Sama language

For other uses, see Sama language (disambiguation).

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Sama
Bajau
Sinama
Native to	Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia
Region	Tawi-Tawi and neighboring islands of the Sulu Archipelago (Sibutu, Siasi), Darvel Bay north coast of Sabah and some part of Indonesia
Ethnicity	Sama, Bajau
Native speakers	410,000 (2000–2007)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Sama–Bajaw Sama
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: ssb – Southern Sama sml – Central Sama sse – Balangingi Sama slm – Pangutaran Sama
Glottolog	inne1244[2]

The Sinama speakers of Semporna, Malaysia are known as Bajau. This Bajau woman wears "borak" the traditional sun protection.

Rowing out from Tinutu' Village, a Sama village outside of Sulu where several Central Sinama dialects are spoken. Most notably Sinama Musu' and Sinama Silumpak.

The Sama language, Sinama (Sama + the infix -in-; also known as Bahasa Bajau), is the language of Sama-Bajau people of the Sulu Archipelago, Philippines; Sabah, Malaysia and parts of Indonesia.^[3] The Sama are one of the most widely dispersed peoples in Southeast Asia.

Contents

• 
  1 Classification
  
  
  
  • 
    1.1 Dialects
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  2 Distribution
  


• 
  3 Phonology
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Consonants
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Vowels
    
  
  
  • 
    3.3 Stress
    
  
  
  • 
    3.4 Enclitic Pronouns
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Cultural references
  


• 
  5 References
  

Classification

The Ethnologue divides Sinama into 7 languages based on mutual intelligibility. The 7 Sinama languages are Northern Sinama, Central Sinama, Southern Sinama, Sinama Pangutaran from the island of Pangutaran off of Jolo island, Mapun, Bajau West Coast of Sabah and Bajau Indonesia. Jama Mapun, a language from the island of Mapun, formerly known as Cagayan de Sulu, is a related language and sometimes also referred to as Sinama. These classifications are rarely recognized by Sama themselves who instead classify their Sinama by the village or island it originates from. The emic classification of a Sama person's language e.g. Silumpak, Laminusa, Tabawan generally form the different dialects of the 7 Sinama or Bajau languages.

Dialects

Northern Sinama	Central Sinama	Southern Sinama	Sinama Pangutaran	Sinama Mapun	Bajau West Coast Sabah	Bajau Indonesia
Tagtabun Balangingi'	Sama Kaulungan	Simunul	Pangutaran		Kota Belud	Torosiaje
Tonquil Balangingi'	Sama Dilaut	Sibutu'	Ubian (North)		Tuaran
Linungan	Musu'	Tandubas			Kudat
Panigayan Balangingi'	Laminusa	Sitangkai			Pitas
Landang-Gua'	Balimbing	Ubian (South)
Sama Daongdong	Bannaran	Languyan
Kawit Balangingi'	Bangaw-Bangaw	Sapa-Sapa
Karundung	Tabawan	Bongao/Sanga-Sanga/Pahut
Pilas	Manubal	Berau East Kalimantan
	Silumpak
	Kabinga'an

The following list of Sama dialects is from Ethnologue, with some additions from Pallesen (1985) (individual languages with separately assigned ISO codes highlighted in bold; locations and speaker populations are from Palleson (1985:45-50)^[4]):

• 
  Inabaknon: Capul Island, off the coast of northwestern Samar, central Philippines


• 
  Yakan: eastern Basilan Island, southern Zamboanga Peninsula. 60,000 speakers.
  
  
  
  • 
    Northern Yakan:^[4] northern part of eastern Basilan Island
  
  
  • 
    Southern Yakan:^[4] southern part of eastern Basilan Island
  
  
  
  


• 
  Pangutaran Sama(Western Sulu Sama branch)
  
  
  
  • 
    Sama Pangutaran:^[4]Pangutaran Island, 50 km northwest of Jolo City. 12,000 speakers. some live in Palawan
  
  
  • 
    Sama Ubihan:^[4] North Ubian Island, a few miles southwest of Pangutaran. 2,000 speakers. Also called a'a ubian, a'a sowang buna' 'people of Buna' channel'.
  
  
  
  


• 
  Inner Sulu Sama branch
  
  
  
  • 
    Northern Sama (Northern Sulu in Pallesen (1985))
    
    
    
    • 
      Lutangan (Lutango): mainland of Mindanao opposite Olutanga Island
    
    
    • 
      Sibuco-Vitali (Sibuku’): inland area across the Zamboanga Peninsula, 50 km north of Zamboanga City. 11,000 speakers. Also called sama bitali', sama nawan.
    
    
    • 
      Sibuguey (Batuan): Kulasihan River on the eastern side of Sibuguey Bay between Olutanga Island and the head of the bay
    
    
    • Balangingi
    
    
    • 
      Daongdung (Sama Daongdong): Daongdong Island, off the southeast coast of Jolo Island
    
    
    • Kabinga’an
    
    
    • 
      Tagtabun Balangingi’:^[4] Tagtabun Island, just east of Zamboanga City. Regular population of 300 as of 1972. Also called bahasa bāngingi' (bāngingi', a'a tagtabun).
    
    
    • 
      Tongquil Balangingi’:^[4]Tongquil Island in the Samales group, east of Jolo Island. 8,000 speakers. Also called sama tongkil.
    
    
    • 
      Linungan:^[4]Linungan (Linongan) or Cocos Island, off the northeast coast of Basilan Island
    
    
    • 
      Panigayan Balangingi’:^[4] Malamawi Island, just off the west coast of Basilan Island. Several hundred speakers. Also called bahasa balangingi' (sama bāngingi').
    
    
    • 
      Landang-Gua’:^[4] Sakol or Landang Island, just east of Zamboanga City, north of Tagtabun Island. Also called a'a landang-gua' ('Landang-Gua’ people').
    
    
    • 
      Mati:^[4]Mati, Davao Oriental, just east of the San Agustin Peninsula
    
    
    • 
      Kawit Balangingi’:^[4]Kawit, 10 km west of Zamboanga City
      
    
    
    • 
      Karundung:^[4] Karundung, on the southeast coast of Jolo Island
    
    
    • 
      Pilas:^[4] Pilas Island|Pilas Group, 15 km west of Basilan Island
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Central Sama
    
    
    
    • Sama Deya
    
    
    • 
      Sama Dilaut: throughout Sulu, but especially in Zamboanga City, in Siasi, and in Sitangkai, south of Tawi-Tawi Island. 80,000 speakers in the Philippines. Also called sama to'ongan 'genuine Sama'; sama pagūng 'floating Sama'; sama pala'u 'boat-dwelling Sama'.
    
    
    • Sama Siasi
    
    
    • 
      Sama Laminusa: Laminusa Island, just off the north coast of Siasi Island. 5,000 speakers.
    
    
    • Sama Tabawan
    
    
    • 
      Sama Kaulungan:^[4] Kaulungan Island, just off the eastern end of Basilan Island. At least 1,000 speakers.
    
    
    • 
      Sama Musu’:^[4] south coast of Siasi Island. 3,000 speakers. Intermarriage with Sama Dilaut. Also called Sama Lipid (Littoral Sama) by the Sama Dilaut (Sea Sama).
    
    
    • 
      Sama Balimbing:^[4]Balimbing, on the east coast of Tawi-Tawi Island (listed as part of Southern Sama in Ethnologue)
    
    
    • 
      Sama Bannaran:^[4] Bannaran Island, Sapa-Sapa, Tawi-Tawi.
    
    
    • 
      Sama Bangaw-Bangaw:^[4] near Sandakan on the northeast coast of Sabah
      
    
    
    • 
      South Ubihan:^[4]South Ubian Island, east of the northeast end of Tawi-Tawi Island. Census figure of 27,000, including the population of Tandubas.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 
    Southern Sama
    
    
    
    • 
      Sibutu’ (Sama Sibutu): Sibutu’ Island, southwest of Bongao Island. About 10,000 speakers.
    
    
    • 
      Simunul: Simunul Island, south of Bongao Island. 10,000 speakers. Also called sama səddopan.
    
    
    • 
      Tandubas (Tandu’-baas): Tandubas Island, just of the northeastern point of Tawi-Tawi Island. Census figure of 27,000, including the population of Tandubas. Also called a'a tandu'-bās 'people of Tandu-Bas', a'a ungus matata 'people of Ungus Matata'. The Sama of central Sulu call them obian, ubian, sama s'ddopan 'Southern Sama'.
    
    
    • Obian
    
    
    • Bongao
    
    
    • Sitangkai
    
    
    • Languyan
    
    
    • Sapa-Sapa
    
    
    • 
      Sama Pahut:^[4]Bongao Island. About 1,000 speakers.
    
    
    • 
      Sama Sampulna’:^[4]Semporna, east Sabah
      
    
    
    • 
      Berau, East Kalimantan about 46,000 speakers.
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  Mapun: 43,000 in the Philippines; 15,000 Mapun people in Sabah, Malaysia (2011 SIL)
  
  • 
    Mapun is spoken on Cagayan de Sulu (Mapun) island, Tawi-Tawi, Philippines.
    
    
    
    • 20,000 in Mapun island
    
    
    • 5,000 to 10,000 Mapun people in Palawan
    
    
    
    
  
  


• 
  Bajau West Coast Sabah
  
  
  
  • Kota Belud
  
  
  • Tuaran
  
  
  • Kudat
  
  
  
  


• 
  Bajau Indonesia
  
  • Gorontalo Torosiaje,_Popayato,_Pohuwato
  
  

Distribution

Ethnologue provides the following location information for various Sama languages.

Northern Sama is located in western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago northeast of Jolo, Zamboanga coast peninsula and islands, and Basilan island.

• 
  Northern Sama dialect: White Beach near Subic Bay, Luzon


• 
  Lutangan dialect: Olutanga Island. Possibly also in Luzon and Palawan.

Central Sama is located in:

• 
  Sulu and Tawi-Tawi provinces: Siasi, Tabawan, Bongao, Sitangkai, Cagayan de Sulu island


• 
  Basilan Island: Maluso, Malamawi, Bohe’ Lobbong


• 
  Zamboanga del Sur Province: Rio Hondo, Batuan Lumbayaw, Taluk Sangay, [Sanggali


• 
  Zamboanga del Norte Province: Olutanga
  


• 
  Davao City: Isla Verde and Sasa


• Cagayan de Oro


• 
  Cebu and Tagbilaran
  


• 
  Puerto Princesa, Palawan
  


• Batangas

Southern Sama is located in Tawi-Tawi Island Province (in Tawi-Tawi, Simunul, Sibutu, and other major islands) and East Kalimantan (Berau)

Pangutaran Sama is spoken on Pangutaran Island, located to the west of Jolo; and in Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi, southern Palawan

Yakan is spoken in Basilan and small surrounding islands; Sakol island; and the eastern coast of Zamboanga. Yakan tends to be concentrated away from the coast.

Inabaknon is spoken on Capul Island, Northern Samar Province. Capul Island is located in the San Bernardino Strait, which separates Samar from the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon.

Bajau West Coast Sabah is spoken in Kota Belud, Kudat, and Tuaran which is on mutual intelligibility with Bajau East Coast of Sabah.

Bajau Indonesia is spoken on some part of Indonesia, Torosiaje island.

Phonology

A reading poster for the Sinama language created by Kauman Sama Online for free use.

This woman making a traditional mat is a Sama from Siasi who now lives in Semporna, Malaysia.

Sinama languages have 21 to 24 phonemes. All Sinama languages have 17 consonants. Each language has from 5 to 7 vowels.

Consonants

The consonants of the Sinama languages are represented by the letters b, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, r, s, t, w, y and '.

Representation of the glottal stop in Sinama has not yet reached a consensus among Sinama speakers. Linguists have suggested the use of an apostrophe like character (') for word final glottal stops. Central Sinama has adopted this for glottal stops in between vowels as well (i.e. a'a, the Sinama word for human). Other Sinama languages have chosen to follow Tagalog orthography and to leave this vowel medial glottal stop ambiguous. Sinama speakers often spell the word final glottal stop with an h at the end. Sinama speakers in Malaysia may also spell it with a k following the vowel softening patterns of Bahasa Melayu.

In certain dialects of Sinama b becomes β and g becomes Ɣ when found between two vowels.

Vowels

The vowels a, e, i, o, u are found in all Sinama languages and dialects. In addition to these 5 vowels ə, and ɤ are found in one or more Sinama language.

	a	e	i	o	u	ə	ɤ
Northern[5]	a	e	i	o	u
Central[6]	a	e	i	o	u	'
Southern[7]	a	e	i	o	u
Pangutaran[8]	a	e	i	o	u	'	ō
Jama Mapun[9]	a	e	i	o	u

Many of the Sinama languages have contrastive vowel lengthening. This is represented by a macron over the vowel (āēīōū).

Stress

Sinama pronunciation is quite distinct from other nearby languages such as Tausug and Tagalog in that all of the Sinama languages primary stress occurs on the penultimate syllable of the word.^[4]:124 Stress will remain on the penultimate syllable even with the addition of suffixes including enclitic pronouns. In Northern Sinama (Balanguingi') the stress will shift to the ultima when the penult is the mid central vowel /ə/.

Enclitic Pronouns

The 1st, 2nd, & 3rd singular pronouns -ku, -nu and -na respectively, the 1st plural inclusive pronouns -ta and -tam, as well as the 2nd plural pronoun -bi are all enclitics.^[10] These enclitic pronouns change the pronunciation by shifting the stress of a word through the addition of a syllable; a verb or noun combined with a suffixed one syllable enclitic pronoun. Some Sinama orthographies represent this by writing both noun/verb and pronoun as one word e.g. luma'ta for "our house" in Central Sinama. Other orthographies represent this with a hypen e.g. luma'-ta for "our house" in Southern Sinama. Still others write this keeping the noun/verb separate from the prounoun e.g. luma' ta for "our house" in Northern Sinama.

Cultural references

The lyrics of the song called Kiriring Pakiriring (popularly known as Dayang Dayang) were written in the Simunul dialect of the Southern Sinama language.

Central Sinama and Southern Sinama are 2 of 6 languages used in the 2012 Filipino drama film, Thy Womb.

Sinama is featured on the 1991 edition of the Philippine one thousand peso bill. Langgal is written under a picture of a Sama place of worship. Langgal is the Sinama for that place of worship.

References

1. 
   ^ Southern Sama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Central Sama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Balangingi Sama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Pangutaran Sama at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   


2. 
   ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Inner Sulu Sama". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


3. 
   ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bdl
   


4. 
   ^ ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw} Pallesen, A. Kemp (1985). "Culture Contact and Language Convergence" (PDF). Linguistic Society of the Philippines. LSP Special Monograph Issue (24).
   ^{[permanent dead link]}
   


5. 
   ^ "Bangingih Orthography Fact Sheet - Languages of the Philippines" (PDF). SIL Philippines.
   


6. 
   ^ "Description of the Sinama Alphabet (Central Sinama)". Kauman Sama Online: Sinama Social Network for Sama & Bajau. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
   


7. 
   ^ K.J. Allison. "Guide to Using the Sama Sibutu` - English Dictionary". SIL Philippines.
   


8. 
   ^ "Sama Pangutaran Orthography Fact Sheet - Languages of the Philippines" (PDF). SIL Philippines.
   


9. 
   ^ "Mapun Orthography Fact Sheet - Languages of the Philippines" (PDF). SIL Philippines.
   


10. 
    ^ "Hurupan Sama Bahagiꞌ 1: Angay sinugpat saga pronoun ni kabtangan ma bihingna?". Kauman Sama Online: Sinama Social Network for Sama & Bajau. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
    

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Malayo-Polynesian Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Batanic (Bashiic) ? Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Ilokano Pangasinan Ibanag Arta Isnag Atta Itawis Yogad Cagayan Aeta Gaddang Ga'dang Northern Alta Southern Alta Isinai Itneg Kalinga Ifugao Tuwali ? Balangao Bontok-Finallig Kankanaey Ilongot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Dicamay Agta † Central Luzon Kapampangan Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambali Remontado Agta (Sinauna) Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater Central Philippine Southern Mindoro Buhid Hanuno'o Tawbuid Central Philippine Tagalog Visayan Cebuano Hiligaynon Waray Tausug Kinaray-a Aklanon Capiznon Asi Ati Bantayanon Baybayanon Boholano Butuanon Caluyanon Cuyunon Kinabalian Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Surigaonon Bikol Central Bikol Albay Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisakol Masbatenyo South Sorsogon (Gubat) Central Sorsogon (Masbate) Unclassified Sulod Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka Palawan Aborlan Tagbanwa Palawan Batak Palawano Mindanao Maguindanao Maranao Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kagayanen Kinamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Subanen Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo- Mongondow Bolango Buol Bintauna Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Suwawa Mongondow Ponosakan Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Bagobo B'laan T'boli Tiruray Sangiric Sangirese Talaud Bantik Ratahan Minahasan Tonsawang Tontemboan Tombulu Tondano Tonsea Unclassified Umiray Dumaget Manide-Inagta Inagta Alabat Manide Other western branches North Bornean Sabahan Ida'an Bonggi Brunei Bisaya Tatana (Sabah Bisaya) Lotud Dusun Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Gana' Kota Marudu Talantang Kinamaragang (Momogun) Klias River Kadazan Coastal Kadazan Yakan Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Sungai Keningau Murut Okolod Tagol Paluan Selungai Murut Timugon Bookan Abai Papar Kalabakan Sembakung Serudung Nonukan Tidong Unclassified Dumpas Molbog North Sarawakan Kenyah (Bakung) Sebob Tutoh Uma' Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Unclassified Bintulu Melanau-Kajang Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Basap Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayan-Murik Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bekati' Sara Lara' Bukar Sadong Rejang Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyadu' Sanggau Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dihoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama-Bajaw ? Abaknon Bajaw Sama Pangutaran Sama Malayo-Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Sundanese Madurese Kangean Madurese Malayo-Chamic Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat (Utsat) Malayic Bamayo Banjar Brunei/Kedayan Malay Berau Malay Bangka Malay Balau Bengkulu Col Duano' Haji Iban Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay (Yawi) Kendayan Keninjal Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Johore-Riau Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian) Minangkabau Musi Mualang Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Remun Sarawak Malay Seberuang Sebuyau Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Bali–Sasak Balinese Sasak Sumbawa Northwest Sumatran Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Mandailing Lampungic Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Celebic Andio Badaic Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lawa Lemolang Maiwa (Sulawesi) Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Tae' Talondo' Taman Toraja-Sa'dan Ulumanda' Moken Moken dialects Javanese Arekan Banyumasan Mataraman Kawi (Old Javanese) Kedu Osing Tenggerese Unclassified Chamorro Hukumina † Palauan Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian Central Malayo-Polynesian Sumba–Flores Bima Sumba-Manggarai Sumba Hawu ? Dhao ? Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Ende-Manggarai Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepo' Wae Rana Palu'e Ende-Li'o Nage Ke'o Ngad'a Rongga So'a Flores-Lembata Kedang Sika-Lamaholot Sika Lamaholotic Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamaholot Alorese Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei-Tanimbar Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timor-Babar Timoric ? Kemak Tukudede Mambai Idalaka Dawan Amarasi Helong Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Tetum Bekais Wetar Galoli Luang Makuva Babar West Damar ? Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Tela'a Unclassified Naueti Kairui Waimoa Midiki Kowiai Kowiai Central Maluku ? Teor-Kur West Central Maluku Ambelau Buru Lisela Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Central Maluku {Navbox Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano (Moluccas) Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian linkages Halmahera–Cenderawasih Oceanic languages
Bold indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers ? indicates classification dispute † indicates extinct status

v t e Languages of Indonesia
Western languages Malayo-Sumbawan Indonesian Bahasa Binan Slang Malay Anambas/Natuna Bangka Bengkulu Berau Jambi Jaring Halus Kutai Larantuka Palembang Pontianak Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Col Duano' Haji Iban Kangean Kaur Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Minangkabau Mualang Pekal Sasak Seberuang Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Javanese Javanese Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Celebic Andio Badaic Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia-Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Lampung Northwest Sumatran Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Mandailing Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong-Budong Buginese Campalagian Coastal Konjo Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Highland Konjo Kalumpang Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Tae’ Talondo’ Taman Toraja-Sa’dan Ulumanda’ Barito Ampanang Bajaw Bakumpai Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan–Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati’ Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu’ Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Tringgus North Bornean Bah-Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languages Central Philippine Tausug Gorontalo-Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud
Central-Eastern languages Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola-Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Laha Larike-Wakasihu Latu Liana-Seti Lisabata-Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit-Kaitetu Sepa-Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor-Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores–Lembata Adonara Alorese Ile Ape Kedang Lamaholot Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi Sika South Lembata West Lembata Halmahera- Cenderawasih Ambai Ansus Arguni Bedoanas Biak Busami Dusner Erokwanas Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Pom Papuma Roon Serui-Laut Tandia Wabo Waropen Wandamen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Kei-Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba–Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende-Li'o-Ke'o-Nage Gaura Hawu Kambera Kodi Komodo Lamboya Mamboru Manggarai Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor–Babar Tetum Uab Meto Amarasi Baikeno Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera-Daweloor Dela-Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Helong Imroing Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Te'un Tii West Damar Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Other Kowiai
Papuan languages Abui Abun Adang Aghu Airoran Asmat Auye Ayamaru Bagusa Baham Baropasi Bauzi Bayono-Awbono Berik Betaf Bimin Blagar Bonerif Bunak Burate Burmeso Burumakok Buruwai Citak Dabe Dao Demisa Demta Dineor Ekari Faiwol Galela Gamkonora Grand Valley Dani Hattam Hupla Iha Isirawa Itik Iwur Jofotek-Bromnya Kaera Kafoa Kalabra Kamang Kamberau Kamoro Kanum Karas Karon Dori Kauwera Kehu Keijar Klon Kofei Kombai Kombai–Wanggom Komyandaret Koneraw Kopka Kopkaka Korowai Kui Kula Kuwani Kwerba Mamberamo Kwerba Kwesten Kwinsu Loloda Maklew Mander Mandobo Mantion Mawes Meax Meninggo Mian Modole Moi Mombum Momina Momuna Moni Moraid Mpur Muyu Nafri Nakai Nduga Nedebang Ngalum Nggem Ninggerum Nisa-Anasi Oksapmin Orya Pagu Pisa Retta Sahu Samarokena Saponi Sauri Sause Saweru Sawi Sawila Seget Sempan Sentani Setaman Shiaxa Silimo Skou Suganga Tabaru Tabla Tangko Tause Tefaro Tehit Teiwa Telefol Ternate Tidore Tifal Tobelo Trimuris Tsaukambo Tunggare Urapmin Vitou Waioli Walak Wambon Wano Wares Wersing West Makian Western Dani Western Pantar Wolani Woria Yali Yawa Yelmek Yonggom
Other languages Creoles and Pidgins Malay-based creoles Ambonese Malay Baba Malay Bandanese Malay Bacanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Kupang Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Papuan Malay Other creoles and pidgins Javindo Petjo Mardijker Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Bidau Creole Portuguese Sinitic languages Cantonese Fuzhounese Hainanese Hakka Hokkien Medan Riau Mandarin Pu-Xian Min Teochew Afro-Asiatic languages Modern Standard Arabic Dravidian languages Tamil Germanic languages English Dutch (historical) Romance languages French Portuguese Spanish Sign languages Indonesian Sign Language Kata Kolok

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