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Action directe (armed group)
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| Action directe | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Dates of operation | 1979–1987 |
| Active region(s) | France |
Action directe (AD) was a French far-left terrorist group which committed a series of assassinations and violent attacks in France between 1979 and 1987. Members of Action directe considered themselves libertarian communists who had formed an "urban guerrilla organization". The French government banned the group.[1]
Contents
1 Founding
2 Attacks
3 Arrests
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Founding
The leader of Action directe was Jean-Marc Rouillan, who was arrested in 1974 then again in 1979 for conspiracy in attacks against the Spanish because he opposed all efforts by other countries to help France at that time. According to sources, Rouillan was captured again in 1980 but was believed to have successors.
Action directe was set up in 1977 by two other groups, GARI (Groupes d'Action Révolutionnaire Internationalistes, Revolutionary Internationalist Action Groups), and NAPAP (Noyaux Armés pour l'Autonomie Populaire, Armed Core Groups for Popular Autonomy), as the "military-political co-ordination of the autonomous movement". In 1979, it was transformed into an "urban guerrilla organisation" and carried out violent attacks under the banner of "anti-imperialism" and "proletarian defence". The group was banned by the French government in 1984. In August 1985, Action directe allied itself with the German Red Army Faction.
Attacks
Action directe carried out some 50 attacks, including a machine gun assault on the employers' union headquarters on 1 May 1979, as well as attacks on French government buildings, property management agencies, French army buildings, companies in the military-industrial complex, and the state of Israel.
They carried out robberies or "proletarian expropriation" actions, and assassinations, killing Engineer General René Audran, the manager of French arms sales, in 1985. Action directe were also accused of Georges Besse's 1986 killing, a murder allegedly justified because at the time he was the head of French automaker Renault. However, they denied it during their trial. Besse was also former president of Eurodif nuclear company, in which Iran had a 10% share. The group also claimed joint responsibility for the 1985 bomb attack carried out by the Red Army Faction at Rhein-Main Air Base in Frankfurt, which killed two people.
Arrests
In December 1981 an AD member Lahouari Benchellal, called "Farid", was arrested for forging traveler's cheques, which were an important income source for the organization, in Helsinki, Finland. He hanged himself while in the custody of the Finnish Security Intelligence Service in January 1982. Action directe did not believe Benchellal killed himself, and they named a direct action group after him.[2]
On 21 February 1987, the main Action directe members, Jean-Marc Rouillan, Nathalie Ménigon, Joëlle Aubron, and Georges Cipriani, were arrested. They were later sentenced to life imprisonment. Régis Schleicher had already been arrested in 1984. Joëlle Aubron was released in June 2004 for health reasons and died from a cancer that had metastasized to her brain on 1 March 2006.
There is an ongoing campaign by some sections of the French far-left that the Action directe members still imprisoned, who consider themselves political prisoners, should be paroled. In December 2007, Rouillan was allowed a state of "semi-liberty", able to leave prison for extended periods. In September 2008, a Parisian court called for the revoking of this status after he declared in an interview with L'Express that "I remain convinced that armed struggle is necessary at certain moments of the revolutionary process".[3][4]
In popular culture
The British TV mini-series Red Fox, made in 1991 and starring John Hurt, Jane Birkin and Brian Cox, was set in France and tells of a British businessman kidnapped by a member of Action directe. (The original novel by Gerald Seymour was set in Italy and involved the Red Brigades.)
Ralph Fiennes' character in the 2006 film Land of the Blind mentions Action directe as an example for a terrorist group whose names sound like rock bands', along with The Weathermen, Black September, and the Red Army Faction. In Tom Clancy's book Patriot Games protagonist Jack Ryan identifies a training camp used by the group which is later raided by French special forces. It is also briefly mentioned by Harrison Ford's character in the 1992 film of the same name.
The group did end up publishing a book, a political manifesto rather, entitled Pour un Projet communiste in 1982, which resembled the 1848 Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx.
In another book by Tom Clancy, entitled Rainbow Six, members of Action directe assault a fictionalized Euro Disney called Worldpark.
Wolfgang Güllich named a climbing route Action Directe in Frankenjura, Germany, which was recognized as the first route in the XI grade (or 9a) in the world, and is still one of the hardest climbing routes in the world. Apparently the inspiration for the name came during training for the route, as it appeared to him that the training was an act of terror against his fingers.
See also
- Autonomism
- Elisabeth Van Dyck Commando
- Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Factions
References
^ "Europe wary of banning parties". BBC News. 28 August 2002. Retrieved 2007-12-05..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Simola, Matti (2009). Ratakatu 12 – Suojelupoliisi 1949–2009. Helsinki: WSOY. pp. 123–127. ISBN 9789510352434./
^ "Le parquet demande la révocation de la semi-liberté de Rouillan", Liberation, 1 October 2008.
The full quote is: "Il faut clarifier les choses: le processus de lutte armée tel qu’il est né dans l’après-68, dans ce formidable élan d’émancipation, n’existe plus (...) Mais, en tant que communiste, je reste convaincu que la lutte armée est nécessaire à un moment du processus révolutionnaire."
^ Samuel, Henry (2008-10-01). "Terrorist group Action Directe founder 'does not regret murders'". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
Bibliography
Dartnell, Michael (1995). Action Directe: Ultra-Left Terrorism in France 1979-1987. Newberry House, London: Frank Cass and Co LTD. pp. 1–4. ISBN 0-7146-4566-4. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
"France: Government must apply international standards to Action directe four" (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 January 2001.
Protestation devant les libertaires du présent et du futur sur les capitulations de 1980, Jean-Claude Lutanie, (originally published in 1981 under the pseudonym Un Incontrole, no publisher, re-published in 2011 by Editions Lutanie)[1]
Segaller, Stephen (1986). "Action Directe, Ideologues of Violence". The Times (London) – via lexisnexis.com.
External links
- Sites campaigning for the release of the Action directe convicts:
www.action-directe.net (in French)
Campaign for the release of Action directe prisoners (in French)
Terrorist Incidents attributed to the [Action Directe] in the Global Terrorism Database
^ "Protestation Devant les Libertaires du Present et du Futur sur les Capitulations de 1980". 8 February 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
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