Exclusive economic zone




Not to be confused with Special economic zone.



Sea areas in international rights


An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.[1] It stretches from the baseline out to 200 nautical miles (nmi) from its coast. In colloquial usage, the term may include the continental shelf. The term does not include either the territorial sea or the continental shelf beyond the 200 nmi limit. The difference between the territorial sea and the exclusive economic zone is that the first confers full sovereignty over the waters, whereas the second is merely a "sovereign right" which refers to the coastal state's rights below the surface of the sea. The surface waters, as can be seen in the map, are international waters.[2]




Contents






  • 1 Definition


  • 2 Origin


  • 3 Disputes


    • 3.1 Potential disputes


    • 3.2 Resolved disputes




  • 4 Transboundary stocks


  • 5 By country


    • 5.1 Argentina


    • 5.2 Australia


    • 5.3 Brazil


    • 5.4 Canada


    • 5.5 Chile


    • 5.6 China


    • 5.7 Cyprus


    • 5.8 Denmark


    • 5.9 France


    • 5.10 Greece


    • 5.11 India


    • 5.12 Israel


    • 5.13 Japan


    • 5.14 Mexico


    • 5.15 New Zealand


    • 5.16 North Korea


    • 5.17 Norway


    • 5.18 Philippines


    • 5.19 Poland


    • 5.20 Portugal


    • 5.21 Russia


    • 5.22 Somalia


    • 5.23 South Africa


    • 5.24 South Korea


    • 5.25 United Kingdom


    • 5.26 United States




  • 6 Rankings by area


  • 7 See also


  • 8 Notes and references


  • 9 External links





Definition




The World's exclusive economic zones, shown in dark blue




EEZs in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean




EEZs in the Pacific Ocean


Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 km) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary.[3] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.[4]


A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km) from the baseline. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi (22 km) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea).[5] Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nmi (650 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.



Origin


The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.


Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5.6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 km) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the United States in the Truman Proclamation of September 28, 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 (El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947) and Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 (El Peruano: Diario Oficial. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947).[6]


It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.



Disputes


The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.



  • Norway and Russia dispute both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute.[7] The agreement was signed in Murmansk on September 15, 2010.[8]

  • The South China Sea (and the Spratly Islands) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations.


  • Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during Croatia's accession to the European Union.

  • A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.


  • France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ.


  • Mauritius claims EEZ for Tromelin from France and EEZ for British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK.


  • Turkey claims a portion of Cyprus's EEZ based on Turkey's peculiar[9][10] definition that Cyprus is only entitled to a 12 nautical mile EEZ rather than the usual 200 that Turkey and all other countries are entitled to, including an area to the south of Cyprus containing an offshore gas field. Furthermore, the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which was created as result of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus, also claims portions of Cyprus's EEZ. Cyprus and the international community do not acknowledge the Turkish claims[11][12] on Cyprus's land and sea, which are viewed as illegal under international law.[13][14][15][16][17]


  • Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.



Potential disputes


Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.[18]



Resolved disputes



  • The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades, until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.

  • In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.[19][20]

  • In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.[21]



Transboundary stocks


See also: Highly migratory species

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control.[22]
Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.[23]



By country



Argentina





Argentina's exclusive economic zone including territorial claims. Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of the Argentine reaches 3,849,756 km²



Australia





Australia's exclusive economic zones including Antarctic claim


See also: Australia–Indonesia border, Timor Sea Treaty, and Australian Whale Sanctuary

Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.[24][25] To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with the total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.


The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ.[26][27] Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory,[28] but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.[27]







































EEZ Area (km2)[27]
Heard and McDonald Islands 410,722

 Christmas Island
 463,371

 Cocos Islands
 325,021

 Norfolk Island
 428,618
Macquarie Island 471,837
Mainland Australia, Tasmania and minor islands 6,048,681
Australian Antarctic Territory 2,000,000[status 1]
Total
10,148,250


Brazil





Brazil's exclusive economic zones


Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago and the Trindade and Martim Islands.



























EEZ Area (km2)[29]

 Brazil
 2 400 917

Bandeira de Fernando de Noronha.png Fernando de Noronha
 363 362
St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago 413 636
Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. 468 599
Total
3 646 514

In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.[30]



Canada





Canada's exclusive economic zone and territorial waters


Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 km2 (2,161,816 sq mi), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters.[31] The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 nautical miles (560 km; 350 mi) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.



Chile





Chile's exclusive economic zones, including Antarctic claim


Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands.







































Region
 EEZ Area (km2)[32]
 Land area
 Total
Mainland
 1 975 760
 755 757
 2 731 517
Desventuradas
 449 836
 5
 449 841
Easter
 720 412
 164
 720 576
Juan Fernandez
 502 524
 100
 502 624

Total
3 648 532
755 921
4 404 453

There is a dispute with Peru over the extent of Chile's EEZ: Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute



China





People's Republic of China's exclusive economic zone:

  China's EEZ
877,019 km2

  EEZ claimed by China, disputed by Taiwan

  EEZ claimed by China, disputed by others
3,000,000 km2 Total:3,877,019


The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account neighboring powers' claims.




Cyprus




Exclusive economic zone between Israel and Cyprus as signed in Nicosia. (Labels in Hebrew.)


The Exclusive Economic Zone of Cyprus covers more than 70,000 km2 and is divided between 13 exploration blocks. The process of the establishment of Cyprus, Israel and Lebanon Exclusive Economic Zones was held in Nicosia in 2010 with separate meetings between each country.[33] Cyprus and Israel as part of their wider cooperation have agreed to start their gas explorations with a common American company, specifically Noble Energy. Cypriot and Israeli governments are discussing to export their natural gas through the shipping of compressed Natural Gas to Greece and then to the rest of Europe or through a subsea Pipelines starting from Israel and then leading to Greece via Cyprus.[34][35]



Denmark




The exclusive economic zones and territorial waters of the Kingdom of Denmark


The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.

































Region
 EEZ & TW Area (km2)[36]
 Land area
 Total

 Denmark
 105 989
 42 506
 149 083

 Faroe Islands
 260 995
 1 399
 262 394

 Greenland
 2 184 254
 2 166 086
 4 350 340

Total
2 551 238
2 210 579
4 761 817


France




Exclusive economic zones of France, including Antarctic territorial claim


Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,691,000 km2 (4,514,000 mi2), the EEZ of the United States is the second largest (11,351,000 km2 / 4,382,000 mi2). The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.



























































































































Region
 EEZ & TW Area (km2)[27]
 Land area
 Total

 Metropolitan France
 334,604
 551,695
 886,299

 French Guiana
 133,949
 83,846
 217,795

 Guadeloupe
 95,978
 1,628
 97,606

 Martinique
 47,640
 1,128
 48,768

 Réunion
 315,058
 2,512
 317,570

 French Polynesia
 4,767,242
 4,167
 4,771,409

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 12,334
 242
 12,576

 Mayotte
 63,078
 376
 63,454

 Wallis and Futuna
 258,269
 264
 258,533

 Saint-Martin
 1,000
 53
 1,053

 Saint-Barthélemy
 4,000
 21
 4,021

 New Caledonia
 1,422,543
 18,575
 1,441,118

 Clipperton Island
 431,263
 6
 431,269

Crozet Islands
 574,558
 352
 574,910

Kerguelen Islands
 567,732
 7,215
 574,947

Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands
 509,015
 66
 509,081

Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean
 352,117
 44
 352,161

Tromelin Island
 270,455
 1
 270,456

Total
10,160,835
675,417
12,366,417


Greece


Greece has claimed an exclusive economic zone, as it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law.[37]


According to published maps, the Israel government has recognized the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. The gas pipeline should traverse the sea area, which according to international law, is part of the Greek EEZ. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company.[38] "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders".[39]



India





India's exclusive economic zones




  • Mainland India and Lakshadweep, 1,641,514 km2


  • Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 663,629 km2

  • Total: 2,305,143 km2


India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.[40]



Israel


In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.



Japan


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Japan




Japan's exclusive economic zones:

  Japan's EEZ


  Joint regime with Republic of Korea


  EEZ claimed by Japan, disputed by others












































EEZ Area (km2)
Marcus Island 428,875
Nanpō Islands 862,782

Pacific Ocean (Japan)		 1,162,334
Ryukyu Islands 1,394,676
Sea of Japan 630,721
Daito Islands 44
Senkaku Islands 7
Sea of Okhotsk 235

Total[41]
4,479,674

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, China and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project[42][43] both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.


Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.



Mexico




Exclusive economic zone of Mexico


Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.[44] This puts Mexico's total territory as 5,153,735 km2.



New Zealand


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand



Exclusive economic zones of the Realm of New Zealand, including the Ross Dependency (shaded)


New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km2 (1,576,742 sq mi),[45][46] which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2.[47] These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).



North Korea


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of North Korea



The exclusive economic zone of North Korea


The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan.[48] The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders.[49] The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.[50]


In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korean Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area.[51] The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.[52]


In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped.[53] The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia.[54] Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.[53]



Norway





Norway's exclusive economic zones, including dependent territory Bouvet Island


Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.[55]


In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.[56]







































Region
 EEZ & TW Area (km2)
 Land area
 Total
Mainland
 1 273 482
 323 802
 1 597 284

Svalbard
 402 574
 61 002
 463 576

Jan Mayen
 273 118
 373
 273 491

Bouvet Island
 436 004
 49
 436 053

Total
2 385 178
385 226
2 770 404


Philippines


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of the Philippines



The exclusive economic zone of the Philippines shown in the lighter blue shade, with Archepelagic Waters in the darkest blue


The Philippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).[57]



Poland


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Poland

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km2 (11,789 sq mi) within the Baltic Sea.[58]



Portugal


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Portugal




Portugal's Exclusive Economic Zones plus submitted Extended Continental Shelf to the UN[59]


Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:




  • Continental Portugal 327,667 km2


  • Azores 953,633 km2


  • Madeira 446,108 km2

  • Total : 1,727,408 km2


Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009,[60] resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.


Spain disputes the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain objects, arguing that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf,[61] citing article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.[62]



Russia





Russia's exclusive economic zone



  • Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2

  • St. Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2

  • Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2

  • Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2

  • Pacific – 3,419,202 km2

  • Siberia – 3,277,292 km2

  • Total – 8,095,881 km2[63]



Somalia


Main article: Exclusive economic zone of Somalia




Somalia's exclusive economic zone


  • 825,052 km2


South Africa





South Africa's maritime zones, including the exclusive economic zone


South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2.[64]



  • Mainland – 1,068,659 km2

  • Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2



South Korea


See also: Syngman Rhee Line




South Korean exclusive economic zone:

  Korean EEZ


  EEZ claimed by Republic of Korea, disputed by Japan


  Joint regime with Japan



Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2




United Kingdom




The exclusive economic zones of the United Kingdom in blue, including the British Overseas Territories and the Crown Dependencies. The British claim in Antarctica is shown in shaded blue.[65]


The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world at 6,805,586 square km. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom,[66] the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory. The exclusive economic zones associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos archipelago also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the EEZ as part of its territory.


The UK was late to establish an EEZ, relying on overlapping maritime zones for fisheries, pollution control, and energy matters. The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 gave the powers to establish an EEZ, with the zone defined by The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013 which came into force on 31 March 2014.[67][68]


Only the United Kingdom and Gibraltar are part of the EU. The Crown dependencies and the remaining overseas territories (that is, all except Gibraltar) are not part of the EU. The United Kingdom has not as yet claimed its rights with regards to Gibraltar or the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus.


















































































































Areas of EEZs of the UK, crown dependencies and overseas territories[64]
Territory
 km2
 sq mi
 Notes

United Kingdom
 773,676
 298,718
 includes Rockall and the Isle of Man

Anguilla
 92,178
 35,590

Ascension Island†
 441,658
 170,525

Bermuda
 450,370
 173,890

British Indian Ocean Territory
 638,568
 246,552
disputed with Mauritius

British Virgin Islands
 80,117
 30,933

Cayman Islands
 119,137
 45,999

Channel Islands
 11,658
 4,501

Falkland Islands
 550,872
 212,693
disputed with Argentina

Gibraltar
 426
 164
disputed with Spain

Montserrat
 7,582
 2,927

Pitcairn Island
 836,108
 322,823

Saint Helena†
 444,916
 171,783

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
 1,449,532
 559,667
disputed with Argentina

Tristan da Cunha archipelago†
 754,720
 291,400

Turks and Caicos Islands
 154,068
 59,486
Total
 6,805,586
 2,627,651

†Part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.



United States




Exclusive economic zones of the United States, including insular areas


The United States' exclusive economic zone is the second largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.


  • Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

The sizes of the components of the US EEZ/territorial seas are (in decreasing size):[69]




  • Alaska – 3,770,021 km2 (1,455,613 sq mi)


  • Hawaii – Northwest Islands – 1,579,538 km2 (609,863 sq mi)


  • U.S. East Coast – 915,763 km2 (353,578 sq mi)


  • Hawaii – Main Islands – 895,346 km2 (345,695 sq mi)


  • U.S. West Coast – 825,549 km2 (318,746 sq mi)


  • Northern Marianas – 749,268 km2 (289,294 sq mi)


  • Mainland Gulf Coast – 707,832 km2 (273,295 sq mi)


  • Johnston Atoll – 442,635 km2 (170,902 sq mi)


  • Howland and Baker Islands – 434,921 km2 (167,924 sq mi)


  • Wake Island – 407,241 km2 (157,237 sq mi)


  • American Samoa – 404,391 km2 (156,136 sq mi)


  • Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef – 352,300 km2 (136,000 sq mi)


  • Jarvis Island – 316,665 km2 (122,265 sq mi)


  • Guam – 221,504 km2 (85,523 sq mi)


  • Puerto Rico – 177,685 km2 (68,605 sq mi)


  • U.S. Virgin Islands – 33,744 km2 (13,029 sq mi)


Total: 11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 sq mi)



Rankings by area


This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.




















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Rank
 Country
 EEZ km2[64]
 Shelf km2
 EEZ+TIA km2
1
 France
 11,691,000 389,422 12,366,417
2
 United States
 11,351,000 2,193,526 21,814,306
3
 Australia
 8,505,348 2,194,008 16,197,464
4
 Russia
 7,566,673 3,817,843 24,664,915
5
 United Kingdom
 6,805,586 722,891 7,048,486
6
 Indonesia
 6,159,032 2,039,381 8,063,601
7
 Canada
 5,599,077 2,644,795 15,607,077
8
 Japan
 4,479,388 454,976 4,857,318
9
 New Zealand
 4,083,744 277,610 4,352,424
10
 Chile
 3,681,989 252,947 4,431,381
11
 Brazil
 3,660,955 774,563 12,175,832
12
 Kiribati
 3,441,810 7,523 3,442,536
13
 Mexico
 3,269,386 419,102 5,141,968
14
 Federated States of Micronesia
 2,996,419 19,403 2,997,121
15
 Denmark
 2,551,238 495,657 4,761,811
16
 Papua New Guinea
 2,402,288 191,256 2,865,128
17
 Norway
 2,385,178 434,020 2,770,404
18
 India
 2,305,143 402,996 5,592,406
19
 Marshall Islands
 1,990,530 18,411 1,990,711
20
 Portugal
 1,727,408 28,000 1,819,498
21
 Philippines
 1,590,780 272,921 1,890,780
22
 Solomon Islands
 1,589,477 36,282 1,618,373
23
 South Africa
 1,535,538 156,337 2,756,575
24
 Seychelles
 1,336,559 39,063 1,337,014
25
 Mauritius
 1,284,997 29,061 1,287,037
26
 Fiji
 1,282,978 47,705 1,301,250
27
 Madagascar
 1,225,259 101,505 1,812,300
28
 Argentina
 1,159,063 856,346 3,939,463[70]
29
 Ecuador
 1,077,231 41,034 1,333,600
30
 Spain
 1,039,233 77,920 1,545,225
31
 Maldives
 923,322 34,538 923,622
32
 Peru
 906,454 82,000 2,191,670
33
 China
 877,019 231,340 10,473,980
34
 Somalia
 825,052 55,895 1,462,709
35
 Colombia
 808,158 53,691 1,949,906
36
 Cape Verde
 800,561 5,591 804,594
37
 Iceland
 751,345 108,015 854,345
38
 Tuvalu
 749,790 3,575 749,816
39
 Vanuatu
 663,251 11,483 675,440
40
 Tonga
 659,558 8,517 660,305
41
 Bahamas
 654,715 106,323 668,658
42
 Palau
 603,978 2,837 604,437
43
 Mozambique
 578,986 94,212 1,380,576
44
 Morocco
 575,230 115,157 1,287,780
45
 Costa Rica
 574,725 19,585 625,825
46
 Namibia
 564,748 86,698 1,388,864
47
 Yemen
 552,669 59,229 1,080,637
48
 Italy
 541,915 116,834 843,251
49
 Oman
 533,180 59,071 842,680
50
 Myanmar
 532,775 220,332 1,209,353
51
 Sri Lanka
 532,619 32,453 598,229
52
 Angola
 518,433 48,092 1,765,133
53
 Greece
 505,572 81,451 637,529
54
 South Korea
 475,469 292,522 575,469
55
 Venezuela
 471,507 98,500 1,387,950
56
 Vietnam
 417,663 365,198 748,875
57
 Ireland
 410,310 139,935 480,583
58
 Libya
 351,589 64,763 2,111,129
59
 Cuba
 350,751 61,525 460,637
60
 Panama
 335,646 53,404 411,163
61
 Malaysia
 334,671 323,412 665,474
62
 Nauru
 308,480 41 308,501
63
 Equatorial Guinea
 303,509 7,820 331,560
64
 Thailand
 299,397 230,063 812,517
65
 Pakistan
 290,000 51,383 1,117,911
66
 Egypt
 263,451 61,591 1,265,451
67
 Turkey
 261,654 56,093 1,045,216
68
 Jamaica
 258,137 9,802 269,128
69
 Dominican Republic
 255,898 10,738 304,569
70
 Liberia
 249,734 17,715 361,103
71
 Honduras
 249,542 68,718 362,034
72
 Tanzania
 241,888 25,611 1,186,975
73
 Ghana
 235,349 22,502 473,888
74
 Saudi Arabia
 228,633 107,249 2,378,323
75
 Nigeria
 217,313 42,285 1,141,081
76
 Sierra Leone
 215,611 28,625 287,351
77
 Gabon
 202,790 35,020 470,458
78
 Barbados
 186,898 426 187,328
79
 Côte d'Ivoire
 176,254 10,175 498,717
80
 Iran
 168,718 118,693 1,797,468
81
 Mauritania
 165,338 31,662 1,190,858
82
 Comoros
 163,752 1,526 165,987
83
 Sweden
 160,885 154,604 602,255
84
 Senegal
 158,861 23,092 355,583
85
 Netherlands
 154,011 77,246 192,345
85
 Ukraine
 147,318 79,142 750,818
86
 Uruguay
 142,166 75,327 318,381
87
 Guyana
 137,765 50,578 352,734
88
 North Korea
 132,826 54,566 253,364
89
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 131,397 1,902 132,361
90
 Samoa
 127,950 2,087 130,781
91
 Suriname
 127,772 53,631 291,592
92
 Haiti
 126,760 6,683 154,510
93
 Algeria
 126,353 9,985 2,508,094
94
 Nicaragua
 123,881 70,874 254,254
95
 Guinea-Bissau
 123,725 39,339 159,850
96
 Kenya
 116,942 11,073 697,309
97
 Guatemala
 114,170 14,422 223,059
98
 Antigua and Barbuda
 110,089 4,128 110,531
99
 Tunisia
 101,857 67,126 265,467
100
 Cyprus
 98,707 4,042 107,958
101
 El Salvador
 90,962 16,852 112,003
102
 Finland
 87,171 85,109 425,590
103
 Bangladesh
 86,392 66,438 230,390
104
 Taiwan
 83,231 43,016 119,419
105
 Eritrea
 77,728 61,817 195,328
106
 Trinidad and Tobago
 74,199 25,284 79,329
107
 East Timor
 70,326 25,648 85,200
108
 Sudan
 68,148 19,827 1,954,216
109
 Cambodia
 62,515 62,515 243,550
110
 Guinea
 59,426 44,755 305,283
111
 Croatia
 59,032 50,277 115,626
112
 United Arab Emirates
 58,218 57,474 141,818
113
 Germany
 57,485 57,485 414,599
114
 Malta
 54,823 5,301 55,139
115
 Estonia
 36,992 36,992 82,219
116
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 36,302 1,561 36,691
117
 Belize
 35,351 13,178 58,317
118
 Bulgaria
 34,307 10,426 145,186
119
 Benin
 33,221 2,721 145,843
120
 Qatar
 31,590 31,590 43,176
121
 Congo, Republic of the
 31,017 7,982 373,017
122
 Poland
 29,797 29,797 342,482
123
 Dominica
 28,985 659 29,736
124
 Latvia
 28,452 27,772 93,011
125
 Grenada
 27,426 2,237 27,770
126
 Israel
 26,352 3,745 48,424
127
 Romania
 23,627 19,303 262,018
128
 Gambia
 23,112 5,581 34,407
129
 Georgia
 21,946 3,243 91,646
130
 Lebanon
 19,516 1,067 29,968
131
 Cameroon
 16,547 11,420 491,989
132
 Saint Lucia
 15,617 544 16,156
133
 Albania
 13,691 6,979 42,439
134
 Togo
 12,045 1,265 68,830
135
 Kuwait
 11,026 11,026 28,844
136
 Syria
 10,503 1,085 195,683
137
 Bahrain
 10,225 10,225 10,975
138
 Brunei
 10,090 8,509 15,855
139
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 9,974 653 10,235
140
 Montenegro
 7,745 3,896 21,557
141
 Djibouti
 7,459 3,187 30,659
142
 Lithuania
 7,031 7,031 72,331
143
 Belgium
 3,447 3,447 33,975
144
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 1,606 1,593 2,346,464
145
 Singapore
 1,067 1,067 1,772
146
 Iraq
 771 771 439,088
147
 Monaco
 288 2 290
148
 Palestine
 256 256 6,276
149
 Slovenia
 220 220 20,493
150
 Jordan
 166 59 89,508
151
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 50 50 51,259
152
 Kazakhstan
 2,724,900
153
 Mongolia
 1,564,100
154
 Chad
 1,284,000
155
 Niger
 1,267,000
156
 Mali
 1,240,192
157
 Ethiopia
 1,104,300
158
 Bolivia
 1,098,581
159
 Zambia
 752,612
160
 Afghanistan
 652,090
161
 Central African Republic
 622,984
162
 South Sudan
 619,745
163
 Botswana
 582,000
164
 Turkmenistan
 488,100
165
 Uzbekistan
 447,400
166
 Paraguay
 406,752
167
 Zimbabwe
 390,757
168
 Burkina Faso
 274,222
169
 Uganda
 241,038
170
 Laos
 236,800
171
 Belarus
 207,600
172
 Kyrgyzstan
 199,951
173
   Nepal
 147,181
174
 Tajikistan
 143,100
175
 Malawi
 118,484
176
 Hungary
 93,028
177
 Azerbaijan
 86,600
178
 Austria
 83,871
179
 Czech Republic
 78,867
180
 Serbia
 77,474
181
 Slovakia
 49,035
182
  Switzerland
 41,284
183
 Bhutan
 38,394
184
 Moldova
 33,846
185
 Lesotho
 30,355
186
 Armenia
 29,743
187
 Burundi
 27,834
188
 Rwanda
 26,338
189
 Macedonia
 25,713
190
 Swaziland
 17,364
191
 Kosovo[a]
 10,887
192
 Luxembourg
 2,586
193
 Andorra
 468
194
 Liechtenstein
 160
195
 San Marino
 61
196
  Vatican City
 0.44
Total
 United Nations
 137,159,222 25,103,204 274,004,586


See also




  • Air Defense Identification Zone

  • Baseline

  • Continental shelf

  • International waters

  • R v Marshall

  • Special economic zone

  • Territorial waters



Notes and references


Notes:





a.
^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is recognized as an independent state by 104 out of 193 United Nations member states.



  1. ^ The reference gives an approximate figure of 2 million square kilometres for the EEZ claimed by Australia as part of its Antarctic Territory. This is in addition to the 8 million square kilometre total given in the reference. This EEZ is also distinct from the 2.56 million square kilometres of additional continental shelf mentioned in the reference.


References:





  1. ^ "Part V – Exclusive Economic Zone, Article 56". Law of the Sea. United Nations. Retrieved 2011-08-28..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "Part V – Exclusive Economic Zone, Articles 55, 56". Law of the Sea. United Nations.


  3. ^ William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294.


  4. ^ UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.


  5. ^ [1] 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.


  6. ^ The Exclusive Economic Zone: A Historical Perspective. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  7. ^ Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea, New York Times, 28 April 2010, Accessed 28 April 2010


  8. ^ Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute, Guardian, 15 September 2010, Accessed 21 September 2010


  9. ^ "Im östlichen Mittelmeer sollen Erdgasvorkommen von mehreren Billionen Kubikmetern liegen. Das befeuert den Zypernkonflikt". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.


  10. ^ "NZZ: Boreholes rekindle the Cyprus problem (original: ΝΖΖ: Οι γεωτρήσεις αναζωπυρώνουν το Κυπριακό)". Kathimerini. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.


  11. ^ "Gas Partnership: Netanyahu Visits Cyprus". Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  12. ^ Makris, A. "Cyprus Calls on Turkey to Steer Away From Threats – GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  13. ^ European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference (2007). Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005. Peeters Publishers. p. 50. ISBN 978-90-429-1858-0. There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.


  14. ^ Quigley. The Statehood of Palestine. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-139-49124-2. The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.


  15. ^ Nathalie Tocci (January 2004). EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7546-4310-4. The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a.


  16. ^ Dr Anders Wivel; Robert Steinmetz (28 March 2013). Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-4094-9958-9. To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey


  17. ^ Peter Neville (22 March 2013). Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy. Scarecrow Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-8108-7371-1. ...Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed.


  18. ^ The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region Archived 2006-02-27 at the Wayback Machine.


  19. ^ "AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS (MARITIME DELIMITATION)". Permanent Court of Arbitration. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.


  20. ^ Kwiatkowska, Barbara (January 2001). "The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation". Ocean Development and International Law. 32 (1). doi:10.1080/00908320150502177.


  21. ^ United Nations International Court of Justice Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. Decision year: 2009


  22. ^ FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Part3: highlights of Special studies Rome.
    ISBN 978-92-5-105568-7


  23. ^ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829.


  24. ^ The Australian Fishing Zone


  25. ^ Geoscience Australia. 2005. Maritime Boundary Definitions Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine..


  26. ^ UN confirms Australia’s rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed. Archived 2009-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Minister for Resources and Energy, The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, Media Release, 21 April 2008."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-11-13.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)


  27. ^ abcd Geoscience Australia, 2012. Education: Oceans and Seas


  28. ^ Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Submission by Australia


  29. ^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015. EEZ waters of: Brazil 2,400,917 km², Fernando de Noronha 363,362 km², St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago 413,636 km², Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. 468,599 km²


  30. ^ UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76: Brazilian Submission


  31. ^ Wildlife Habitat Canada. Canada's Marine Waters: Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature Archived 2005-12-21 at the Wayback Machine..


  32. ^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015. EEZ waters of: Chile 1,975,760 km², Desventuradas Isl. 449,836 km², Easter Isl. 720,412 km², J. Fernandez, Felix and Ambrosio Isl. 502,524 km²


  33. ^ Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών - About us. Cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  34. ^ (PDF) http://www.cyprusgasconference.com/pdf/George%20Pamboridis.pdf. Retrieved December 29, 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
    [dead link]


  35. ^ EEZ Waters Of Cyprus. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  36. ^ Danish foreign ministry Archived 2008-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.


  37. ^ Indirect Proclamation of EEZ – Greece Gives Coordinates Of Continental Shelf To UN ~ HellasFrappe. Hellasfrappe.blogspot.com.es (2013-02-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  38. ^ Israel Recognizes Greek Exclusive Economic Zone | News from Greeks in Africa, Asia, and South America. World.greekreporter.com (2011-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  39. ^ Israel defends energy exploration deal with Cyprus | ICEJ UK. Uk.icej.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  40. ^ Sunderarajan, P. "India hopes to double its EEZ". Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  41. ^ including areas recommended by "CLCS".


  42. ^ Japan (main islands) The Sea Around Us Project


  43. ^ Japan (outer islands) The Sea Around Us Project


  44. ^ Geographic location[permanent dead link]


  45. ^ New Zealand Sea Around Us Project


  46. ^ Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) The Sea Around Us Project


  47. ^ New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007). Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone: Discussion Paper – Introduction Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Published August 2007, Publication number ME824.
    ISBN 0-978-478-30160-1 Accessed 2006-01-07.


  48. ^ Prescott & Schofield 2001, p. 25.


  49. ^ Kim 2017, p. 20.


  50. ^ Kim 2017, pp. 20, 71–72.


  51. ^ Kim 2017, p. 77.


  52. ^ Kotch & Abbey 2003, p. 179.


  53. ^ ab Van Dyke 2009, p. 42.


  54. ^ Kim 2017, p. 51.


  55. ^ Statistisk årbok 2007 Accessed January 2008


  56. ^ UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canwest News Service, 15 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.


  57. ^ Exclusive Economic Zones – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.


  58. ^ Inc., Advanced Solutions International,. "404" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  59. ^ Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.


  60. ^ Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone. Accessed 3 July 2011


  61. ^ Lacleta Muñoz, José Manuel: "Las fronteras de España en el mar". Documentos de trabajo 34-2004, Real Instituto Elcano


  62. ^ "PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA". Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  63. ^ "Sea Around Us Project – Data and Visualization". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  64. ^ abc "Sea Around Us – Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". Retrieved 1 April 2017.


  65. ^ 10 Downing Street. "Countries within a country". Archived from the original on 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-01-16.


  66. ^ "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013" http://www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2014.


  67. ^ Gibson, J. (January 2009). "The United Kingdom's elusive exclusive economic zone". Journal of Water Law. 20 (4). Retrieved 20 November 2018.


  68. ^ "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013". legislation.gov.uk. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2018.


  69. ^ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.


  70. ^ Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of the Argentine reaches 6 581 500 km²



Works cited:




  • Suk Kyoon Kim (2017). Maritime Disputes in Northeast Asia: Regional Challenges and Cooperation. Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34422-8.


  • Kotch, John Barry; Abbey, Michael (2003). "Ending naval clashes on the Northern Limit Line and the quest for a West Sea peace regime" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 27 (2): 175–204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2011.


  • Prescott, John Robert Victor; Schofield, Clive H. (2001). Furness, Shelagh, ed. "Undelimited Maritime Boundaries of the Asian Rim in the Pacific Ocean". Maritime Briefing. Durham: International Boundaries Research Unit, University of Durham. 3 (1). ISBN 978-1-897643-43-3.


  • Van Dyke, Jon M. (2009). "Disputes Over Islands and Maritime Boundaries in East Asia". In Seoung Yong Hong, Jon M.; Van Dyke. Maritime Boundary Disputes, Settlement Processes, and the Law of the Sea. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 39–76. ISBN 90-04-17343-9.



External links








  • marineregions.org interactive map, showing boundaries and disputes

  • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – Part V


  • Sea Around Us Project – View the EEZ of all nations (Note that this site does not distinguish between territorial waters and the EEZ, and so tends to overstate EEZ areas.)

  • The USA zone since 1977


  • GIS data: VLIZ.be


  • Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead? by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)

  • EEZ Management












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章鱼与海女图

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本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして
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Farm Security Administration

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Farm Security Administration Farm Security Administration logo Agency overview Formed September 1, 1937  ( 1937-09-01 ) Preceding agencies Resettlement Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration Dissolved 1946 Superseding agency Farmers Home Administration Key documents Farm Security Act Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act The Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States. It succeeded the Resettlement Administration (1935–1937). [1] The FSA stressed "rural rehabilitation" efforts to improve the lifestyle of sharecroppers, tenants, very poor landowning farmers, and a program to purchase submarginal land owned by poor farmers and resettle them in group farms on land more suitable for efficient farming. Critics, including the Farm Bureau, strongly opposed the FSA as an experiment in collectivizing agriculture—that is, in bringing
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