it was divided into the political entities of the Regency of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripolitania (Tripoli). Major rulers petty monarchs during the times of the Barbary states' plundering parties included the Pasha or Dey of Algiers, the Bey of Tunis and the Bey of Tripoli.^[3]

Before then, the territory was usually divided between Ifriqiya, Morocco, and a west-central Algerian state centered on Tlemcen or Tiaret. Powerful Berber dynasties such as the Almohads (12th century) and briefly thereafter the Hafsids, occasionally unified it for short periods. From a European perspective, Tripoli in modern-day Libya, was considered its capital or chief city—though Marrakesh in Morocco was the largest and most important Berber city at the time. Some^{[by whom?]} saw Algiers in Algeria, or Tangiers in Morocco as the capital.

Purchase of Christian captives in the Barbary States.

The first United States military land action overseas, executed by the U.S. Marines and Navy, was the Battle of Derna, Tripoli (a coastal town in modern eastern Libya) in April 1805. It formed part of an effort to destroy all of the Barbary pirates, to free American slaves in captivity, and to put an end to piracy acts between these warring tribes on the part of the Barbary states, which were themselves member states of the Ottoman Empire. The opening line of the Marines' Hymn refers to this action: "From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli..." This was the first time the United States Marine Corps took part in offensive actions outside of the United States.

The modern word razzia is, via Italian and French, from Algerian Arabic ghaziya (غزية "raiding")^{[citation needed]}, originally referring to slave raids conducted by Barbary pirates.

See also

• Ottoman Algeria


• Ottoman Tripolitania


• Ottoman Tunisia


• Turkish Abductions


• Republic of Salé


• Langue de Barbarie


• Barbary duck

Footnotes

1. 
   ^ Maps of Barbary Archived October 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
   


2. 
   ^ Carver, Robert (25 April 2009). "Not so easy alliances: Two Faiths, One Banner: when Muslims marched with Christians across Europe's battlegrounds (book review)". The Tablet. p. 24. Archived from the original on 2017-06-20..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


3. 
   ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barbary Pirates" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 383–384.
   

References

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

• 
  London, Joshua E. (2005), Victory in Tripoli: How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 0-471-44415-4
  


• LAFI (Nora), Une ville du Tamazgha entre ancien régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795–1911), Paris: L'Harmattan, 2002, p. 305

External links

• 
  "When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed", Ohio State University

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v t e Barbary Corsairs
Territories Regency of Algiers Annaba Barbary coast Bizerte Cherchell Mahdiya Oran Rabat Republic of Salé Tetouan Regency of Tripoli Regency of Tunis
Commanders (Reis) 16th century Aruj Hayreddin Barbarossa Sayyida al Hurra Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis Occhiali Salah Rais Murat Reis the Elder Kemal Reis Aydın Reis Muhammad I Pasha Hasan Corso Muhammad Kurdogli Hasan Agha Hasan Pasha Arnaut Mami Hassan Veneziano Sinan Reis Dragut 17th century Jan Janszoon Salé Rovers Anglo-Turkish piracy Sulayman Reis Ahmed el Inglizi Omar Agha Ali Bitchin Simon Reis Yusuf Reis 18th century Ahmed Karamanli Yusuf Karamanli 19th century Ali Khodja Hussein Dey Omar Agha Mohamed Kharnadji Haji Ali Baba Mohammed ben-Osman
Diplomacy Franco-Ottoman alliance US Treaty with Tripoli (1796) US Treaty with Tunis (1797) US Treaty with Tripoli (1805) US Treaty with Algiers (1815) US Treaty with Tunis (1824) US Treaty with Morocco (1836)
Battles and conflicts 16th century Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501) Capture of Algiers (1516) Fall of Tlemcen (1518) Battle of Pianosa (1519) Siege of Rhodes (1522) Battle of Formentera (1529) Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529) Conquest of Tunis (1534) Conquest of Tunis (1535) Sack of Mahón (1535) Siege of Corfu (1537) Battle of Preveza (1538) Siege of Castelnuovo (1539) Battle of Alboran (1540) Siege of Nice (1543) Ottoman wintering in Toulon (1543-1544) Capture of Mahdiye (1550) Invasion of Gozo (1551) Siege of Tripoli (1551) Battle of Ponza (1552) Invasion of Corsica (1553) Capture of Bougie (1555) Siege of Oran (1556) Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558) Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558) Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) Battle of Djerba (1560) Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir (1563) Great Siege of Malta (1565) Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–71) (1568–71) Battle of Lepanto (1571) Conquest of Tunis (1574) Capture of Fez (1576) Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578) 17th century Expulsion of the Moriscos (1609) Raid of Żejtun (1614) Battle of Cape Corvo (1615) Turkish Abductions (1627) Sack of Baltimore (1631) Cretan War (1645–1669) Action of March 1665 Morean War (1684-1699) Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727) Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695) 18th century Spanish conquest of Oran (1732) Action of 28 November 1751 Danish-Algerian War (1769-1772) Siege of Melilla (1774) Invasion of Algiers (1775) Bombardment of Algiers (1783) Bombardment of Algiers (1784) Action of 16 May 1797 First Barbary War (1801–1805) Second Barbary War (1815–1816) 19th century Bombardment of Algiers (1816) Invasion of Algiers (1830)
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