Jdtcujk

Haplogroup J-M172
Possible time of origin	15000-22000 ybp(TMRCA 19-24000ybp)
Possible place of origin	; Western Asia;
Ancestor	J-P209
Defining mutations	M172
Highest frequencies	; Ingush 88.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21% (Wells 2001)-72%, Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48% (Wells 2001), Iraqis 24%(Al-Zahery 2011)-25% Al-Zahery 2003 and Sanchez 2005, Uyghurs 34% (Shou 2010),Yaghnobis 32% (Wells 2001), Uzbeks 30.4% (Shou 2010), Greeks 10%-48%(Martinez 2007), Muslim Kurds 28.4%(Nebel 2001), Pashtuns 20-30Z,Lebanese 30% (Semino 2004)[dubious – discuss](Wells 2001), Ashkenazi Jews 24%(Nebel 2001)-29% (Semino 2004), Turks 24% (Cinnioglu 2004)-40% (Semino 2000), Hazara 26.6% (Haber et al, 2012),Kuwaiti 26% (Qassemi 2009) and (Wells 2001), Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009)-37% (Capelli 2005),Abkhaz 25% (Nasidze 2004), Iranians 22.5%(Grugni 2012)-24%,Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Italians 9%-36%(Capelli 2007) and (Semino 2000), Armenians 21%(Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Mordvins 15.3%,Kazan Tatars 15.1%,Chuvash 14%,Sephardi Jews 15% (Shen 2004)-29% (Nebel 2001), Ossetians 16%(Balanovsky 2011)-24%(Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Maltese 21% (Capelli 2005), North Indian Shia Muslims 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009), Palestinians 17% (Nebel 2001)-35%[citation needed], Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008)-23.5%[citation needed], Syrians 14% (Di Giacomo 2004)-29%[citation needed], and Kalash people 9.1%.[full citation needed];

In human genetics, Haplogroup J-M172 or J2^{[Phylogenetics 1]} is a Y-chromosome haplogroup which is a subclade (branch) of haplogroup J-M304.^{[Phylogenetics 2]} Haplogroup J-M172 is common in modern populations in Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, Europe and North Africa. It is thought that J-M172 may have originated between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the Levant.^[10]^[11]

It is further divided into two complementary clades, J-M410 and J-M12 (M12, M102, M221, M314).

.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}

Origins

The date of origin for haplogroup J-M172 was estimated by Batini et al in 2015 as between 19,000 and 24,000 years before present (BP).^[2]Samino et al in 2004 dated the origin of the parent haplogroup, J-P209, to between 18,900 and 44,500 YBP.^[12] Ancient J-M410 has been found, in a mesolithic context, in a tooth from the Kotias Klde Cave in western Georgia dating 9.529-9.895 cal. BP. This sample has been assigned to the Caucasus hunter-gatherers (CHG) autosomal component.^[13]

It is likely that J2 men had settled over most of Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Iran by the end of the Last Glaciation 12,000 years ago.^[14]

Zalloua and Wells 2004 and al-Zaheri 2003 uncovered the earliest known migration of J2, from Sumeria to Canaan.^[10]^[11] In 2001, Nebel et al. found that, "According to Underhill et al. (2000), Eu 9 (H58) evolved from Eu 10 (H71) through a T→G transversion at M172 (emphasis added)," and that in today's populations, Eu 9 (the post-mutation form of M172) is strongest in the Caucasus, Asia Minor and the Levant, whilst Eu 10 becomes stronger and replaces the frequency of Eu 9 as one moves south into the Arabian Peninsula,^[15] so that people from the Caucasus met with Arabs near and between Mesopotamia (formerly Sumeria) and the Negev Desert, as "Arabisation" spread from Arabia to the Levant and Turkey, as well as many peoples (e.g. Jews, Armenians, Lebanese) having returned from diasporas.

Per research by Di Giacomo 2004, J-M172 haplogroup spread into Southern Europe" from either the Levant or Anatolia, likely parallel to the development of agriculture.^[16] As to the timing of its spread into Europe, Di Giacomo points to events which post-date the Neolithic, in particular the demographic floruit associated with the rise of the Ancient Greek world. Semino et al. derived older age estimates for overall J2 (having used the Zhivotovsky method c.f. Di Giacomo), postulating its initial spread with Neolithic farmers from the Near East. However, its subclade distribution, showing localized peaks in the Southern Balkans, southern Italy, north/central Italy and the Caucasus, does not conform to a single 'wave-of-advance' scenario, betraying a number of still poorly understood post-Neolithic processes which created its current pattern. Like Di Giacomo, the Bronze Age southern Balkans was suggested by Semino 2004 to have been an important vector of spread.^[12]

Distribution

Haplogroup J-M172 is found mainly in the Fertile Crescent, the Caucasus (Nasidze 2003), Anatolia, Italy, the Mediterranean littoral, and the Iranian plateau(Semino 2004).

The highest reported frequency of J-M172 ever was 87.4%, among Ingush in Malgobek (Balanovsky 2011).

More specifically it is found in Iraq (Al-Zahery 2003), Kuwait (Qassemi 2009), Syria (Luis 2004), Lebanon (Zalloua 2008l), Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004), Georgia (Nasidze 2003), Azerbaijan (Di Giacomo 2004), North Caucasus (Nasidze 2004), Armenia (Wells 2001), Iran (Nasidze 2004), Israel (Semino 2004), Palestine (Semino 2004), Cyprus (Capelli 2005), Greece (Martinez 2007), Albania (Semino 2000), Italy (Capelli 2007), and Spain (Di Giacomo 2003), and more frequently in Iraqis 24%Al-Zahery 2011, Chechens 51.0%-58.0% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21% (Wells 2001)-72% (Wells 2001), Lebanese 30%(Semino 2004), Ossetians 24%(Nasidze 2004), Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Syrians 23% (Luis 2004), Turks 13% (Cinnioglu 2004)-40% (Semino 2000), Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009)-37%(Capelli 2005), Armenians 21% (Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8%,(Balanovsky 2011) Iranians 10% (Nasidze 2004)-25%, (Wells 2001) Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008)-24%, (Semino 2000) Italians 9%-36% (Capelli 2007), Sephardi Jews 15%(Nebel 2001)-29%, (Semino 2004) Maltese 21%(Capelli 2005), Palestinians 17%(Semino 2004), Saudis 14% (Abu-Amero 2009), Jordanians 14%, Omanis 10%-15% (Di Giacomo 2004) and (Luis 2004), and North Indian Shia Muslim 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009).

North Africa

Haplogroup J2 is found with low frequencies in North Africa.

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Tunisia	Tunisia	62	8	El-Sibai 2009
Tunisia	Sousse	220	8.2	Fadhlaoui-Zid 2014
Algeria	Oran	102	4.9	Robino 2008
Egypt		124	7.6	El-Sibai 2009
Egypt		147	12.0	Abu-Amero 2009
Morocco		221	4.1	Fregel 2009
North Africa	Algeria, Tunisia	202	3.5	Fregel 2009

Central Asia

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Afghanistan	Hazara	60	26.6	Haber 2012
Afghanistan	Uzbeks	126	16	Di Cristofaro 2013
Bukhara	Uzbeks	58	16	Wells 2001
Dushanbe	Tajiks	16	31	Wells 2001
Xinjiang, China	Uyghurs	50	34	Shou 2010
Xinjiang, China	Uzbeks	23	30.4	Shou 2010
Xinjiang, China	Tajiks	31	16.1	Shou 2010
Kazakhstan	Kazakhs	30	13.3	Karafet 2001
Kazakhstan	Uyghurs	41	20	Wells 2001
Samarkand	Uzbeks	45	16	Wells 2001
Samarkand	Tajiks	40	20	Wells 2001
Surkhandarya	Uzbeks	68	16	Wells 2001
Tajikistan	Yaghnobis	31	32	Wells 2001
Tajikistan	Tajiks	38	18.4	Wells 2001
Turkmenistan	Turkmens	30	17	Wells 2001
Uzbekistan	Uzbeks	366	13.4	Wells 2001

J-M172 is found at moderate frequencies among Central Asian people such as Uyghurs, Uzbeks, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kazakhs, and Yaghnobis. According to the genetic study in Northwest China by Shou et al. (2010), a notable high frequency of J-M172 is observed particularly in Uyghurs 34% and Uzbeks 30.4% in Xinjiang, China.

The haplogroup has an ancient presence in Central Asia and seems to have preceded the spread of Islam (Shou 2010). In addition, the immediate ancestor of J-M172, namely J* (J-M304*, a.k.a. J-P209*, J-12f2.1*) is also found among Xibo, Kazakh, Dongxiang and Uzbek people in Northwest China.

In 2015, two ancient samples belonging to J-M172 or J-M410 (J2a) were found at two different archaeological sites in Altai, eastern Russia: Kytmanovo and Sary-bel kurgan. Both of the ancient samples are related to Iron Age cultures in Altai. Sary-bel J2/J2a is dated to 50 BC whereas Kytmanovo sample is dated to 721-889 AD. Genetic admixture analysis of these samples also suggests that the individuals were more closely related to West Eurasians than other Altaians from the same period, although they also seem to be related to present-day Turkic peoples of the region.^[17]^[18]^[19]

Europe

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Albania		55	19.9	Battaglia 2009
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Serbs	81	8.7	Battaglia 2009
Cyprus		164	12.9	El-Sibai 2009
Greece	Crete	143	35	El-Sibai 2009
Iberia		655	7	Fregel 2009
Iberia		1140	7.7	Adams 2008
Italy	Sicily	212	22.6	El-Sibai 2009
Italy	Mainland	699	20	Capelli 2007
Italy	Central Marche	59	35.6	Capelli 2007
Italy	West Calabria	57	35.1	Capelli 2007
Italy	Val Badia	34	8.8	Capelli 2007
Malta		90	21.1	El-Sibai 2009
Portugal	North, Center, South	303	6.9	El-Sibai 2009
Portugal	Tras-os-Montes (Jews)	57	24.5	Nogueiro 2010
Sardinia		81	9.9	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Mallorca	62	8.1	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Sevilla	155	7.8	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Leon	60	5	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Ibiza	54	3.7	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Cantabria	70	2.9	El-Sibai 2009
Spain	Galicia	292	13	Brion 2004
Spain	Canary Islands	652	10.5	Fregel 2009

In Europe, the frequency of Haplogroup J-M172 drops as one moves northward away from the Mediterranean. In Italy, J-M172 is found with regional frequencies ranging between 9% and 36% (Capelli 2007). In Greece, it is found with regional frequencies ranging between 10% and 48%. Approximately 24% of Turkish men are J-M172 according to a recent study, (Cinnioglu 2004) with regional frequencies ranging between 13% and 40% (Semino 2000). Combined with J-M267, up to half of the Turkish population belongs to Haplogroup J-P209.

It has been proposed that haplogroup subclade J-M410 was linked to populations on ancient Crete by examining the relationship between Anatolian, Cretan, and Greek populations from around early Neolithic sites in Crete. Haplogroup J-M12 was associated with Neolithic Greece (ca. 8500 - 4300 BCE) and was reported to be found in modern Crete (3.1%) and mainland Greece (Macedonia 7.0%, Thessaly 8.8%, Argolis 1.8%) (King 2008).

North Caucasus

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Caucasus	Abkhaz	58	13.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Avar	115	6	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Chechen	330	57	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Circassians	142	21.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Dargins	101	1	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Ingush	143	88.8	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Kaitak	33	3	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Kumyks	73	21	Yunusbayev 2011
Caucasus	Kubachi	65	0	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Lezghins	81	2.5	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Ossets	357	16	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus	Shapsug	100	6	Balanovsky 2011
Caucasus		1525	28.1	Balanovsky 2011

J-M172 is found at very high frequencies in certain peoples of the Caucasus: among the Ingush 87.4% (Balanovsky 2011), Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21%-72%, (Wells 2001), Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48%, (Wells 2001) Abkhaz 25%, (Nasidze 2004) Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Ossetians 24% (Nasidze 2004), Armenians 21% (Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011), and other groups ( Nasidze 2004 and Nasidze 2003).

West Asia

Country/Region	Sampling	N	J-M172	Study
Jewish	Ashkenazim Jewish	442	19	Behar 2004
Iran		92	25	El-Sibai 2009
Iraq		154	24	Al-Zahery 2011^[20]
Israel	Akka	101	18.6	El-Sibai 2009
Jordan		273	14.6	El-Sibai 2009
Lebanon		951	29.4	El-Sibai 2009
Oman		121	10.0	Abu-Amero 2009
Pakistan		176	11.9	Abu-Amero 2009
Pakistan	Chitral District			Firasat 2007
Qatar		72	8.3	El-Sibai 2009
Saudi Arabia		157	14	Abu-Amero 2009^[21]
Syria	Syria	554	20.8	El-Sibai 2009
Turkey		523	24.2	El-Sibai 2009
UAE		164	10.3	El-Sibai 2009
Yemen		62	9.6	El-Sibai 2009

Sephardi Jews have about 15% (Nebel 2001)-29% (Semino 2004), of haplogroup J-M172, and Ashkenazi Jews have 15% (Shen 2004)-23% (Semino 2004). It was reported in an early study which tested only four STR markers (Malaspina 2001) that a small sample of Italian Cohens belonged to Network 1.2, an early designation for the overall clade now known as J-L26, defined by the deletion at DYS413. However, a large number of all Jewish Cohens in the world belong to haplogroup J-M267 (see Cohen modal haplotype).

Haplogroup J-M172 has been shown to have a more northern distribution in the Middle East, although it exists in significant amounts in the southern middle-east regions, a lesser amount of it was found when compared to its brother haplogroup, J-M267, which has a high frequency southerly distribution. It was believed that the source population of J-M172 originated from the Levant/Syria (Syrid-J-M172), and that its occurrence among modern populations of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia was a sign of the neolithic agriculturalists. However, as stated it is now believed more likely to have been spread in waves, as a result of post-Neolithic processes .

South Asia

J2-M172 was found to be significantly higher among Dravidian castes at 19% than among Indo-European castes at 11%. J2-M172 and J-M410 is found 21% among Dravidian middle castes, followed by upper castes, 18.6%, and lower castes 14%.^[22] Among caste groups, the highest frequency of J2-M172 was observed among Tamil Vellalars of South India, at 38.7%.^[22] J2 is present in Indian tribals too and has a frequency of 11% in Austro-Asiatic tribals. Among the Austro-Asiatic tribals, the predominant J2 occurs in the Asur tribe (77.5%) albeit with a sample size of 40^[23] and in the Lodha (35%) of West Bengal.^[22] J2 is also present in the South Indian hill tribe Toda at 38.46% albeit with a sample size of only 26,^[24] in the Andh tribe of Telangana at 35.19%,^[25] in the Narikuravar tribe at 57.9%^[23] and in the Kol tribe of Uttar Pradesh at a frequency of 33.34%.^[26] Haplogroup J-P209 was found to be more common in India's Shia Muslims, of which 28.7% belong to haplogroup J, with 13.7% in J-M410, 10.6% in J-M267 and 4.4% in J2b (Eaaswarkhanth 2009).

In Pakistan, the highest frequencies of J2-M172 were observed among the Parsis at 38.89%, the Dravidian speaking Brahui's at 28.18% and the Makrani Balochs at 24%.^[27] It also occurs at 18.18% in Makrani Siddis and at 3% in Karnataka Siddis.^[27]^[28]

J2-M172 is found at an overall frequency of 16.1% in the people of Sri Lanka.^[29] In Maldives, 22% of Maldivian population were found to be haplogroup J2 positive.^[30] Subclades of M172 such as M67 and M92 were not found in either Indian or Pakistani samples which also might hint at a partial common origin.^[22]

Subclade distribution

Haplogroup J-M172 is subdivided into two complementary sub-haplogroups: J-M410, defined by the M410 genetic marker, and J-M12, defined by the M12 genetic marker.

J-M172

J-M172 is typical of populations of the Near East, Southern Europe, Southwest Asia and the Caucasus, with a moderate distribution through much of Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa.^{[citation needed]}

J-M410

J-M410 is found in Georgia, North Ossetia.^{[citation needed]}

J-M47

J-M47 is found with low frequency in Georgia, (Battaglia 2008) southern Iran (Regueiro 2006), Qatar (Cadenas 2008) Saudi Arabia (AbuAmero 2009), Syria (Di Giacomo 2004), Tunisia (Arredi 2004), Turkey (Di Giacomo 2004 and Cinnioglu 2004), the UAE, (Cadenas 2008), and Central Asia/Siberia (Underhill 2000).

J-M67

J-M67 (Called J2f in older papers) has its highest frequencies associated with Nakh peoples. Found at very high (majority) frequencies among Ingush in Malgobek (87.4%), Chechens in Dagestan (58%), Chechens in Chechnya (56.8%) and Chechens in Malgobek, Ingushetia (50.9%) (Balanovsky 2011). In the Caucasus, it is found at significant frequencies among Georgians (13.3%) (Semino 2004), Iron Ossetes (11.3%), South Caucasian Balkars (6.3%) (Semino 2004), Digor Ossetes (5.5%), Abkhaz (6.9%), and Cherkess (5.6%) (Balanovsky 2011). It is also found at notable frequencies in the Mediterranean and Middle East, including Cretans (10.2%), North-central Italians (9.6%), Southern Italians (4.2%; only 0.8% among N. Italians), Anatolian Turks (2.7-5.4%), Greeks (4-4.3%), Albanians (3.6%), Ashkenazi Jews (4.9%), Sephardis (2.4%), Catalans (3.9%), Andalusians (3.2%), Calabrians (3.3%), Albanian Calabrians (8.9%) (see Di Giacomo 2004 and Semino 2004).

J-M319

J-M319 is found with low to moderate frequency in Cretan Greeks (Martinez 2007 and King 2008), Iraqi Jews (Shen 2004), and Moroccan Jews (Shen 2004).

J-M158

J-M158 (location under L24 uncertain) J-M158 is found with low frequency in Turkey (Cinnioglu 2004), South Asia (Sengupta 2006 and Underhill 2000), Indochina (Underhill 2000), and Iberian Peninsula.

Phylogenetics

In Y-chromosome phylogenetics, subclades are the branches of haplogroups. These subclades are also defined by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or unique event polymorphisms (UEPs).

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	(α)	(β)	(γ)	(δ)	(ε)	(ζ)	(η)	YCC 2002 (Longhand)	YCC 2005 (Longhand)	YCC 2008 (Longhand)	YCC 2010r (Longhand)	ISOGG 2006	ISOGG 2007	ISOGG 2008	ISOGG 2009	ISOGG 2010	ISOGG 2011	ISOGG 2012
J-12f2a	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J*	J	J	J	-	-	-	-	-	-	J
J-M62	9	VI	Med	23	Eu10	H4	B	J1	J1a	J1a	J1a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M172	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2*	J2	J2	J2	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2
J-M47	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2a	J2a	J2a1	J2a4a	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1a
J-M68	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2b	J2b	J2a3	J2a4c	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1c
J-M137	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2c	J2c	J2a4	J2a4h2a1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h2a1a
J-M158	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2d	J2d	J2a5	J2a4h1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1h1
J-M12	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e*	J2e	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M102	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1*	J2e1	J2b	J2b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2b
J-M99	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2e1a	J2e1a	J2b2a	J2b2a	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private
J-M67	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f*	J2f	J2a2	J2a4b	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b
J-M92	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f1	J2f1	J2a2a	J2a4b1	-	-	-	-	-	-	J2a1b1
J-M163	9	VI	Med	24	Eu9	H4	B	J2f2	J2f2	J2a2b	J2a4b2	-	-	-	-	-	-	Private

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Phylogenetic trees

There are several confirmed and proposed phylogenetic trees available for haplogroup J-M172. The scientifically accepted one is the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) one published in Karafet 2008 and subsequently updated. A draft tree that shows emerging science is provided by Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center in Houston, Texas. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) also provides an amateur tree.^{[Phylogenetics 3]}^{[Phylogenetics 4]}

The Genomic Research Center draft tree

This is Thomas Krahn at the Genomic Research Center's draft tree Proposed Tree for haplogroup J-M172 (Krahn & FTDNA 2013). For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

M172, L228
- M410, L152, L212, L505, L532, L559
  - M289
  - L26, L27, L927
    - M47, M322
    - M67, L558
    - M319
    - M339
    - M419
    - P81
    - L24, L207.1
    - L88.2, L198
    - L250.2, L251.2
    - L267
    - P329.2
  - L581
- M12, M102, M221, M314, L282
  - M205
  - M241
    - M99
    - M280
    - M321
    - P84
    - L283

The Y-Chromosome Consortium tree

This is the official scientific tree produced by the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). The last major update was in 2008 (Karafet 2008). Subsequent updates have been quarterly and biannual. The current version is a revision of the 2010 update.^[31]

The ISOGG tree

Below are the subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 with their defining mutation, according to the ISOGG tree (as of February 2018). Note that the descent-based identifiers may be subject to change, as new SNPs are discovered that augment and further refine the tree. For brevity, only the first three levels of subclades are shown.

J2 M172/Page28/PF4908, L228/PF4895/S321
- J2a M410, L152, L212/PF4988, L559/PF4986
  - J2a1 DYS413≤18, L26/Page55/PF5110/S57, F4326/L27/PF5111/S396
    - J2a1a M47, M322
    - J2a1b M67/PF5137/S51
    - J2a1c M68
    - J2a1d M319
    - J2a1e M339
    - J2a1f M419
    - J2a1g P81/PF4275
    - J2a1h L24/S286, L207.1
    - J2a1i L88.2, L198
  - J2a2 L581/PF5026/S398
    - J2a2a P279/PF5065
- J2b L282, M12, M102, M221, M314/PF4939
  - J2b1 M205
  - J2b2 M241
    - J2b2a L283

References

^ Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.

^ ^a^b Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, et al. (May 2015). "Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing". Nature Communications. 6: 7152. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7152B. doi:10.1038/ncomms8152. PMC 4441248. PMID 25988751.

^ The extent of differentiation of Hg J, observed both with the biallelic and microsatellite markers, points to the Middle East as its likely homeland. In this area, J-M172 and J-M267 are equally represented and show the highest degree of internal variation, indicating that it is most likely that these subclades also arose in the Middle East. (Di Giacomo 2004)

^ Shou et al (2010), Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians, Journal of Human Genetics 55, 314-322 (May 2010) | doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30, Link to the table of haplogroup distribution and Y-chromosome diversity in 14 northwestern populations, Quote: "Uygurs, J2-M172 17/50=34%"

^ ^a^b Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS One. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.

^ C. Capelli, N. Redhead, V. Romano et al., "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Annals of Human Genetics (2005)

^ Y haplogroup J in Iran by Alfred A. Aburto Jr.

^ ^a^b^c Трофимова Наталья Вадимовна, ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ МИТОХОНДРИАЛЬНОЙ ДНК И Y-ХРОМОСОМЫВ ПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ ВОЛГО-УРАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА, 03.02.07

^ A genetic study published led by Firasat (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies.

^ ^a^b Zalloua & Wells: National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. [1] and [2].

^ ^a^b "N. Al-Zahery et al. "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations" (2003)" (PDF). Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 1 September 2013.

^ ^a^b Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.

^ Jones ER, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Connell S, Siska V, Eriksson A, Martiniano R, et al. (November 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969.

^ "Haplogroup J2 Origins". www.eupedia.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.

^ Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (Nov 2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–1112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
See especially Figure Six. Semino 2000 is a source which also states that Eu 9 descends from Eu 10 (Eu 10 is a different subclade of Haplogroup J (mtDNA)).

^ Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918.

^ Allentoft; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

^ C. Rоttensteiner, J2a2-PH3085, SK1403: Ancient Altai, modern Uygur and Turkish, J2-M172 Haplogroup Research.

^ F. Immanuel, Codes for Gedmatch Results, Ancient DNA page, F999962 for RISE504, Kytmanovo sample, and F999965 for RISE602, Sary-bel sample.

^ Al-Zahery et al, 2011, Additional file 3. Absolute frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups and sub-haplogroups in the 48 populations included in the PCA. Note: Only 37 of 154 samples (24%) are J2 in Iraq according to the list of Al-Zahery 2011. 43.6% is the frequency of J2 among all J haplogroup Iraqis, not all haplogroups.

^ Abu-Amero (2009), Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions, Quote: The most abundant haplogroups in Saudi Arabia, J1-M267 (42%), J2-M172 (14%), E1-M2 (8%), R1-M17 (5%) and K2-M184 (5%) are also well represented in other Arabian populations (Table (Table1).1).

^ ^a^b^c^d Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.

^ ^a^b Singh S, Singh A, Rajkumar R, Sampath Kumar K, Kadarkarai Samy S, Nizamuddin S, et al. (January 2016). "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup". Scientific Reports. 6: 19157. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S. doi:10.1038/srep19157. PMC 4709632. PMID 26754573.

^ Arunkumar G, Soria-Hernanz DF, Kavitha VJ, Arun VS, Syama A, Ashokan KS, et al. (2012). "Population differentiation of southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system". PLOS One. 7 (11): e50269. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750269A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050269. PMC 3508930. PMID 23209694.

^ Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, et al. (August 2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.

^ Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, et al. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.

^ ^a^b Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, et al. (May 2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (5): 1107–24. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.

^ Shah AM, Tamang R, Moorjani P, Rani DS, Govindaraj P, Kulkarni G, Bhattacharya T, Mustak MS, Bhaskar LV, Reddy AG, Gadhvi D, Gai PB, Chaubey G, Patterson N, Reich D, Tyler-Smith C, Singh L, Thangaraj K (2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89 (1): 154–61. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030. PMC 3135801. PMID 21741027.

^ "The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India" (PDF).

^ Ancestry of Maldives People in Light of Population Genetics: Maldivian Ancestry in light of Genetics

^ "Y-DNA Haplotree".
Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.

Bibliography

.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}

^ ^[1]

^ Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69 (5): 1095–112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.

^ Malaspina P, Tsopanomichalou M, Duman T, Stefan M, Silvestri A, Rinaldi B, et al. (2001). "A multistep process for the dispersal of a Y chromosomal lineage in the Mediterranean area". Ann. Hum. Genet. 65 (Pt 4): 339–49. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6540339.x. PMID 11592923.

External links

Migration of Indians Across Continents spanning generations: A Case History of the Saluja Family.

In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups ^{[χ 1]}^{[χ 2]}

"Y-chromosomal Adam"

A00

A0-T ^{[χ 3]}

A0

A1 ^{[χ 4]}

A1a

A1b

A1b1

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

G

HIJK

IJK

H

IJ

K

I

J

LT ^{[χ 5]}

K2 ^{[χ 6]}

L

T

K2a ^{[χ 7]}

K2b ^{[χ 8]}

K2c

K2d

K2e ^{[χ 9]}

K-M2313 ^{[χ 10]}

K2b1 ^{[χ 11]}

P ^{[χ 12]}

NO

S ^{[χ 13]}

M ^{[χ 14]}

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Y-DNA by population

Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

Footnotes

^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

^ Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

Phylogenetic notes

^ This table shows the historic names for J-M172 in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	J-M172
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	9
Underhill 2000	VI
Hammer 2001	Med
Karafet 2001	24
Semino 2000	Eu9
Su 1999	H4
Capelli 2001	B
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	J2*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	J2
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	J2
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	J2

^ This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)	J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304)
Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000	9
Underhill 2000	VI
Hammer 2001	Med
Karafet 2001	23
Semino 2000	Eu10
Su 1999	H4
Capelli 2001	B
YCC 2002 (Longhand)	J*
YCC 2005 (Longhand)	J
YCC 2008 (Longhand)	J
YCC 2010r (Longhand)	J

^ http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html

^ http://thegeneticatlas.com/J2_Y-DNA.htm

^ Renfrew AC (1998). Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins (Pimlico ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6612-1.

[vanOven2014-36] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[ISOGG2015-37] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-38] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-39] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-40] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-41] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-42] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-43] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-44] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-45] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-46] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-47] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-48] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-49] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[semino-1] Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.

[nature.com-2] Batini C, Hallast P, Zadik D, Delser PM, Benazzo A, Ghirotto S, et al. (May 2015). "Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing". Nature Communications. 6: 7152. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E7152B. doi:10.1038/ncomms8152. PMC 4441248. PMID 25988751.

[3] The extent of differentiation of Hg J, observed both with the biallelic and microsatellite markers, points to the Middle East as its likely homeland. In this area, J-M172 and J-M267 are equally represented and show the highest degree of internal variation, indicating that it is most likely that these subclades also arose in the Middle East. (Di Giacomo 2004)

[4] Shou et al (2010), Y-chromosome distributions among populations in Northwest China identify significant contribution from Central Asian pastoralists and lesser influence of western Eurasians, Journal of Human Genetics 55, 314-322 (May 2010) | doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.30, Link to the table of haplogroup distribution and Y-chromosome diversity in 14 northwestern populations, Quote: "Uygurs, J2-M172 17/50=34%"

[Haber_2012-5] Haber M, Platt DE, Ashrafian Bonab M, Youhanna SC, Soria-Hernanz DF, Martínez-Cruz B, et al. (2012). "Afghanistan's ethnic groups share a Y-chromosomal heritage structured by historical events". PLOS One. 7 (3): e34288. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734288H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. PMC 3314501. PMID 22470552.

[Capelli2005-6] C. Capelli, N. Redhead, V. Romano et al., "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective," Annals of Human Genetics (2005)

[7] Y haplogroup J in Iran by Alfred A. Aburto Jr.

[ibg.anrb.ru-8] Трофимова Наталья Вадимовна, ИЗМЕНЧИВОСТЬ МИТОХОНДРИАЛЬНОЙ ДНК И Y-ХРОМОСОМЫВ ПОПУЛЯЦИЯХ ВОЛГО-УРАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА, 03.02.07

[9] A genetic study published led by Firasat (2007) on Kalash individuals found high and diverse frequencies.

[NatGeo-12] Zalloua & Wells: National Geographic Magazine, October 2004. [1] and [2].

[Zaheri-13] "N. Al-Zahery et al. "Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations" (2003)" (PDF). Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 1 September 2013.

[Semino-14] Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, et al. (May 2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.

[15] Jones ER, Gonzalez-Fortes G, Connell S, Siska V, Eriksson A, Martiniano R, et al. (November 2015). "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians". Nature Communications. 6: 8912. doi:10.1038/ncomms9912. PMC 4660371. PMID 26567969.

[16] "Haplogroup J2 Origins". www.eupedia.com. Retrieved 2016-01-20.

[Nebel-17] Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A (Nov 2001). "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–1112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
See especially Figure Six. Semino 2000 is a source which also states that Eu 9 descends from Eu 10 (Eu 10 is a different subclade of Haplogroup J (mtDNA)).

[Giacomo-18] Di Giacomo F, Luca F, Popa LO, Akar N, Anagnou N, Banyko J, et al. (2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 357–71. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9. PMID 15322918.

[19] Allentoft; et al. (2015). "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia". Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A. doi:10.1038/nature14507. PMID 26062507.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)

[20] C. Rоttensteiner, J2a2-PH3085, SK1403: Ancient Altai, modern Uygur and Turkish, J2-M172 Haplogroup Research.

[21] F. Immanuel, Codes for Gedmatch Results, Ancient DNA page, F999962 for RISE504, Kytmanovo sample, and F999965 for RISE602, Sary-bel sample.

[22] Al-Zahery et al, 2011, Additional file 3. Absolute frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroups and sub-haplogroups in the 48 populations included in the PCA. Note: Only 37 of 154 samples (24%) are J2 in Iraq according to the list of Al-Zahery 2011. 43.6% is the frequency of J2 among all J haplogroup Iraqis, not all haplogroups.

[23] Abu-Amero (2009), Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions, Quote: The most abundant haplogroups in Saudi Arabia, J1-M267 (42%), J2-M172 (14%), E1-M2 (8%), R1-M17 (5%) and K2-M184 (5%) are also well represented in other Arabian populations (Table (Table1).1).

[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-24] Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Mehdi SQ, Edmonds CA, Chow CE, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607.

[Singh2015-25] Singh S, Singh A, Rajkumar R, Sampath Kumar K, Kadarkarai Samy S, Nizamuddin S, et al. (January 2016). "Dissecting the influence of Neolithic demic diffusion on Indian Y-chromosome pool through J2-M172 haplogroup". Scientific Reports. 6: 19157. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619157S. doi:10.1038/srep19157. PMC 4709632. PMID 26754573.

[26] Arunkumar G, Soria-Hernanz DF, Kavitha VJ, Arun VS, Syama A, Ashokan KS, et al. (2012). "Population differentiation of southern Indian male lineages correlates with agricultural expansions predating the caste system". PLOS One. 7 (11): e50269. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750269A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050269. PMC 3508930. PMID 23209694.

[27] Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G, Singh VK, Bhaskar LV, Reddy BM, et al. (August 2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.

[28] Sharma S, Rai E, Sharma P, Jena M, Singh S, Darvishi K, et al. (January 2009). "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system". Journal of Human Genetics. 54 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2. PMID 19158816.

[ReferenceA-29] Qamar R, Ayub Q, Mohyuddin A, et al. (May 2002). "Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70 (5): 1107–24. doi:10.1086/339929. PMC 447589. PMID 11898125.

[30] Shah AM, Tamang R, Moorjani P, Rani DS, Govindaraj P, Kulkarni G, Bhattacharya T, Mustak MS, Bhaskar LV, Reddy AG, Gadhvi D, Gai PB, Chaubey G, Patterson N, Reich D, Tyler-Smith C, Singh L, Thangaraj K (2011). "Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 89 (1): 154–61. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030. PMC 3135801. PMID 21741027.

[31] "The Genetics of Language and Farming Spread in India" (PDF).

[32] Ancestry of Maldives People in Light of Population Genetics: Maldivian Ancestry in light of Genetics

[35] "Y-DNA Haplotree".
Family Tree DNA uses the Y-Chromosome Consortium tree and posts it on their website.

[vanOven2014-51] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-52] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-53] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-54] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-55] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-56] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-57] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: Poznik GD, Xue Y, Mendez FL, et al. (2016). "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics. 48 (6): 593–9. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. PMC 4884158. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-58] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-59] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-60] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-61] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-62] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-63] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-64] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

[J-M172-10] This table shows the historic names for J-M172 in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)

J-M172

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 9

Underhill 2000 VI

Hammer 2001 Med

Karafet 2001 24

Semino 2000 Eu9

Su 1999 H4

Capelli 2001 B

YCC 2002 (Longhand) J2*

YCC 2005 (Longhand) J2

YCC 2008 (Longhand) J2

YCC 2010r (Longhand) J2

[J-P209-11] This table shows the historic names for J-P209 (AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304) in published peer reviewed literature. Note that in Semino 2000 Eu09 is a subclade of Eu10 and in Karafet 2001 24 is a subclade of 23.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)

J-P209
(AKA J-12f2.1 or J-M304)

Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 9

Underhill 2000 VI

Hammer 2001 Med

Karafet 2001 23

Semino 2000 Eu10

Su 1999 H4

Capelli 2001 B

YCC 2002 (Longhand) J*

YCC 2005 (Longhand) J

YCC 2008 (Longhand) J

YCC 2010r (Longhand) J

[isogg.org-33] ttp://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpJ.html

[TGA-34] ttp://thegeneticatlas.com/J2_Y-DNA.htm

[50] Renfrew AC (1998). Archaeology and language: the puzzle of Indo-European origins (Pimlico ed.). London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6612-1.

Haplogroup J-M172

Possible time of origin	15000-22000 ybp^[1](TMRCA 19-24000ybp^[2])
Possible place of origin	Western Asia^[3]
Ancestor	J-P209
Defining mutations	M172
Highest frequencies	Ingush 88.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Chechens 55.2% (Balanovsky 2011), Georgians 21% (Wells 2001)-72%, Azeris 24% (Di Giacomo 2004)-48% (Wells 2001), Iraqis 24%(Al-Zahery 2011)-25% Al-Zahery 2003 and Sanchez 2005, Uyghurs 34% (Shou 2010),^[4]Yaghnobis 32% (Wells 2001), Uzbeks 30.4% (Shou 2010), Greeks 10%-48%(Martinez 2007), Muslim Kurds 28.4%(Nebel 2001), Pashtuns 20-30Z,^[5]Lebanese 30% (Semino 2004)^{[dubious – discuss]}(Wells 2001), Ashkenazi Jews 24%(Nebel 2001)-29% (Semino 2004), Turks 24% (Cinnioglu 2004)-40% (Semino 2000), Hazara 26.6% (Haber et al, 2012),^[5]Kuwaiti 26% (Qassemi 2009) and (Wells 2001), Cypriots 12.9% (El-Sibai 2009)-37% (Capelli 2005),^[6]Abkhaz 25% (Nasidze 2004), Iranians 22.5%(Grugni 2012)-24%,^[7]Balkars 24% (Battaglia 2008), Italians 9%-36%(Capelli 2007) and (Semino 2000), Armenians 21%(Wells 2001)-24% (Nasidze 2004), Mordvins 15.3%,^[8]Kazan Tatars 15.1%,^[8]Chuvash 14%,^[8]Sephardi Jews 15% (Shen 2004)-29% (Nebel 2001), Ossetians 16%(Balanovsky 2011)-24%(Nasidze 2004), Circassians 21.8% (Balanovsky 2011), Maltese 21% (Capelli 2005), North Indian Shia Muslims 18% (Eaaswarkhanth 2009), Palestinians 17% (Nebel 2001)-35%^{[citation needed]}, Albanians 16% (Battaglia 2008)-23.5%^{[citation needed]}, Syrians 14% (Di Giacomo 2004)-29%^{[citation needed]}, and Kalash people 9.1%.^{[full citation needed]}^[9]

Category

Random preview

Haplogroup J-M172

Contents