Mixing
Phasianidae
| Phasianidae Temporal range: Oligocene-Recent, 30–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N | |
|---|---|
 | |
Satyr tragopan | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Galliformes |
| Superfamily: | Phasianoidea |
| Family: | Phasianidae Horsfield, 1821 |
Type species | |
Phasianus colchicus Linnaeus, 1758 | |
| Genera | |
| |
The Phasianidae are a family of heavy, ground-living birds, which includes pheasants, partridges, junglefowl, chickens, turkeys, Old World quail, and peafowl. The family includes many of the most popular gamebirds.[1] The family is a large one, and is occasionally broken up into two subfamilies, the Phasianinae, and the Perdicinae. Sometimes, additional families and birds are treated as part of this family. For example, the American Ornithologists' Union includes the Tetraonidae (grouse), Numididae (guineafowl), and Meleagrididae (turkeys) as subfamilies in Phasianidae.
Contents
1 Description
2 Distribution and habitat
3 Behaviour and ecology
4 Relationship with humans
5 Systematics and evolution
5.1 Phylogeny
6 References
7 External links
Description
Phasianids are terrestrial. They range in weight from 43 g (1.5 oz) in the case of the king quail to 6 kg (13 lb) in the case of the Indian peafowl. If turkeys are included, rather than classified as a separate family, then the considerably heavier wild turkey reaches a maximum weight of more than 17 kg (37 lb). Length in this taxonomic family can vary from 12.5 cm (4.9 in) in the king quail up to 300 cm (120 in) (including elongated tail streamers) in green peafowl, thus they beat even the true parrots in length diversity within a family of birds.[1][2] Generally, sexual dimorphism is seen in size, with males tending to be larger than females. They are generally plump, with broad, relatively short wings and strong legs. Many have a spur on their legs, a feature shared only with guineafowl and turkeys. The bill is short and generally strong, particularly in species that dig for food. Males of the larger species often have brightly coloured plumage, as well as facial ornaments such as wattles or crests.
Distribution and habitat
The Phasianidae are mostly an Old World family, with a distribution that includes most of Europe and Asia (except the far north), all of Africa except the driest deserts, and south into much of eastern Australia and (formerly) New Zealand. The Meleagridinae (turkeys) are native to the New World, while the Tetraoninae (grouse) are circumpolar. The greatest diversity of species is in Southeast Asia and Africa. The Congo peacock is specific to the African Congo. The subfamily Perdicinae has a much more widespread distribution. Within their range, they occupy almost every available habitat except for the boreal forests and tundra.
The family is generally sedentary and resident, although some quails undertake long migrations. Several species in the family have been widely introduced around the world, particularly pheasants, which have been introduced to Europe, Australia, and the Americas, specifically for hunting purposes. Captive populations of peacocks and chickens have also escaped (or been released) and become feral.
Behaviour and ecology
The pheasants and partridges have a varied diet, with foods taken ranging from purely vegetarian diets of seeds, leaves, fruits, tubers, and roots, to small animals including insects, insect grubs, and even small reptiles. Most species either specialise in feeding on plant matter or are predatory, although the chicks of most species are insectivorous.
In addition to the variation in diet, a considerable amount of variation exists in breeding strategies among the Phasianidae. Compared to birds in general, a large number of species do not engage in monogamy (the typical breeding system of most birds). The francolins of Africa and some partridges are reportedly monogamous, but polygamy has been reported in the pheasants and junglefowl, some quail, and the breeding displays of peacocks have been compared to those of a lek. Nesting usually occurs on the ground; only the tragopans nest higher up in stumps of bushes. Nests can vary from mounds of vegetation to slight scrapes in the ground. As many as 18 eggs can be laid in the nest, although 7-12 is the more usual number, with smaller numbers in tropical species. Incubation is almost always performed by the female only, and lasts from 14–30 days depending on the species.
Relationship with humans
Several species of pheasant and partridge are extremely important to humans. The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the wild ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities.
Systematics and evolution
The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising more than 150 species. This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl.
Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.
Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;[3] and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.[4]Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.[5][6] For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[5][6]
The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.[7]
A tentative list of the subfamilies of Phasianidae was:[5] and extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[8] and Paleofile.com websites.[9][10]
- †Alectoris” pliocaena Tugarinov 1940b
- †Bantamyx Kuročkin 1982
- †Diangallus Hou 1985
- †“Gallus” beremendensis Jánossy 1976b
- †“Gallus” europaeus Harrison 1978
- †Lophogallus Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2010
- †Megalocoturnix Sánchez Marco 2009
- †Miophasianus Brodkorb 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum ; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933]
- †Palaeocryptonyx Depéret 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy 1974 ]
- †Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869]
- †Plioperdix Kretzoi 1955 [Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939]
- †Rustaviornis Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze 1972
- †Schaubortyx Brodkorb 1964
- †Shandongornis Yeh 1997
- †Shanxiornis Wang et al. 2006
- †Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin 2009
Tropicoperdix Blyth 1859 [Phoenicoperdix Hartlaub 1860; Peloperdix Jerdon 1864]- Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield 1821
Melanoperdix Jerdon 1864
Rhizothera Gray 1841
Xenoperdix Dinesen et al. 1994 (forest partridges)
Arborophila Hodgson 1837 (hill partridges)
Rollulus Bonnaterre 1791
Caloperdix Blyth 1861
Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridge)
Synoicus Bosc 1792
Excalfactoria Bonaparte 1856
Anurophasis van Oort 1910
Margaroperdix Reichenbach 1853
Coturnix Garsault 1764 (mouse pheasants)
Tetraogallus Gray 1832 (snowcocks)
Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
Ophrysia Bonaparte 1856
Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush quails)
Bambusicola Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
Scleroptila Blyth 1852
Peliperdix Bonaparte 1856
Francolinus Stephens 1819 (true francolins)
Perdix Brisson 1760 (true partridges)
Haematortyx Sharpe 1879
Galloperdix Blyth 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
Lerwa Hodgson 1837
Tetraophasis Elliot 1871 (monal-partridges)
- Subfamily Meleagridinae
Meleagris (turkeys)
- Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants)
Polyplectron Temminck 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
Gallus Brisson 1760 (junglefowls)
Ithaginis Wagler 1832
Tragopan Cuvier 1829 non Gray 1841 (horned pheasants)
Lophophorus Temminck 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
Rheinardia Maingonnat 1882
Argusianus Rafinesque 1815
Afropavo Chapin 1936 (Congo peacocks)
Pavo Linnaeus 1758 (peacocks)
Syrmaticus Wagler 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
Phasianus Linnaeus 1758 (typical pheasants)
Chrysolophus Gray 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
Lophura Fleming 1822 non Gray 1827 non Walker 1856
Catreus Cabanis 1851
Crossoptilon Hodgson 1838 (eared pheasants)
- Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse)
- †Cynchramus Zelenkov Bonaparte 1828
- †Palaealectoris Zelenkov Wetmore 1930
- †Proagriocharis Zelenkov Martin & Tate 1970
- †Rhegminornis Zelenkov Wetmore 1943
Pucrasia Gray 1841
Bonasa Stephens 1819
Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius 1840
Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
Dendragapus Elliot 1864
Tympanuchus Gloger 1841 (prairie chickens)
Lagopus Brisson 1760 (ptarmigans)
Falcipennis Elliot 1864
Tetrao Linnaeus 1758 (capercaillies and black grouse)
- †Cynchramus Zelenkov Bonaparte 1828
Phylogeny
Living Galliformes based on the work by John Boyd.[11]
.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%}.mw-parser-output table.clade td{border:0;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.8em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{border:0;padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}
| |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |
References
^ ab
McGowan, P. J. K. (1994). "Family Phasianidae (Pheasants and Partridges)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Handbook of the Birds of the World. 2. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 434–479. ISBN 84-87334-15-6..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^
Harper, D. 1986. Pet Birds for Home and Garden. London: Salamander Books Ltd.
^
Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
^
Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
^ abc
Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
^ ab
Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2: e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.
^
Mayr, G.; Poshmann, M.; Wuttke, M. (2006). "A nearly complete skeleton of the fossil galliform bird Palaeortyx from the late Oligocene of Germany". Acta Ornithologica. 41 (2): 129–135. doi:10.3161/000164506780143852.
^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Aves [Avialae]– basal birds". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "02 → Gᴀʟʟᴏᴀɴsᴇʀᴀᴇ : Gᴀʟʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Boyd, John (2007). "GALLIFORMES- Landfowl". John Boyd's website. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phasianidae. |
 | Wikispecies has information related to Phasianidae |
External links
Phasianidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Phasianidae at Curlie
Birds (class: Aves) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomy |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Behaviour |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Evolution |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fossil birds |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Human interaction |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lists |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neornithes |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Category
PortalAuthority control  |
|
|---|
Comments
Post a Comment