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Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition. State laws (and the laws of the District of Columbia and of the U.S. territories) vary considerably, and are independent of existing federal firearms laws, although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws.

State level laws vary significantly in their form, content, and level of restriction. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.^[1]^[2] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.^[3]

Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in, and not exclusively their state of residence. Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations, such as with regard to concealed carry permits. These are recognized on a state-by-state basis. For example, Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit, but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit. Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms, but others license only the concealed carry of firearms. Some states do not recognize out-of-state permits to carry a firearm at all, so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun.^[4]

In many cases, state firearms laws can be considerably less restrictive than federal firearms laws. This does not confer any de jure immunity against prosecution for violations of the federal laws. However, state and local police departments are not legally obligated to enforce federal gun law as per the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Printz v. United States.^[5]^[6]

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Common subjects of state laws

Firearm related matters that are often regulated by state or local laws include the following:

Some states and localities require that a person obtain a license or permit in order to purchase or possess firearms.

Some states and localities require that individual firearms be registered with the police or with another law enforcement agency.

All states allow some form of concealed carry, the carrying of a concealed firearm in public.

Many states allow some form of open carry, the carrying of an unconcealed firearm in public on one's person or in a vehicle.

Some states have state preemption for some or all gun laws, which means that only the state can legally regulate firearms. In other states, local governments can pass their own gun laws more restrictive than those of the state.

Some states and localities place additional restrictions on certain semi-automatic firearms that they have defined as assault weapons, or on magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition.

NFA weapons are weapons that are heavily restricted at a federal level by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. These include automatic firearms (such as machine guns), short-barreled shotguns, and short-barreled rifles. Some states and localities place additional restrictions on such weapons.

Some states have enacted castle doctrine or stand-your-ground laws, which provide a legal basis for individuals to use deadly force in self-defense in certain situations, without a duty to flee or retreat if possible.

In some states, peaceable journey laws give additional leeway for the possession of firearms by travelers who are passing through to another destination.

Some states require a background check of the buyer when a firearm is sold by a private party. (Federal law requires background checks for sales by licensed gun dealers, and for any interstate sales.)

Some states have enacted red flag laws that enable a judge to issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who presents an imminent threat to others or to themselves.

Alabama

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	Alabama is a shall-issue state for concealed carry. However, the issuing county sheriff can suspend or even revoke concealed carry privileges for wanton disregard of the law.^[7]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	Open carry is generally permitted, but handgun must be securely contained in a holster (belt, inside-the-waist, ankle, or shoulder). However, open carry in a vehicle without a concealed carry license is prohibited. As of August 1, 2013, the law states that: "It shall be a rebuttable presumption that the mere carrying of a visible pistol, holstered or secured, in public place, in and of itself, is not disorderly conduct."
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	"...the Legislature hereby occupies and preempts the entire field of regulation in this state touching in any way upon firearms, ammunition, and firearm accessories.."
Assault weapon law?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	Any Other Weapons (AOWs) disguised as walking canes are the only illegal firearms in Alabama.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Alaska

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None	No
Firearm registration?	No	No	None	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None	No
Owner license required?	No	No	None	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	AS 18.65.700 through 18.65.778	May carry concealed without permit, though permits can be issued for those who wish to have them.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without permit/license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	AS 29.35.145	Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to, and provide the same penalty as, State law.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	None	No
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	AS 18.65.810	Shall certify within 30 days.
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Arizona

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration required?	No	No	ARS 13-3101(B)	State law requires compliance with the National Firearms Act, but the state maintains no registry and imposes no additional requirements.
Assault weapon prohibition or restrictions?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	SB 1108	In Arizona, a person over age 21 may legally carry a concealed firearm or deadly weapon without a permit within the state, except for certain prohibited locations, and must disclose the fact to a law enforcement officer if questioned. Although no longer required, a shall-issue CCW permit is still available and has certain advantages, including reciprocity with many other states having CCW laws.^[8]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without permit/license.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Partial	Partial	ARS 13-3108	Explained below
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	ARS 13-3101	Law makes possession and use illegal but then exempts said weapons and devices if they're registered in compliance with federal law.
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes	ARS 13-3121	Shall certify within 60 days.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No		On May 1, 2017, Governor Ducey signed a bill that would prevent localities from requiring background checks for private sales.^[9]
Lose Right to Possession Indefinitely under Mental Health laws?	Yes	Yes	ARS 36-540; ARS 13-925^[10]	A person found persistently or acutely disabled or a danger to self or to others automatically becomes a prohibited firearm possessor indefinitely, with notification to the Arizona Dept. of Public Safety. Restoration of gun possession rights requires the court-ordered individual to petition to restore his/her rights, and provide clear and convincing evidence from a psychiatrist willing to testify to all of the following: 1) the person is no longer a danger to others or persistently and acutely disabled, 2) that the circumstances that led to the original order, adjudication or finding are no longer in effect, 3) that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety, and 4) that restoring the patient's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest. The burden of proof (clear and convincing evidence) is on the court-ordered person, not the state.

Arkansas

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	5-73-301 - 5-73-320	Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit.^[11] Shall-Issue. The Arkansas State Police issue and recognize the Arkansas Concealed Handgun Carry License, as do states that have existing reciprocity with Arkansas. Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges, most public buildings, non-secure locations in an airport, churches, and more.^[12]^[13]
License required for open carry?	No	No	5-73-120	May open carry without license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	5-73-120
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	5-73-205	All NFA items allowed if in compliance with Federal law. Machine guns may not have ammunition .30 in. or 7.63 mm or bigger unless the gun is registered to an ammunition corporation.
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	5-73-112	Shall certify within 15 days. With the enactment of 41F/P on July 13, 2016 the need for "Shall Certify" legislation has essentially been negated.
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes	5-73-120 (c)(4)	Weapons are allowed if the person is carrying a weapon when upon a journey, unless the journey is through a commercial airport when presenting at the security checkpoint in the airport or is in the person's checked baggage and is not a lawfully declared weapon. "Journey" is defined as "travel beyond the county in which a person lives." (5-73-120(B)(3))
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

California

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes (Penal Code except when noted)	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	§26500	All firearm sales must be completed through a dealer. Firearm purchases require a Firearm Safety Certificate and proof of residency unless the individual purchasing the firearm is active duty military, honorably retired military, or a peace officer under Penal Code Section 830. Military reservists must provide proof of residency in order to purchase a firearm.
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes	§28150	The California Department of Justice ("DOJ") retains information about the purchaser and seller of all in-state firearm sales and transfers, and requires that any firearms imported into the state be reported to the DOJ.^[14] Furthermore, the Attorney General is required by law to maintain a registry containing the fingerprints and identifying information of the transferee, and the unique identifying information of every firearm transferred in the state, pursuant to §11106.^[15] All handgun serial numbers and sales are recorded by the state in the Department of Justice's Automated Firearms System, along with those of many long guns. While there is no requirement for California residents to register handguns owned prior to 1991 with law enforcement, §12025 and §12031 enhance several misdemeanor offenses to felonies if the handgun is not on file in the Department of Justice's Automated Firearms System. New residents must register handguns (purchased outside of California) with DOJ within 60 days. As of January 1, 2014^[update], long gun serial numbers are also recorded, whereas previously only the sale was recorded. However, it is not required that owners of long guns purchased prior to 2014 register their firearms and it is not a crime to be in possession of an unregistered firearm.
Owner license required?	No	No	None	While the Firearm Safety Certificate is required for new purchases of firearms, ongoing possession of a firearm does not require a license or permit.^[16] People moving into California are required, within 60 days, to file a New Resident Report of Firearm Ownership.^[17]^[18] New residents are prohibited from importing large-capacity magazines, assault weapons, or any other weapons prohibited by California law regardless of whether they were lawfully acquired and possessed in the residents' prior state of residence.^[19]
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	§30500, §30515	Illegal to possess, import, or purchase assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles, unless such weapons were acquired by the owner prior to June 1, 1989. While California's Assault Weapons Law does allow individuals who hold a Dangerous Weapons Permit to obtain, transport or possess defined assault weapons, the DOJ generally does not issue Dangerous Weapons Permits to ordinary citizens. Legally defined assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles listed by make and model by the DOJ must be registered. Their sale and transfer is prohibited. Military look-alike rifles that are not chambered for .50 BMG and are not on the DOJ roster are legal to purchase or possess, with some restrictions in configuration – known as "banned features". Active-duty military members residing out of state and assigned to duty in California may bring personally-owned assault weapons into the state. The military member's residence must be in a state that permits private citizens to own and possess assault weapons, and the firearms must be registered with the California Department of Justice prior to the servicemember's arrival in California by submitting the registration form with a copy of the member's Permanent Change of Station (PCS) orders and an authorization letter from the installation commander. With the passage of Senate Bill 880 and Assembly Bill 1135 in June 2016, the state's assault weapon ban has been expanded to include all semi-automatic center-fire rifles and shotguns that have a "bullet button" detachable magazine; effectively repealing a prior law that made "bullet button" magazines required on all newly manufactured weapons with detachable magazines. The sale or transfer of such weapons will be prohibited, effective January 1, 2017. Those purchased prior to January 1, 2017 must be registered with the DOJ by the start of 2018. The definition of types of weapons that are banned has been expanded, the exact definitions should be reviewed at the California DOJ website.^[20]
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes	§32310	Section 32310 of the Penal Code states that any person who manufactures or causes to be manufactured, imports into the state, keeps for sale, or offers or exposes for sale, or who gives, lends, buys, receives, or assembles any large-capacity magazine from a parts kit is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding one year or imprisonment. Thus, the offenses listed can be charged as a felony or a misdemeanor at the discretion of the prosecutor.^[21] In November 2016 California voters approved Proposition 63. The referendum outlaws the possession of magazines that can hold more than ten rounds of ammunition requires background checks for all ammunition sales and mandates the reporting of lost or stolen firearms.^[22] Under Proposition 63, mere possession of a large-capacity magazine is punishable as a misdemeanor with a $100 fine or an infraction with a $100 fine. This prohibition applies to magazines acquired prior to January 1, 2000 that were previously considered "grandfathered."^[23] Importation, manufacture, lending, assembling a large-capacity magazine from a parts kit, or buying a large-capacity magazine remains chargeable as a felony or a misdemeanor.^[24] On June 30, 2017, a federal judge blocked the enforcement of Proposition 63's ban on the possession of large-capacity magazines, pending the outcome of litigation concerning the ban. Magazines that would have been subject to the Proposition 63 ban are legal for private citizens to keep until the injunction is either lifted and/or the ban is upheld by the courts.^[25]
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	§26150	"May issue," depending on jurisdiction. County sheriff's or local Police Chief's discretion, many counties are de facto "no-issue", while others are "shall-issue" in practice. CCW permits valid statewide. Out-of-state permits not valid in California. California's may-issue law has been held constitutional by an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of this holding.^[26]
Open carry allowed?	Partial	Partial	§26350	Long guns and handguns may be openly carried in unincorporated rural areas where firearm discharge is not prohibited by local ordinance. In a county with a population of less than 200,000 residents, a permit to carry a handgun "loaded and exposed" may be issued by the county sheriff, valid only in the issuing county. A person may also open carry if he or she "reasonably believes that any person or the property of any person is in immediate, grave danger and that the carrying of the weapon is necessary for the preservation of that person or property."^[27]
Vehicle carry?	No	Yes	§25610	A valid California Concealed Weapons License is required to carry a concealed handgun in a motor vehicle. Otherwise, handguns and assault rifles must be unloaded and locked in a case during transport. Long guns not classified as assault rifles may be transported in a vehicle without being locked in a case, but must be unloaded.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	§53701 Government Code	Most but not all local restrictions preempted.
Castle doctrine law?	Yes	Yes		California never requires a duty to retreat whether in your own home or not. The state acknowledges a legal presumption that an intruder poses a deadly threat if in your own home or property that is owned and controlled by yourself.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	§12220, §12020, §12020	Possession of automatic weapons or short-barreled shotguns or rifles prohibited without DOJ "Dangerous Weapons Permit"; permission rarely granted outside of film industry. Suppressors (aka silencers) prohibited. Destructive devices are prohibited unless are designated as curios & relics, in which case a collectors permit can be obtained. The only AOWs that are permitted are smoothbore pistols and firearms with a combination of a smoothbore and rifle barrel. C&R short-barreled rifles and C&R short-barrled shotguns permitted.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		California courts have ruled that large capacity magazines (LCM) that are disassembled or LCM parts are legal to possess. Otherwise federal rules are observed.
Waiting period?	Yes	Yes	§26815(a)[1], §26950-27140 [2], §27540(a) [3], §27600-27750 [4]	California has a ten (10) day waiting period for all firearm purchases, transfers, and private sales which must be conducted through a federal and state firearm license holder. That is, upon purchase, the purchaser must wait 10 days after the purchase before the firearm is released to the owner. On August 25, 2014, the California's 10-day waiting period for gun purchases was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California which found that "the 10-day waiting periods of Penal Code [sections 26815(a) and 27540(a)] violate the Second Amendment" as applied to members of certain classifications (notably holders of concealed carry permits) and "burdens the Second Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs".^[28] On December 14, 2016 this ruling was overturned by a three-judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.^[29] The plaintiffs' petition for an en banc rehearing was denied April 4, 2017; on February 20, 2018 the Supreme Court certiorari petition was denied, meaning that the waiting period remains in effect.^[30]
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	§ 27545	Private party transfers of firearms must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		The police or a person's family member can ask a judge to confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to pose a threat to themselves or others.

Colorado

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No	DRMC § 38-130	Denver ordinance bans assault weapons. Vail banned assault weapons in 1994.^[31] Boulder passed such an ordinance in May 2018.^[32]
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	Yes	Yes	CRS §§ 18-12-302, 18-12-303	After July 1, 2013, magazines holding more than 15 rounds may not be sold, transferred, or possessed unless they were lawfully owned prior to July 1, 2013. Firearms with a tubular magazine which are either chambered in .22 rimfire or operated by lever action are exempt from this regulation, as are magazines "permanently altered" to limit the capacity to 15 or less. Boulder passed an ordinance in May 2018 banning magazines holding more than 10 rounds.^[32] Vail banned magazines holding 21 or more rounds in 1994.^[33]
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	CRS § 18-12-203	Colorado is a shall issue state for concealed carry. Permits are issued by local sheriff offices to county residents.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	CRS § 18-12; DRMC §§ 38-117(b), 38-118	Legal without permit requirements except in Denver and other posted areas.
Concealed within a vehicle?	Yes	Yes	CRS §§ 18-12-105(2b), 33-6-125; DRMC §§ 38-117(f), 38-118, 14-92	No permit is required. Pistols may be carried with chamber and magazine loaded. Rifles and shotguns must be carried with an empty chamber, but the magazine may be loaded.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	CRS § 29-11.7-103	Local ordinances are preempted by state law, but Denver bans assault weapons and open carry.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	CRS § 18-12-102	NFA items are defined as a "dangerous weapon". Subsection 5: "It shall be an affirmative defense to the charge of possessing a dangerous weapon...that said person has a valid permit and license for possession of such weapon."
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes	CRS § 18-12-105.6; DRMC §§ 38-117(f), 38-118	Denver's restrictions on transport/possession of firearms in vehicles do not apply to persons traveling to or from other jurisdictions; see Trinen v. City & County of Denver, 53 P.3d 754
Castle Doctrine?	Yes	Yes	CRS § 18-1-704.5	A legal resident of a property has the right to use deadly force to defend themselves, other occupants, and property from armed or unarmed intruders. Known colloquially as the "Make My Day Law", in reference to a line spoken by "Dirty Harry" Callahan in the film Sudden Impact.
Stand Your Ground Law?	No	No
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	CRS § 18-12-112	For private party transfers of firearms, the seller must request that a licensed dealer perform a background check of the buyer, and must get approval of the transfer from the Colorado Bureau of Investigation. Transfers of antique firearms, bona-fide gifts or loans from immediate family members, and transfers to estate executors or trustees are exempt. Temporary transfers are strictly regulated.

Connecticut

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	CGS 29-33(b), CGS 29–36(f), CGS 29-38m(c)	Certificate of Eligibility for Pistol and Revolvers or Long Guns or Ammunition required to purchase handguns, long guns or ammunition, respectively or a State Permit to Carry Pistols and Revolvers to purchase any of the above. Applicants must complete an approved safety course, and pass a National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) background check and mental health records check prior to issuance of certificate. Certificates of Eligibility are granted on a Shall-Issue basis to qualified applicants, and are valid for five years. There is a 14-day waiting period for the purchase of long guns, with exceptions for peace officers, Active-Duty military members, and holders of carry permits. With the passing of Public Act 13-3, hunting licenses (which take approximately 12 hours to complete versus the eight hours the NRA Basic Pistol Course takes) may no longer be used to purchase ammunition or long rifles. Long guns and ammunition purchased outside of Connecticut are not subject to the long gun and ammunition eligibility requirements (even if one is a CT resident) other than the two-week waiting period must be observed for long gun transfers out of state, unless one has a valid hunting license or carry permit.
Firearm registration?	Partial	Partial	CGS 53–202	Registration required for assault weapons purchased between September 13, 1994 and April 1, 2014 and for machine guns obtained before January 1, 2014. There is a de facto registry of the sale (including the serial numbers) of handguns and long guns purchased in state that is maintained by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP). Any transfer, be it from a dealer or private party, must be accompanied by an authorization number issued by the DESPP and a form containing personal and weapon identification (DPS-3-C) must be submitted to DESPP and local police. This form is collected and maintained on all guns purchased from FFL dealers as well. The DPS-3-C form is not required for long gun transfers made out of state, and there is no legal requirement/penalty to register firearms purchased out of state or lawfully obtained before April 1, 2014.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	CGS 53–202	Partial ban. Selective fire weapons, some .50 BMG variants, and semiautomatic center-fire firearms with one defined feature; banned weapons lawfully possessed prior to this date must be registered with DESPP. Registered weapons may only be sold or transferred to a licensed gun dealer, to the State Police or local police department, transferred to a recipient outside of Connecticut, or bequeathed to a designated heir when the original owner/registrant becomes deceased. Assault weapons manufactured and lawfully obtained prior to September 13, 1994 no longer require registration with DESPP and may be sold or transferred to non-prohibited persons.^[34] Exceptions exist for active and retired law enforcement and military members.
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes	53-202w	As of April 4, 2013, magazines holding more than 10 rounds are considered Large Capacity Magazines (LCM), and such magazines manufactured after that date may not be sold or transferred within the state. Existing owners of LCMs may possess such magazines if they declare and register them with the DESPP before January 1, 2014; Owners of registered LCMs may not load such magazines with more than 10 rounds except when inside the owner's home or on the premises of a licensed shooting range. Even if an individual has a permit to carry a pistol or revolver, they can never carry, other than at a shooting range, a pistol that has an LCM loaded with more than 10 bullets. Possessing an unregistered Large Capacity Magazine obtained prior to the ban's effective date is an infraction with a $90 fine for the first offense, and a Class D felony (punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or $5,000 fine) for subsequent offenses. Unlawfully possessing a LCM obtained after the effective date of the ban is a Class D felony.
Owner license required?	No	No	CGS 23-37a(b)	No license/permit is required to own any firearm/ammunition in Connecticut, except for grandfathered assault weapons manufactured and obtained between September 13, 1994 and April 4, 2013.
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	CGS 29–28	Shall-Issue, with Limited Discretion. Connecticut's pistol permit law specifies that issuing authorities May-Issue pistol permits to qualified applicants, but the state's courts have generally ruled that permits must be granted on a Shall-Issue basis to applicants meeting the state's qualifications for a pistol permit, as Connecticut does not require an applicant to "show good cause" for needing a permit. Issuing local authorities have limited discretion to deny a permit when he or she has personal knowledge of the applicant's character that would not otherwise be reflected on a background check. A denial on this basis would have to be justified with supporting evidence showing that the applicant is not of "suitable" character to be granted a pistol permit, but virtually all cases are thrown out if the applicant is not otherwise barred from owning firearms. Connecticut has a two-step permitting process: a 60-day Temporary permit issued by local authorities and a 5-year Regular permit issued by the Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection (DESPP). Issuance of a Temporary permit is technically not a prerequisite to apply for a Regular permit, but in practice an applicant must await a decision from local authorities on the temporary permit application before applying to DESPP for the Regular permit. If the local permit is denied for any reason, instead one files an appeal to DESPP to have the state board re-examine the application. If the state board denies the permit (rare occurrence), a court appeal is possible. Permit needed to carry open or concealed. Exceptions for peace officers and Active-Duty military members. Out of state permits not valid in Connecticut, but non-residents may apply for a Connecticut non-resident carry permit through the mail. Non-residents must have a carry permit issued by a United States jurisdiction to apply.
Permit required for open carry?	No	Yes		Connecticut is a Licensed Open Carry state. A Connecticut Permit to Carry Pistols or Revolvers allows the carry of handguns openly or concealed any place in the state that is not considered "off-limits" under state law. Despite this, local law enforcement have been known^{[citation needed]} to detain carriers. There have been very few actual arrests and no convictions in recent history as a result of carrying unconcealed however. State law is silent on the open carry of long guns in public either with or without a permit, although some municipalities have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the practice. Various towns and the state police as well have articulated through training memos that open carry is legal and to not harass people who carry openly without some other cause.^[35]
Vehicle carry permitted?	No	Yes		A valid Connecticut pistol permit is required to carry a loaded weapon in a vehicle. Otherwise, the weapon must be unloaded and the firearm its ammunition must be stored in separate locked containers during transport.
Duty to inform?	No	No		Connecticut is not a duty to inform state. Those who are carrying a pistol or revolver must carry their permit with them.
Castle Doctrine?	Yes	Yes		No duty to retreat if you are in your home or on property owned by yourself. There is no "stand your ground law" but, courts have granted civil immunity to those with carry permits and used "reasonable force" in the past.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Partial	Yes	CGS 29–28	State pre-emption of local ordinances not explicitly specified in state law, but established by court precedence. Most municipalities have ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms outside of firing ranges or designated hunting areas during hunting seasons. Some municipalities have restrictions or bans on carrying long guns in public places. The City of New London and the City of New Britain previously had ordinances that forbade open carry of handguns, which have since been repealed in both cities.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	CGS 53–202(c)	SBR, SBS, DD, suppressors are legal, provided they also comply with the assault weapons provisions, unless purchased before October 1, 1993. Machine guns are legal if purchased and registered with the state before January 1, 2014. Non-selective fire machine guns may be transferred to another resident within Connecticut.
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No	CGS 29–38	Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes		Private party firearm transfers require that a background check of the buyer be performed by a federally licensed dealer.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		State law allows police, after investigating and determining probable cause, to get a court warrant and seize guns from anyone posing an imminent risk of harming himself or someone else.

Delaware

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	11 Del.C. § 1441	Delaware is a officially "may issue" state for concealed carry, but mostly shall-issue in practice. Permits are generally issued to all applicants not barred from owning a firearm.^[36]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry without permit is generally lawful. A 2014 Delaware Supreme Court ruling recognized that open carry was a long standing fundamental right, and could only be prohibited by local ordinances in effect prior to July 4, 1985. The city of Dover formerly required a permit from the police chief for a state concealed permit to open carry, but this was repealed in October 2015 in accordance with the ruling.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes*	Yes*	22 Del.C § 111	Municipalities may regulate only the discharge of firearms and the possession of firearms within police stations and municipal buildings, unless the ordinance was in effect prior to July 4, 1985.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes		SBRs and AOWs are legal. The city of Wilmington prohibits possession of SBRs within city limits. Machine guns, suppressors, Destructive Devices and SBS are prohibited for civilians.^[37]
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	147th General Assembly: Chapter 20	Private party transfers of firearms to persons other than family members must be conducted though a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale. A transfer to a person who possesses a valid License to Carry a Concealed Deadly Weapon is exempt from this requirement.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes	House Bill 302 (2018)	If a mental health professional deems that a person is a danger to themselves or to others, the police may get a court order to temporarily seize that person's firearms.

District of Columbia

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes		The firearm registration process also serves as a permitting process.
Owner license required?	Yes	Yes		The firearm registration process also serves as a licensing process.
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes		All firearms must be registered with the Metropolitan Police Department. A background check and online training are required.
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes		The Metropolitan Police Department shall issue a License to Carry a Handgun to a qualified applicant.
Open carry allowed?	No	No		Open carry is prohibited.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes		Assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles prohibited.
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes		Illegal to possess magazines of more than 10 round capacity.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes		Automatic firearms, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		Federal law (FOPA) applies.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	DC Code §7–2505.02	Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale. This only applies to sales made within the District of Columbia. Sales made by DC firearms owners outside of the District of Columbia must only conform to that state's transfer laws.
Waiting period?	Yes	Yes		After purchasing a firearm, the buyer must wait ten days before taking possession of the gun.

Florida

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None
Firearm registration?	No	No	Chapter 790.335	It is a felony under Florida law to create, maintain or publish any list, record or registry of legally owned firearms or law-abiding firearm owners.
Owner license required?	No	No	None
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No	None
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	Chapter 790.06	Allows concealed possession of handguns, electronic weapons or devices, tear gas guns, knives, or billies, but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06(1).
Open carry allowed?	No	No	Chapter 790.053,	Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities. Exceptions include in the home, place of work, hunting, fishing, camping, or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	Chapter 790.33
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	Chapter 790.161	Making, possessing, throwing, projecting, or discharging any destructive device, or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida.
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Duty to inform?	No	No	None	Florida law does not require one to disclose one's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No	None
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes	SB 7026	The police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.
Waiting period?	Yes	Yes		The state requires a three-day waiting period between purchasing and taking possession of a firearm. Individual counties can require a waiting period of up to five days.

Georgia

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None
Firearm registration?	No	No	None
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No	None
Owner license required?	No	No	None
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	O.C.G.A § 16-11-129	Concealed or open carry allowed with permit. See also O.C.G.A § 43–38–10 which is a special permit for armed security guards.
Permit required for open carry?	Yes	Yes	O.C.G.A § 16-11-126	Open carry of handguns allowed with a license issued under O.C.G.A § 16-11-129.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	O.C.G.A § 16-11-173	Despite state preemption, several localities continue to have local gun restrictions. Recent court rulings have resulted in many of these ordinances being withdrawn.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	None
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No	None

Hawaii

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes	HRS 0134-0002, HRS 0134-0003	Must be registered with county police chief within 5 days of purchase or arrival to Hawaii. Registration not required for black powder and pre-1899 firearms.
Assault weapon law?	No	Yes		Law bans assault pistols with two or more banned features. Does not apply to rifles or shotguns with a barrel length greater than 16 inches
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	Yes	HRS134-8(c) HRS134-11(3)	Any magazine with a capacity of more than 10 rounds that can be inserted into a pistol is prohibited. Members of organizations are exempt from the pistol magazine limit at places of target shooting.
Owner license required?	No	No		No license required to own any firearms in Hawaii, but all firearms, including those brought into the state by new residents, must be registered.
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	HRS 0134-0009	May-Issue by statute, but No-Issue in practice. The chief of police may grant a permit "in an exceptional case, when an applicant shows reason to fear injury to the applicant's person or property." In practice, Hawaii is "No-Issue," as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits. In March 2014, the 9th Circuit US Court of Appeals has ruled Hawaii's restrictive concealed carry policy unconstitutional. An en banc panel reversed the initial ruling in June 2015, holding that the Constitution guarantees no right to concealed carry in public.
Permit required for open carry?	Yes	Yes		By law, Hawaii is a Licensed Open Carry State, but since licenses are rarely issued, the state is Non-Permissive for open carry in practice. The chief of police may grant a permit "Where the urgency or the need has been sufficiently indicated" provided that the person "is engaged in the protection of life and property." In practice, Hawaii is "No-Issue," as issuing authorities rarely or never approve applications for permits. On July 24, 2018, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Hawaii's laws restricting open carry are unconstitutional.^[38] No laws against open carrying long guns.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Municipalities may enact and enforce local regulations only if they are identical to, and provide the same penalty as, state law.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes		Machine guns, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers/suppressors are prohibited from the average citizen. Certain Destructive Devices and AOWs are allowed with proper tax stamp and NFA paperwork from the ATF.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal laws observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	HRS §134-2	A person who wants to purchase a handgun or long gun must obtain a permit to acquire the ownership of a firearm, which requires a background check of the applicant.

Idaho

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Idaho 18-3302	May carry concealed when outside the confines of a city or city limits, and inside a vehicle while engaged in a lawful outdoor activity. As of July 1, 2016, permitless concealed carry within cities is also legal for Idaho residents 21 years and older and active military (as of April 4, 2017). Nonresidents still need a permit to carry concealed within city limits.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without a permit in a vehicle or on foot.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Cities May regulate the discharge of firearms within their confines or limits.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Permitted as long as such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Illinois

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	430 ILCS 65	FOID (Firearm Owner's Identification card) required.
Owner permit required?	Yes	Yes	430 ILCS 65	FOID required.
Firearm registration?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act	Shall-issue with limited discretion.^[39] Concealed carry licenses are issued by the state police. Licenses issued by other states are not recognized, but nonresidents from states with "substantially similar" licensing requirements can apply for an Illinois nonresident license.
Open carry allowed?	No	No	720 ILCS 5/24
Vehicle carry allowed?	No	Yes	Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act	An Illinois concealed carry license is required for Illinois residents. Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if they are eligible to carry in their home state.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Partial	Partial	Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act	Preemption for the regulation and transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Preemption for laws regulating assault weapons, unless enacted before July 20, 2013.
Assault weapon law?	No	No	Cook Co. Code of Ord. §54-211 Chi. Mun. Code §8-20-170	Cook County and the city of Chicago have separately banned the possession of assault weapons, as have several Chicago suburbs, prior to the preemption deadline of July 20, 2013.
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No		No state-level restrictions. Some local jurisdictions have enacted various magazine capacity restrictions.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	720 ILCS 5/24 720 ILCS 5/24-2	Automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors prohibited. Short-barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group. AOW (Any Other Weapon) and large-bore DD (Destructive Device) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF.
Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws?	Partial	Partial	720 ILCS 5	Illinois has no stand-your-ground law, however there is also no duty to retreat. The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary "to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony." There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling.
Peaceable journey laws?	Partial	Yes	Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act	Illinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state. Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card. Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	430 ILCS 65	The seller must verify the buyer's FOID card with the Illinois State Police, and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes	Public Act 100-0607: Firearms Restraining Order Act 430 ILCS 65	Family members or police can petition a judge to issue an order to confiscate the firearms of a person deemed an immediate and present danger to themselves or others. The person's firearms must be returned to them within six months unless the court finds grounds to renew the suspension. Additionally, under certain circumstances the Illinois State Police can revoke the FOID of a person who has been determined to be a clear and present danger to themselves or to others.
Waiting period?	Yes	Yes	Public Act 100-0606	After purchasing a firearm, the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 72 hours.

Indiana

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None
Firearm registration?	No	No	None
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No	None
Owner license required?	No	No	None
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	IC 35-47-2-3	Shall-Issue. Officially "License to Carry Handgun", which covers concealed and open carry. As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.^[40]
License required for open carry?	No^[41]	Yes	IC 35-47-2-3	May carry handgun openly with license. On May 9, 2017, the Indiana Supreme Court ruled that detaining an individual based solely upon their possession of a handgun (in order to verify that they are licensed) violates the Fourth Amendment absent any other reasonable articulable suspicion of a crime being committed.^[42]
Vehicle carry?	Yes	Yes	IC 35-47-2-3	May carry in a vehicle with license.^[43]
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	IC 35-47-11.1-2	Enacted in 2011
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	IC 35-47-5-10	Federal laws observed.
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes		Shall certify within 15 days.^[44]
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Castle Doctrine law?	Yes	Yes	IC 35-41-3-2	No duty to retreat from dwelling, curtilage, or occupied motor vehicle.
Duty to inform?	No	No	IC 35-47-2-24	Indiana law does not require one to disclose possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No	None
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes	IC 35-47-14-6(b)	The police may temporarily confiscate firearms from people who are threatening to harm themselves or others, and then get a court order afterwards.

Iowa

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	724.28	A political subdivision of the state shall not enact an ordinance regulating the ownership, possession, legal transfer, lawful transportation, registration, or licensing of firearms when the ownership, possession, transfer, or transportation is otherwise lawful under the laws of this state
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	724.15	Permit To Carry may be used in lieu of Permit to Acquire when purchasing a handgun
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	724.4	Iowa is a "shall issue" state. An Iowa carry permit is technically a "Permit To Carry Weapons", and is not limited to firearms. It allows people in Iowa to open or conceal carry any kind of weapon, so long as that weapon is not otherwise illegal to own in Iowa. However, based on the current wording of the statute, state preemption only applies to firearms. As such, residents are advised to be aware of local ordinances that might restrict the possession of knives, swords, or other types of weapons that are not firearms.
Permit required for open carry?	Yes	Yes	724.7	Iowa issues a "Permit to Carry Weapons" that is necessary to carry a firearm. Firearms may be carried open or concealed. Concealed carry is more typical in Iowa, but open carry is not uncommon.
Castle Doctrine	Yes		704 707.6	Civil immunity for use of "reasonable force" in self defense
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	724.1	Machine guns, destructive devices, etc. illegal. Suppressors legal as of March 31, 2016.^[45] Short barreled rifle/shotgun legal as of April 13, 2017.^[46]
Background checks required for private sales?	No	Yes	724.15	A person acquiring a handgun must have an annual Permit To Acquire pistols or revolvers or a current Permit To Carry.

Kansas

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Kansas Chapter 75 Article 7c	As of July 1, 2013, you may conceal carry in any public area of state and municipal buildings. This encompasses carrying at public universities (schools were allowed to opt out until 2017; post-2017, only buildings with "adequate security measures" may remain gun-free). May carry concealed without permit as of July 1, 2015, however permits can be issued for those who wish to have them.
License required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without permit/license.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	The Second Amendment Protection Act	Short barreled shotguns, and machine guns must be registered under the National Firearms Act (NFA). However, Kansas police are prohibited from enforcing the NFA if a personal firearm, a firearm accessory or ammunition that is owned or manufactured commercially or privately in Kansas and that remains within the borders of Kansas. A firearm manufactured in Kansas must have the words "Made in Kansas" clearly stamped on a central metallic part, such as the receiver or frame. Federal enforcement is still possible.
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	48-1906	Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Kentucky

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	KRS § 237.110	Kentucky issues permits to carry concealed deadly weapons which allows for the concealed carry of both handguns and long guns.
License required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without permit/license.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	KRS § 65.870	Exception: KRS § 237.115 allows the following entities to restrict concealed carry: Postsecondary educational institutions Any unit of government within the state in buildings that it owns, leases, or occupies – however, concealed carry is allowed in highway rest areas, public housing, and private dwellings
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes	237.075	Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Louisiana

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	LRS 40:1379.3	Louisiana is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is generally permitted without a license, but may be restricted by local governments with laws in place before July 15, 1985.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Local restrictions in place before July 15, 1985 are grandfathered in. Parishes may regulate hunting and the shooting of firearms.
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Maine

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	25 MRS §2003	Maine is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Constitutional/permitless carry legislation took effect on October 15, 2015.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is permitted.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Local governments may restrict the discharge of firearms.
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No*	No	12 MRS §11214
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes	25 MRSA §2013(3)	Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Maryland

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	Md Public Safety Article Section 5-117.1^[47]	A Handgun Qualification License is required, unless exempted (Active Duty/Retired Military with identification cards, Active/Retired Law Enforcement with department credentials, Federal Firearms Licensees); training is required, unless exempted; fingerprints are required; background checks are required; does not invalidate the requirement to perform a comprehensive background check for every handgun purchase transaction.^[47]
Firearm registration?	No	Yes		The state police maintain a permanent record of all handgun transfers. Automatic weapons must be registered with the state police.
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes		Maryland is a "may issue" state for concealed carry. Applicants must demonstrate a "good and substantial reason" to carry a handgun. Permits are normally very difficult (but not impossible) for ordinary citizens to obtain.
Permit required for open carry?	No	Yes		Open carry is permitted with a carry license, but is not generally practiced except by uniformed private security officers. Long guns and antique handguns may be carried openly without a license.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Maryland has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	Md Criminal Law Article Section 4-303 Firearms Safety Act of 2013	Certain models of firearms are banned as assault pistols and assault long guns. It is illegal to possess an assault weapon or a copycat weapon with two or more specified features (folding stock, grenade/flare launcher, flash suppressor) unless owned before 10/1/2013, or received through inheritance from a lawful possessor and not otherwise forbidden to possess.^[47]
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes		Illegal to purchase, sell or manufacture magazines with a capacity of greater than 10 rounds within Maryland. However, possession of magazines greater than 10 rounds is legal if purchased out of state. These may not, however, be transferred to a subsequent owner unless done so outside the state of Maryland.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Automatic firearms, SBSs, and SBRs must be owned in compliance with federal law. Law is silent in regards to DDs, suppressors, and AOWs.
Background checks required for private sales?	Partial	Yes	GAM Public Safety, §5-124	All private transfers of regulated firearms (handguns or assault weapons) must be processed through a licensed dealer or designated law enforcement agency which must conduct a background check on the buyer.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		^[48]

Massachusetts

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 129C	Firearm Identification (FID) or license to carry required.
Firearm registration?	No	No		Although registration is not specifically required by law, transfers of firearm ownership are required to be recorded with the Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security (EOPSS): by the seller if in state, or by the buyer if out of state. The Massachusetts EOPSS also provides the option to register a firearm, although, other than obtaining a firearm from out of state (a transfer of ownership), this is not required by law.
Owner license required?	Yes	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 129C	Firearm Identification (FID) or license to carry required.
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131	Massachusetts is a "may issue" state for carry; the issuing authority must provide written explanation for the denial of any application, which is subject to appeal. The issuing authority is the local police chief for most jurisdictions, who has discretion in issuing carry licenses based on an applicant's suitability and stated need. In most jurisdictions, applicants who pass a background check and complete required training are issued licenses, but the issuing authority may impose varying degrees of restriction on the license (e.g., hunting, carry to/from a range, firearms dealer, or gunsmith, only while on-duty (for security professionals), etc.). Towns closer to large cities (like Boston) are de facto restricted, whereas more rural (and some suburban) towns are more inclined to issue unrestricted licenses. Permits are valid statewide, provided the license-holder complies with restrictions (if any) imposed by the issuing authority.
License required for open carry?	N/A	Yes		An individual with a Class A unrestricted license to carry firearms (LTC-A) does not have to conceal a handgun in public. Moreover, in 2013, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that the holder of a LTC-A license is not responsible for alarm caused by licensed carry of a handgun, and that a permit cannot be revoked for suitability purposes under these circumstances.^[49] If police demand to see the permit, it must be produced, per G.L. c. 140, § 129 (c). Failure to produce a LTC upon demand by law enforcement is probable cause for arrest. Open carry of long guns is prohibited, except while hunting.
State preemption of local restrictions?	No	No		There is limited preemption for some laws.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes		A two point "banned features" system is what defines an assault weapon. These assault weapons are prohibited unless lawfully owned on or prior to September 13, 1994. Firearms that do not have two or more "banned features" are legal to purchase with an LTC or in some cases a standard FID so long as magazine restrictions are followed to what your license allows.
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	Yes	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 121	Illegal to possess magazines of over 10 rounds capacity. Pre-ban magazines manufactured before September 13, 1994 are exempt from this restriction.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 131	Suppressors are restricted only for law enforcement or licensed manufacturers. Some destructive devices are banned at the state level, while others are banned at a local level. DD's can be completely illegal or legal depending on what town you live in. SBR's, SBS's, and AOW's are allowed with proper approval from the ATF. A machine gun license is required to possess a machine gun.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	MA Ch. 140 Sec. 128A	The seller must verify the buyer's Firearm Identification Card with the Department of Criminal Justice Information Services.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		A judge may issue an order to temporarily confiscate the firearms of a person who appears to be at risk of harming themselves or another person.

Michigan

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Not from FFL		Permit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer.
Firearm registration?	No	Yes		Some handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement. There are several exceptions, including, but not limited to, police and US citizens holding a concealed pistol license from another state.^[50]
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	MCL 28.452b	Michigan is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
License required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is generally permitted.^[51] Carry in a vehicle requires a license.^[52]
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	MCL 123.1102	City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms (see MCL 123.1104).
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Short barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, automatic weapons, AOW's, and silencers/suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	Yes	MCL 28.422a	A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun. A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses.

Minnesota

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	§624.7131	Permit to purchase required to transfer/purchase long guns with a pistol grip and handguns through FFL dealers. A permit to carry also acts as a permit to purchase for Minnesota residents. Traditional rifles and shotguns may be purchased without a permit.
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No	§624.7131	Persons 18 and older may purchase assault weapons with a permit to purchase (or permit to carry for persons 21 and older).
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	§624.714	Shall Issue. Minnesota Permit to Carry a Pistol required to carry handguns. Concealment is permitted but not required.
Permit required for open carry?	Yes	Yes	§624.7181	Whoever carries a BB gun, rifle, or shotgun on or about the person in a public place is guilty of a gross misdemeanor. A person under the age of 21 who carries a semiautomatic military-style assault weapon on or about their person in public place is guilty of a felony. However, you may carry a pistol or a long gun openly with permit to carry a pistol because, the law states that the prohibition on carrying does not include the carrying of a BB gun, rifle, or shotgun by a person who has a permit under section 624.714.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	§471.633	Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms within their borders.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	§609.67	Machine guns and short-barreled shotguns, unless designated Curios & Relics, are prohibited in most cases. Some destructive devices are prohibited in most cases. Sound suppressors and short barreled rifles are legal.
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes	§97B.045 §624.714, Subd. 9	Any legally possessed gun may be transported in a motor vehicle, provided it is unloaded and cased.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Mississippi

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Code Sections 95-3-1, 45-9-101, 97-37-7, House Bill 506 of the 2011 Mississippi Legislature	As of July 1, 2015 the concealed carry law was amended to say "no license shall be required under this section for a loaded or unloaded pistol or revolver carried in a purse, handbag, satchel, other similar bag or briefcase or fully enclosed case."^[53] On April 15, 2016, the law was further expanded to include belt and shoulder holsters and sheaths.^[54]^[55] This effectively allows for constitutional carry in Mississippi. However, some forms of concealed carrying would still require a permit (e.g. Mexican carry or concealed in an ankle holster). Licenses still available on a shall-issue basis, issued within 45 days. The license is valid for five years. An enhanced license allows for carrying at public universities and other places. Concealed carry is not allowed in a regular public 1–12 school, courthouse, police station, detention facility, government meeting place, polling place, establishment primarily devoted to dispensing alcoholic beverages, athletic event, parade or demonstration for which a permit is required, passenger terminal of an airport, "place of nuisance" as defined in Mississippi Code section 95–3–1, or a location where a sign is posted and clearly visible from at least ten feet away saying that the "carrying of a pistol or revolver is prohibited". With an enhanced carry permit per Mississippi Code section 97-37-7(2) as amended by House Bill 506 of the 2011 Regular Session,^[56] the prohibited locations to carry concealed are as follows: any police, sheriff or state highway patrol station; any detention facility, prison or jail; courtrooms during a judicial proceeding; any "place of nuisance"; and (not listed in the Mississippi statutes, but still relevant) any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by federal law. A license to carry a pistol or revolver is not required for open carry. A license is not required for transporting a concealed or visible firearm in a vehicle. In June 2018, the Mississippi Supreme Court ruled that judges may not prohibit enhanced concealed carry license holders from carrying in and around courthouses as long as they do not enter a courtroom.^[57]^[58]^[59]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	House Bill 2 of the 2013 Mississippi Legislature	The "HB2" Unlicensed Open Carry Law went into effect July 1, 2013. An injunction, declaring the definition of "concealed handgun" unconstitutionally vague, was initially put in place by a Circuit Court Judge in Jackson, MS. The injunction was vacated August 29th, 2013 by the Mississippi Supreme Court.^[60]
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		No county or municipality may adopt any ordinance that restricts or requires the possession, transportation, sale, transfer or ownership of firearms or ammunition or their components. However, local governments may regulate the discharge of firearms, the carrying of firearms at a public park or public meeting, or the use of firearms in cases of insurrection, riots and natural disasters.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Missouri

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Missouri is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Permitless carry took effect on January 1, 2017.^[61]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	Open carry is permitted. As of October 11, 2014, a valid CCW overrides local laws against open carry state wide.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	Local governments are allowed to regulate open carry and the discharge of firearms (except in self defense); however, ccw permit holders are exempt from ordinances banning open carry.^[62]
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Peaceable journey law?	Yes	Yes
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Montana

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	Montana 45-8-321	Montana is a "shall issue" state for citizens and permanent lawful residents who are 18 years old. The law was challenged for previously denying non-citizens permits.^[63] The lawsuit was put on hold to give the legislature to opportunity to pass a bill to include permanent lawful residents. Such bill was signed by the governor on April 7, 2017.^[64] Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city, town, or logging camp limits.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		May carry openly without permit/license.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	M.C.A 45-8-351	Complete state preemption of firearms laws except localities may regulate the carrying of concealed or openly carried firearms to a public assembly, a publicly owned building, a park under its jurisdiction or a school. Localities may also regulate the possession of firearms by felons, minors, illegal aliens, or the mentally incompetent.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Permitted as long such possession is in compliance with all federal regulations.
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No		Missoula enacted a universal background check ordinance in 2016, however Attorney General Tim Fox has opined that the ordinance is unlawful.^[65] In October 2018, a state judge ruled that the ordinance is lawful.^[66]

Nebraska

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2403	A handgun certificate or a concealed carry permit is required for the purchase of a handgun.
Firearm registration?	No	No	Omaha, Neb., Code § 20-251 et seq.; Lincoln, Neb., Muni. Code § 9.36.030	The City of Omaha requires the registration of all handguns. The City of Lincoln requires reporting of firearms sales other than long guns commonly used for sporting purposes.
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes		Nebraska is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is generally permitted, but may be restricted by local governments. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be clearly visible.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes*	Yes*		Nebraska has partial state preemption for most but not all firearms laws. Other than discharge ordinances, local firearms ordinances are preempted for individuals who hold a valid Concealed Handgun Permit (CHP). These local ordinances are still enforceable against non-permitholders.
Assault weapon law?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Background checks required for private sales?	No	Yes	Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2403	A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun certificate or a concealed handgun permit and has therefore been subject to a background check.

Nevada

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No		As of June 2015, Clark County no longer requires the registration of handguns. There is now state preemption for firearm registration.^[67]
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	NRS 202§3657 - Application and PermittingNRS 202§360 - Prohibited Persons	Nevada is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	NV Constitution Article 1 Section 11NRS 503§165 - Carrying loaded rifle or shotgun in or on vehicle on or along public way unlawful; exceptions.	Open carry is generally permitted throughout the state. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm may be anywhere except concealed upon the person without a concealed firearm permit.^[68]^[69]
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	NRS 244§364 - County of 700,000 or moreNRS 268§418 - City of 700,000 or moreNRS 269§222 - Town of 700,000 or more	Local authorities may regulate the discharge of firearms. Handgun registration in Clark County was grandfathered in, until SB175 (signed into law June 2nd, 2015) removed the authority of the county to register handguns in Nevada.^[70]
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	NRS 202§275 Possession, manufacture or disposition of short-barreled rifle or short-barreled shotgunNRS 202§350 Manufacture, importation, possession or use of dangerous weapon or silencer18 USC §922(b)4 - Unlawful Transfer27 CFR §478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms.	Possession and ownership of an SBR, SBS, machine gun (selective-fire weapon), or silencer, all NFA items, are subject to federal purview and regulation.^[71]^[72]
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes*	Yes*		In November 2016, Nevada voters approved referendum Question 1, changing the law to require background checks for private sales.^[73] *Nevada Attorney General Adam Laxalt opined that the law is unenforceable.^[74]^[75]

New Hampshire

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	NHRS XII §159:14
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	NHRS XII §159:6	Constitutional carry legal as of February 22, 2017.^[76] Licenses remain available on a Shall-Issue basis for reciprocity purposes.
License required for open carry?	No	No	NHRS XII §159:6 NHRS XVIII §207:7	Handgun open carry without license. Loaded long guns prohibited from motor vehicles.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	NHRS XII §159:26	Includes knives.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

New Jersey

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes		A lifetime purchaser identification card is required for purchase of rifles and shotguns, as well as for purchases of handgun ammunition. A permit to purchase a handgun, valid for 90 days is required for each handgun purchase. Only one handgun can be purchased within a 30-day period. According to state law, purchase permits/identification cards are supposed to be granted on a Shall-Issue basis, but in practice many issuing authorities require the applicant to justify the need for a firearm before granting approval for the permit/ID card. Some issuing authorities have been known to arbitrarily deny purchase permits and ID cards.
Firearm registration?	No	Yes		The NJ State Police Firearms Investigation Unit (NJSP FIU) maintains a record of all handgun transfers, except for inherited firearms willed to the transferee, or firearms brought to the state by new residents moving to the state. Firearm registration is voluntary, but since handgun purchase permits are also a form of register, there is de facto mandatory handgun registration for handguns purchased in-state. Purchases by NJ residents must either be from a licensed dealer in NJ or a private individual who is a resident of NJ. In both dealer purchases and private sales, a copy of the purchase permit is sent to the NJSP FIU. A NICS background check at the point of sale is only required for purchases from dealers.
Owner license required?	No	No		No license is required to own any firearm in New Jersey, except an assault firearm or NFA regulated firearms
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	N.J. Admin. Code § 13:54	New Jersey calls its permit a "permit to carry a handgun" and is a "may-issue" by law for firearm carry, either openly or concealed, but permits are rarely or never granted to the general populace. Permit applicants must "specify in detail the urgent necessity for self-protection, as evidenced by specific threats or previous attacks which demonstrate a special danger to the applicant's life that cannot be avoided by means other than by issuance of a permit to carry a handgun." Then it must be approved by both the township's police chief and a NJ judge, whereas the applicant will not know who denied the $200 application to carry. As a result of this tough standard, New Jersey is effectively a "no issue" state unless one is a retired law enforcement officer or an individual with political connections. Armed security officers and armored car drivers typically get restricted permits limited to carry while on duty only. A letter of need from the security company is required.
Permit required for open carry?	Yes	Yes		Open carry is allowed only with a permit to carry a handgun and is generally not practiced except by security officers and others who carry firearms on duty. While it is technically legal to carry long guns with a valid Firearm Purchaser ID card, it is generally frowned upon by law enforcement, except when hunting. One can expect to be detained and questioned in most places if carrying in this manner.
State preemption of local restrictions?	No	No		There is limited state preemption for some firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	N.J.S.A 2C:39-1^[77]	New Jersey prohibits the possession of certain named firearms or "substantially identical" firearms deemed to be assault firearms, including possession of parts from which an assault firearm may be readily assembled. Firearms classed as assault firearms but acquired before May 1, 1990 and registered with the state are legal to possess. Police officers may possess assault weapons for duty purposes and may possess personal assault weapons with recommendation by their agency.
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes		Magazines are limited to 10 rounds for semi-automatic pistols and rifles, and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	N.J.S.A 2C:39-3(a-c)^[78]; N.J.S.A 2C:58-5^[79]	Possession of short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, destructive devices, and suppressors are prohibited to the average citizen. Law is silent on AOWs. Possession of a machine gun requires a state license, which is granted on a may issue basis by a county superior court judge. Machine gun licenses are extremely difficult to obtain.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes		Private firearm sales require a background check conducted through a federally licensed gun dealer.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		A judge may issue a gun violence restraining order authorizing the police to confiscate a person's firearms if the judge determines that the person poses a significant risk of personal injury to himself or others.

New Mexico

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No		New Mexico does not require any permit to purchase a long gun or handgun.^[80]
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No		There are no assault weapon laws.
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No		There is no magazine capacity restriction.^[81]
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	NMSA 29–19–4	Shall-issue to full-time and part-time residents (who hold a valid New Mexico ID/Driver's License), with passage of a criminal history check and mental health records check, and completion of 15-hour handgun safety course that includes live-fire instruction. Active military and law enforcement members and veterans honorably discharged within 20 years of permit application are exempt from training requirement.^[82] Permit required to carry concealed loaded firearm on foot. No permit needed for open carry, concealed carry of an unloaded firearm, or transport of a loaded firearm either concealed or openly in a vehicle. Unlawfully carrying a concealed firearm is a petty misdemeanor that is punishable by up to 6 months in a county jail and/or a fine of up to $500. Except for active-duty military members and dependents permanently stationed in the state, New Mexico does not issue CHLs to non-residents.
License required for open carry?	No	No		It is legal to open carry a loaded rifle and/or handgun in New Mexico without a permit.^[83]
Vehicle carry permitted?	Yes	Yes		A loaded firearm may be carried/transported either openly or concealed in a vehicle without a permit.
Out-of-state permits recognized?	N/A	Partial		New Mexico recognizes permits from states with reciprocity agreements (currently 24 states).^[84]
Duty to Inform?	No*	No*		*Although not mandated by state law, it is customary in New Mexico to inform law enforcement officials when transporting firearms. Those who are carrying a loaded pistol or revolver concealed while on foot must carry their CHL with them and present it upon demand by law enforcement.
Concealed Carry on College Campuses?	No	No	NMSA 29-19-8 NMSA 30-7-2.4	Firearms and ammunition may be stored in a locked vehicle while parked on campus, and may be carried while driving in a vehicle on campus, but may not be carried on foot while on campus property or stored in an on-campus facility. Exceptions exist for university-sponsored shooting events and ROTC programs.^[85]
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
State pre-emption of local ordinances?	Yes*	Yes*	NMSA 29-19-10*	As stated in Article 2, Section 6 of the New Mexico Constitution. *Tribal laws on Native American reservations not pre-empted. Some tribes recognize New Mexico firearms laws, while others do not and have far more restrictive firearms policies. Additionally, some local jurisdictions have enacted ordinances restricting or banning the discharge of firearms within their boundaries.
Castle Doctrine law?	Yes	Yes	NMSA 30-2-7	New Mexico's self-defense statute (NMSA 30-2-7) is vaguely worded and does not specifically address Castle Doctrine or Stand Your Ground situations.^[86] However, Castle Doctrine has been established on a limited basis by a 1946 New Mexico Supreme Court ruling, which states that when a person reasonably feels "threatened with an attack need not retreat. In the exercise of his right of self defense, he may stand his ground and defend himself."^[87] Currently, the courts have limited the scope of Castle Doctrine/Stand Your Ground to self-defense situations occurring inside the defender's home, and neither law nor court precedence provides the defender immunity from lawsuits by the aggressor arising from the use of lethal force in self-defense. Additionally, judicial precedence in New Mexico has established that the use of lethal force is not justifiable in defense of one's property alone.
Duty to Retreat?	No	No
Opt-Out statute?	Yes	Yes	NMSA 29–19–12; NMSA 30–14–6; NMAC 10.8.2.27	Property owners may prohibit the carrying of firearms onto property they lawfully possess by posting signage or verbally notifying persons upon entering the property. Violating these "gun-free" establishments is a full misdemeanor punishable by less than one year in the county jail and/or a fine of up to $1,000 (Criminal Trespass - NMSA 30-14-1).
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No		One may travel through or within New Mexico with a loaded weapon in a vehicle. Federal law pre-empts Native American reservation laws. FOPA is observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

New York

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	S 265.20, S 265.01	No NYS permit is required for long guns. Handguns require a permit. Permits are issued by County or State Supreme Court judges/justices outside of New York City, Nassau and Suffolk Counties, with a background check. Permits for those wanting to carry concealed are issued on a "may issue" basis, whereas permits to merely purchase and possess handguns in the home are issued on a "shall issue" basis. There is an application fee for each permit, as well as an amendment fee for each handgun added to the permit. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
Firearm registration?	No	Yes	S 700.00, S 265.01	No registration for long guns. All handguns must be registered under a license. There is a $3 registration fee. Handguns are registered with purchase permit. The serial number and sale is noted down. It is illegal to possess any un-registered firearm. Antique weapons are exempted from this. All handguns must travel in the manner one's license is issued. No record is needed of previously owned handguns with law enforcement. *All rifles classified as assault weapons must be registered with the state by January 15, 2014. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
Owner license required?	No	Yes	S 265.20, S 265.01	No license is required for long guns; however, New York State requires a license for handgun ownership. Handgun licenses are normally restricted to three types: residence or business premises permit (must issue generally), Target & Hunting, and Unrestricted Carry. Target and hunting allows carry while engaged in those activities. Unrestricted allows carry at any time. All permits issued outside of New York City are not valid in New York City EXCEPT for retired police and federal law enforcement officers with that status marked on their permit and for armored car guards on duty. The minimum age to be issued a handgun license is 21 unless you are a former or current member of the armed forces or law enforcement. NOTE: Different laws apply for NYC
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	S 400.00	New York counties, and some police departments, issue pistol licenses on a "may issue" basis. Discretionary issuance policies vary widely across the state. Generally, it is harder to obtain a license in counties closer to large New York cities. Most counties that aren't a part of downstate New York have shall/reasonable issuance policies, but may administratively restrict time or place of carry (such as only for target shooting or hunting). It is not a crime to carry a weapon under a Target or Hunting permit for other purposes, but if caught or reported the permit will likely be revoked. Concealed carry without any kind of permit must be charged as a felony unless the weapon is unloaded and no ammunition for it is in possession of the person carrying. All permits are valid throughout the state, except in the City of New York, unless validated by the police commissioner of that city, or by armored car guards, retired police officers and retired federal law enforcement officers as specified in the Criminal Procedure Law. NY Penal Law 400 (6). While New York law does not allow issuance of pistol licenses to non-residents, 2013 federal appeals court and State appeals court rulings clarified the residency requirement. This clarification allowed those domiciled outside of the state with a part-time residence in New York to be issued a permit at the discretion of the licensing officer.^[88]
Open carry allowed?	No	No	S 265.35, S 265.01	The law is extremely vague on open carry. Open carry in public is not legal in most instances. While no law specifically bans open carry, a license to carry is issued to carry concealed as per penal law 400. Therefore, pistol permit holders must carry concealed. Open carry permitted while hunting and possibly on one's own property. Open carry of unloaded long guns is not explicitly prohibited by any law, but is generally not practiced. It is illegal however to transport an uncased long gun in a motor vehicle, unless it is in the trunk or a compartment not accessible by anyone inside the vehicle.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	S 265.00, S 265.02	Possession of assault weapons is prohibited, except for those legally possessed on January 15, 2013 and registered with the state by January 15, 2014 or classified as an antique assault weapon. New York City, Buffalo, Albany, and Rochester have enacted their own assault weapon bans. Law enforcement and retired law enforcement are exempt from the assault weapons ban.
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes	§ 265.02	Magazine size limited to 10 rounds. Law enforcement and retired law enforcement with last service weapon only, are exempt from the 10 round limit. Also exempt are antique high-quality magazines if registered to an associated antique assault weapon. Under the NY SAFE Act (signed on the 15th of January, 2013 by Gov. Andrew Cuomo) the magazine law was changed. A legal provision that mandated no more than 7 rounds that may be loaded into the magazine was struck down by a federal judge on December 31, 2013.
Title II (National Firearms Act) weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	S 265.02, S 265.02	Ownership of machine guns, suppressors, short-barreled rifles, and short-barreled shotguns are prohibited to the average citizen. Destructive devices are permitted except for rockets with greater than 3 ounces of propellant, which are prohibited. AOW's are legal to own but are still required to be on a pistol permit. AOW's disguised as non-firearms are illegal.
Castle Doctrine Law?	Yes*	Yes*	§ 35.20	*New York has a castle doctrine law. It allows for the "use of (non-lethal) physical force in defense of premises and in defense of a person in the course of burglary." Lethal force is governed under §35.15.
State preemption of local restrictions?	No	No	None	New York preempts only handgun licensing.^[89] Places such as Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and most notably New York City have put in more restrictive gun laws, such as licensing of long guns and 5-round magazine limits.^[90]^[91]^[92]
Peaceable journey laws?	Yes	Yes	S 265.10	With certain restrictions (see below), most notably magazines are not exempt. FOPA is complied with by police agencies in New York after losing some false arrest lawsuits.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	NY Gen Bus L § 898 (2012)	For firearm transfers between private parties, a licensed dealer must conduct a background check, provide documentation of the check to the New York State Police, and keep a record of the transaction.^[93]

North Carolina

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes		For handguns, a Pistol Purchase Permit (issued by the sheriff in the county of one's residence) or a North Carolina issued Concealed Handgun Permit is required. Presenting either of these exempts the buyer from the on-the-spot NICS background check.
Firearm registration?	No	No		Durham County formerly required registration of handguns. This was repealed on June 18, 2014. State law now makes it unlawful for any government entity within the state to maintain a firearms registry.
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes		North Carolina is a "shall issue" state for Concealed Handgun Permits. An individual must inform a Law Enforcement officer when addressed he/she is carrying a concealed handgun n. (Gen Stat. § 14-415.12A) ^[94]
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is not specifically limited by State law, but some local governments may have ordinances against openly carried weapons. See state pre-emption section below
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		North Carolina has state preemption for most firearm laws.^[95]
Assault weapon law?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		All NFA weapons (Title II weapons) and silencers/suppressors are allowed, as long as federal rules are followed
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	Section 13 (§ 14-409.41)	Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	Yes	Article 52A, § 14-402	A person acquiring a handgun must have either a permit to purchase a handgun or a concealed handgun permit. A background check is required to obtain either of these permits.

North Dakota

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	No		North Dakota is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Permitless concealed carry (for residents only) effective August 1, 2017. Class 1 & 2 permits will still be available. Permit still required to carry openly.
License required for open carry?	No	Yes		Open carry of long guns is generally permitted. Open carry of a loaded handgun is permitted only by individuals with a valid concealed weapons license. Non permit holders may carry one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset provided the firearm is unloaded and in plain sight.^[96]
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		NFA-compliant automatic firearms must be registered with the county sheriff and the state Bureau of Criminal Investigation.
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	62.1-05	Shall certify within 30 days.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Ohio

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None
Firearm registration?	No	No	None
Assault weapon law?	No	No	O.R.C. 2923.11
Owner license required?	No	No	None
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	O.R.C 2923.125	Shall Issue – 8 hours of training required, 2 hours of which must include range time. Active duty members of the Armed Forces are exempt from the carry permit requirement.^[97]
License required for open carry?	No	No	O.R.C. 2923.16 O.R.C. 2923.121	May open carry without a permit if 18 years or older. Restrictions in motor vehicle and licensed liquor establishments.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	O.R.C. 9.68	Full preemption, affirmed by City of Cleveland v. State of Ohio. Further strengthened by HB 228^[98]
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	O.R.C. 2923.17	NFA items are legal if registered in accordance with the NFA.
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes	O.R.C. 311.43	Shall certify within 45 days.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Duty to inform?	No	Yes	O.R.C. 2923.126	Any concealed handgun licensee must inform a law enforcement officer immediately upon contact for law enforcement purposes if they are in possession of a loaded handgun. If the licensee is an occupant of a vehicle and there is a loaded handgun in the car, the licensee must also inform the law enforcement officer.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Oklahoma

Subject/law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	-	Private sales legal, no waiting period.
Firearm registration?	No	No	–	None
Assault weapon law?	No	No	–	None
Owner license required?	No	No	§21-1273, §21-1276, §21-1283,	None
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	§21-1277, §21-1272, §21-1278, §21-1290.5	Concealed carry of loaded handguns permitted; open carry became lawful with permit as of November 1st, 2012. Unlicensed public carry of unloaded handguns and long arms by persons eligible to possess firearms is allowed under some circumstances.
License required for open carry?	N/A	Yes	§21-1290	Open carry is permitted with a handgun carry license.^[99]
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	§21-1289.24	–
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	§21-1289.18	Short barreled rifles and shotguns are illegal to possess under state law unless registered under the NFA, ownership and possession of automatic firearms is legal under state law.
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	§21-1289.30	Shall certify within 15 days.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Oregon

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	---
Firearm registration?	No	No	ORS 166.412(7)(a)	The Oregon State Police maintain a record of firearms sales from FFL holders for a period of 5 years, after which the records are destroyed.
Owner license required?	No	No	---
Minimum age to purchase firearms.	18	21^[100]	ORS 166.470	Oregon law prohibits any person from intentionally selling, delivering, or otherwise transferring any firearm to anyone under 18 years of age (ORS 166.470(1)(a)), except: A parent or guardian, or another person with the consent of the parent or guardian, may transfer a firearm other than a handgun to a minor. (ORS 166.470(3)(a)) The temporary transfer of any firearm to a minor for hunting, target practice, or any other lawful purpose. (ORS 166.470(3)(b))
Minors allowed to possess firearms?	Yes, with exceptions	Yes, with exceptions	ORS 166.250	Minors may: ...possess a firearm other than a handgun if the firearm was transferred to the minor by the minor’s parent or guardian or by another person with the consent of the minor’s parent. ORS 166.250(2)(a)(A) ...not possess a firearm if they are under 18 years of age, and while a minor, committed the equivalent of an adult felony or a misdemeanor involving violence, within four years of being charged with possession. ORS 166.250(1)(c) ...may also possess any firearm temporarily for hunting, target practice, or any other lawful purpose. ORS 166.250(2)(a)(B) ( and ORS 166.470(3)(b); see above)
Assault weapon law?	No	No	---	No Oregon state laws define or regulate assault weapons.
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	ORS 166.291	Oregon is a "shall-issue" state for residents. Technically sheriffs "may issue" licenses to non-residents of contiguous states; however, in practice most county sheriffs either adopt very restrictive criteria for issuance to non-residents or simply refuse to issue licenses. Carrying of a concealed firearm is prohibited by ORS 166.250, however holders of a valid Concealed Handgun License are exempt from this law. (see ORS 166.260). In 2011, the Oregon Court of Appeals ruled that public universities no longer have the authority to prohibit firearms on their grounds, however may still prohibit them inside buildings. This effectively legalized campus carry on grounds.
License required for open carry?	No	No	Or. Const. Art. I § 27 ORS 166.250(3)	Open carry of firearms is legal statewide without a permit. However, Oregon law allows a city or county to regulate open carry of loaded firearms in public places, but holders of concealed carry permits are exempt. (ORS 166.173) The cities of Portland,^[101] Beaverton,^[102] Tigard,^[103] Oregon City,^[104] Salem,^[105] and Independence,^[106] as well as Multnomah County,^[107] have statutes which do not allow open carry of loaded firearms (unless one has a concealed carry permit).
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	Or. Const. Art. I § 27 ORS 166.170	The authority to regulate the sale, acquisition, transfer, ownership, possession, storage, transportation, or use of firearms or any element relating to firearms and firearm components, including ammunition, is vested solely in the State Legislative Assembly.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	ORS 166.272	Possession of NFA restricted firearms and non-firearm items are legal, but owners must comply with the NFA regulations. (ORS 166.272(3))
Peaceable journey laws?	Yes	Yes	---	The State of Oregon recognizes federal law, Title 18 U.S. Code § 926A
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	SB941 (2015)	Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed firearm dealer while both parties are present. The dealer is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes	Or. Law Chp. 737 (2017)	If a person appears to be in imminent danger of hurting themselves or another person, a police officer or a member of the person's family or household may petition the court for a one-year order that would prohibit the person from possessing a deadly weapon.

Pennsylvania

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	Partial	18 Pa.C.S. § 6111.4	18 Pa.C.S. § 6111.4 forbids the government from creating a firearm registry. Nevertheless, all handgun buyers in the state must undergo a PICS check at the point of sale, a record of which is maintained by the state police in a "sales database". The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has ruled that this is legal under the aforementioned statue, as it is not a comprehensive record of all handgun ownership within the state — gun owners moving into the state are not required to register their firearms.
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	18 Pa.C.S. § 6109	License to Carry Firearms issued on a "shall-issue" basis. A LTCF is required to carry a firearm concealed on one's person, in a vehicle, or during a declared state of emergency.
License required for open carry?	No	No		Unlicensed open-carry, except license required in Philadelphia (City of the First Class) and when within a vehicle.
Castle Law/Stand Your Ground?	Yes	Yes	[5]	Castle Law. No duty to retreat inside castle. No duty to retreat outside castle if confronted with a deadly weapon or an object that appears to be one in a place where the person has a right to be.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	18 Pa.C.S. § 6120
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Peaceable Journey laws?	Yes	Yes	[6]	Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if in possession of a valid carry permit from any state. Otherwise, federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	Yes		All private party transfers of handguns must be processed through a licensed dealer, or at a county sheriff's office. In either case a background check is required.

Rhode Island

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–35	All purchasers of handguns must complete and pass a safety exam managed by the RI Department of Environmental Management, at which time they will receive a DEM issued "blue card" allowing purchase. Exempt are active duty military members, active and retired law enforcement officers, correctional officers, and persons licensed to carry a concealed firearm by RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–11.^[108]
Firearm registration?	No	No	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–41
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None
Owner license required?	No	No	None
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–11 RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–18	Rhode Island is a hybrid "shall issue" and "may issue" state for carry. Licenses may be granted either by local authorities or by the state's attorney general's office. Licenses granted by local authorities are "shall issue" while those issued by the attorney general's officer are "may issue" under state law. Until recently, most local authorities had been deferring to the attorney general which effectively blocks most issuance, unless one is a retired LEO. The practice of not issuing permits on a true 'shall issue' basis has been the subject of recent litigation. In April 2015, the Rhode Island Supreme Court has ruled that a police chief must accept and review carry permit applications and must render a decision and the reasons for that decision. More significantly, the court ruled that the issuing authority must "show cause" for denying an applicant a carry license.^[109] Permits issued by local authorities and the Attorney General's office are valid for concealed carry statewide.
License required for open carry?	No	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–18	Open carry of handguns is permitted for only those with a carry permit issued by the attorney general. Open carry not permitted for those whose handgun carry permits were issued by local authorities. Long gun open carry with or without a permit is not prohibited by law.
Vehicle carry?	No	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8	Permitted with a valid Rhode Island Handgun Carry Permit. Non-residents may carry in a vehicle with a valid concealed carry permit issued by another state while traveling through Rhode Island without any intent to stop while in the state.
Out-of-state permits recognized?	No	Vehicle carry only	None
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–58
Castle Doctrine Law?	Yes	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–8–8	No duty to retreat if you are in your home
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8 RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–20	It is a violation of state law to possess any NFA weapon or silencers with the exception of Class III FFLs.
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–8	One may possess a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle without a RI permit as long as one possesses a carry permit from another state and is merely transiting through Rhode Island without any unnecessary stops. Long guns must be unloaded in a vehicle. FOPA is observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes		For all firearm transfers, the buyer must pass a background check.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		The police may petition the Superior Court to issue an extreme risk protection order if they receive credible information of a significant and imminent risk. A judge may issue a temporary gun-removal order, but a hearing is required within 14 days to determine if a one-year ban on buying or possessing a firearm is warranted.
Waiting period?	Yes	Yes	RI Gen. Stat. 11–47–35	After purchasing a firearm, the waiting period before the buyer can take possession is 7 days.

South Carolina

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	SC Code 23-31-210	South Carolina is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?	No	N/A		Open carry of a handgun is prohibited.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	SC Code 23-31-510	"No governing body of any county, municipality, or other political subdivision in the State may enact or promulgate any regulation or ordinance that regulates or attempts to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, carrying, transportation, ammunition, components, or any combination of these things"
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	SC Code 16-23-210 through 16-23-250	Permitted if registered in accordance with federal laws. State law makes possession, storage, and transfer illegal but then grants an exception for "any person authorized to possess these weapons by the United States Department of the Treasury; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; or any other federal agency empowered to grant this authorization".
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

South Dakota

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	SD 23-7-7	South Dakota is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is generally permitted. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be clearly visible.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Tennessee

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	None	No
Firearm registration?	No	No	None	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No	None	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No	None	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	T.C.A. § 39-17-1351^[110]	Permits are "shall-issue". Concealed or open carry of a handgun is allowed with permit. As of July 1, 2014, due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law, a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit.^[111] As of July 1, 2017, persons who can legally possess/purchase a firearm and are protected by a protection order may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.^[112]^[113]
Permit required for open carry?	N/A	Yes	T.C.A. § 39-17-1307 T.C.A. § 39-17-1308^[110]	Open carry of loaded handguns is permitted for those who have been issued a license to carry. Long guns may only be carried unloaded.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	T.C.A. § 39-17-1314^[110]	State preemption per T.C.A. § 39-17-1314(a).^[110] Local governments may post signs per T.C.A. § 39-17-1359^[110] to prohibit carry on government property. Local government may not, however, prohibit firearms in locally owned/operated parks and other recreational areas.^[114]
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	None	On July 1, 2003 public chapter 275 is in effect.
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	T.C.A. § 39-17-1361	Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	None	Federal rules observed.
Self-defense law	Yes	Yes	T.C.A. § 39-11-611^[110]	There is no duty to retreat before using deadly force, as long as you are acting lawfully and are in a place you have a right to be in. It is presumed you had a reasonable fear of imminent death or serious bodily injury if someone unlawfully and forcibly enters a residence, business, dwelling or vehicle.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No	None

Texas

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	GC Ch. 411.172^[115]	Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
License required for open carry?	No	Yes	PC 46.02	Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm." Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus?	No	Yes		May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus. Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	LGC §229.001.	State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	PC 46.01, PC 46.05	Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".^[116]
Peaceable journey laws?	Yes	Yes	PC 46.02, PC 46.15	A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?	Yes	Yes	PC 9.32	A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Utah

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault Weapons law?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	UT 53-05-704	Carry of a loaded firearm or concealed firearm allowed with permit. May open carry unloaded firearm without permit. May carry loaded handgun in vehicle without permit; loaded long guns in vehicles prohibited. As of 2004, may carry at public universities.
Permit required for open carry?	No	Yes		Open carry of firearm without a permit is allowed as long as the gun is at least 2 actions from being fired, e.g., 1) rack the slide to chamber, and 2) pull the trigger Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes		Municipalities may regulate the discharge of firearms.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Possession of NFA firearms in violation of federal law is a third degree felony under state law. However, possession and ownership of NFA firearms and items is legal under state law if federal requirements and laws are followed.
Shall certify?	Yes	Yes	53-5a-104	Shall certify within 15 days.
Peaceable Journey law?	Yes	Yes	76-10-523	Persons exempt from weapons laws. "(g) a nonresident traveling in or through the state, provided that any firearm is: (i) unloaded; and (ii) securely encased as defined in Section 76-10-501." Handguns may be loaded in any vehicle under the person's control.
Castle Doctrine law?	Yes	Yes	76-2-405	Force in defense of habitation. "(1) A person is justified in using force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent or terminate the other's unlawful entry into or attack upon his habitation; however, he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if: (a) the entry is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner, surreptitiously, or by stealth, and he reasonably believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal violence to any person, dwelling, or being in the habitation and he reasonably believes that the force is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence; or (b) he reasonably believes that the entry is made or attempted for the purpose of committing a felony in the habitation and that the force is necessary to prevent the commission of the felony. (2) The person using force or deadly force in defense of habitation is presumed for the purpose of both civil and criminal cases to have acted reasonably and had a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death or serious bodily injury if the entry or attempted entry is unlawful and is made or attempted by use of force, or in a violent and tumultuous manner, or surreptitiously or by stealth, or for the purpose of committing a felony."
Stand Your Ground law?	Yes	Yes	76-2-402	Force in defense of person -- Forcible felony defined. "(1) (a) A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and to the extent that the person reasonably believes that force or a threat of force is necessary to defend the person or a third person against another person's imminent use of unlawful force. (b) A person is justified in using force intended or likely to cause death or serious bodily injury only if the person reasonably believes that force is necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury to the person or a third person as a result of another person's imminent use of unlawful force, or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony."
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Vermont

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No		Must be 21 to purchase any firearm. May purchase at 18 if one has passed an approved hunter safety course.^[117]
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine restriction?	Yes	Yes		A gun control bill, passed on March 30th, 2018, bans sale of magazines of more than 10 rounds for long guns and 15 rounds for pistols.^[118] It was signed by Governor Scott on April 11.
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Vermont Firearm Laws	May carry open or concealed without permit as long as you are a citizen of the U.S. or a lawfully admitted alien, and not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms under state or federal law.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No		Vermont legalized suppressors on June 17th, 2015.^[119]
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes		^[117]
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		^[117]

Virginia

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No	§ 18.2-295	Fully automatic firearms (machine guns) are required to be registered with the state police.
Owner license required?	No	No		Proof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of "assault weapons".
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	§ 18.2-308	Virginia is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry. Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	§ 15.2-915.2 § 18.2-287.4 § 18.2-282	Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older. The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of "assault weapons" (any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds: the Cities of Alexandria, Chesapeake, Fairfax, Falls Church, Newport News, Norfolk, Richmond, and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Henrico, Loudoun, and Prince William. These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders. Stated differently, you may open carry an assault weapon/shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations, but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be "properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle" (ie glove box, center console, trunk, etc). The container/compartment does not have to be locked, the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger, and the firearm may be loaded. This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms "at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises."^[120] Furthermore, a "county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport, possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street, road, or highway within such locality." However, this does not "apply to duly authorized law-enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties, nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business." In addition, a firearm may be considered "open carry" in a vehicle if the firearm is openly visible, though this is not as well established as the "secured in a container/compartment" rule.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	§ 15.2-915	Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	§ 18.2-308.2:2 § 18.2-308.2:01 § 18.2-308.7	Proof of age (18+ for long arms, 21+ for pistols) and proof of citizenship (or permanent residence license) are required for the purchase of "assault weapons". "Assault weapons" are defined as a semi-automatic, centerfire, firearm equipped with a folding stock, or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds, or capable of accommodating a silencer/suppressor.
Magazine restriction?	No	No	§ 18.2-287.4 § 18.2-282.	Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but, they make the firearm an "assault weapon", subject to law accordingly.
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	§ 18.2-308.8 § 18.2-308.5 § 18.2-295	Fully automatic firearms (machine guns) must be registered with the state police. Plastic firearms and some destructive devices (such as the striker 12 shotgun) are prohibited outside law enforcement. SBS, SBR, AOWs, and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Washington

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Revised Code of Washington	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	Partial	RCW 09.41.110(9)(a) and (b)	Retail dealers must record and report all retail pistol sales to local police/sheriff and to state department of licensing.
Owner license required?	No	No
Constitutional Right to Bear Arms?	Yes	Yes	WA Constitution art. 1 sec. 24
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	RCW 09.41.050 CCW Reciprocity	Washington is a "shall-issue" state and will grant concealed carry permits to all applicants who meet the criteria. There are no training requirements.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	RCW 09.41.050 (in vehicle)	Open carry is lawful in Washington without any permit. Open carry of a loaded handgun in a vehicle is legal only with a concealed pistol license. Open carry of a loaded long gun in a vehicle is illegal, regardless of CPL possession.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	RCW 09.41.290 RCW 09.41.300	State Law does not allow more restrictive local laws. Seattle and Edmonds have passed ordinances mandating safe storage of firearms when not being carried or used. Seattle's ordinance also has reporting requirement for lost or stolen firearms within 24 hours. Both cities are being sued for violation of state preemption.^[121]^[122]
Assault weapons ban?	No	No
Magazine capacity restrictions?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	Partial	Partial	RCW 09.41.190 RCW 09.41.220 RCW 09.41.225 RCW 09.41.250(1)(c)	Machine guns and short-barreled shotguns—unless purchased before July 1, 1994—are illegal for non-law-enforcement possession. Suppressors,destructive devices and any other weapons are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with ATF. Short barreled rifles are lawful to possess and use if registered properly with the ATF, as of June 12, 2014.^[123]
Peaceable Journey laws?	No	No	RCW 09.41.050 RCW 09.41.060 18 USC § 926A CCW Reciprocity	Federal travel-with-a-firearm laws apply. Some out-of-state CCW licenses valid, otherwise carry must be open or, in a vehicle, unloaded.
Castle Doctrine / Stand your ground law?	Not defined - de facto		RCW 9A.16.050, RCW 9A.16.110	The Washington State Supreme Court ruled "that there is no duty to retreat when a person is assaulted in a place where he or she has a right to be."^[124]^[125]
Background checks required for private sales?	Yes	Yes	Initiative 594 (2014)	Private party firearm transfers must be conducted through a licensed dealer, who is required by federal law to conduct a background check and keep a record of the sale.
Red flag law?	Yes	Yes		The police may temporarily take guns away from people a judge deems a threat to themselves or others.

West Virginia

Subject/Law	Long Guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	§61-7-4 §61-7-7	As of May 24, 2016,^[126] West Virginia became a constitutional carry state. Any person 21 years or older who is legally able to own a handgun may carry the weapon concealed without the need of obtaining a permit. A permit is required for individuals 18-20 years old who wish to carry a handgun concealed. Carry permits are still issued on a "shall issue" basis to anyone who would like one for reciprocity purposes. As of October 2016, there are 37 states that recognize WV permits for those 21 years or older, and of those 35 states, 16 recognize WV permits issued to persons 18 years or older. Note: 2 of the 37 states don't officially recognize the WV permit, but are constitutional carry states, so no permit is required.^[127]^[128]
License required for open carry?	No	No		Open carry is generally allowed without a permit.
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes	§8-12-5a	Pursuant to The Enrolled Public Act of Senate Bill 317 by The West Virginia Legislature, as Signed into Law by Governor Tomblin, The Amended Provisions of West Virginia Code Section 8-12-5a(a) Preempt and Preclude Municipalities from Regulating: '...The Carry[ing] of any Revolver, Pistol, Rifle, or Shotgun'. As a Result, a Municipality may no longer Prohibit Open Carry of a Firearm within its Jurisdictional Limits.
Assault weapon law?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Shall Certify?	Yes	Yes	§61-7-16	Shall certify within 30 days.
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

Wisconsin

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
Constitutional right to bear arms	Yes		1:25	"The people have the right to keep and bear arms for security, defense, hunting, recreation or any other lawful purpose."
State preemption of local restrictions?	Yes		66.0409
State permit required to purchase?	No	No	175.35
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	175.60	Permit is given on a shall-issue basis. Concealed carry of knives (not intended for use as weapons) is legal without a permit. Campus carry is allowed, but buildings may be exempted if signs forbidding firearms are posted.
License required for open carry?	No	No	947.01 66.0409	Open carry of loaded handguns and long guns and knives is permitted without a license.
Owner license required?	No	No	941.29
Castle Doctrine/Self Defense Statutes	Yes		895.62	Immunity from prosecution and civil damages in the home, with conditions and exceptions
			939.48	No duty to retreat in the "dwelling" or owned/operated place of business. No deadly force solely to protect property. 3rd party protection. If attack is provoked, self defense may only be used if reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily harm. If attack is provoked deadly force only allowed if all other reasonable means of avoidance exhausted.
			940.01	"the state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the facts constituting the defense did not exist in order to sustain a finding of guilt"
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restrictions?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No	941.298 941.26	Machine guns allowed, but may not shoot pistol cartridges and may not be possessed aggressively or offensively. Suppressors, SBR, and SBS are allowed if NFA rules followed, otherwise felony.
Background checks required for private sales?	No

Wyoming

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
State permit required to purchase?	No	No
Firearm registration?	No	No
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine Capacity Restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	No	No
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	No	Residents may carry open or concealed without a permit however, permits are issued on a shall-issue basis to those who wish to have them. Non-residents are required to have a CCW permit from a state Wyoming recognizes if they wish to carry concealed.
Permit required for open carry?	No	No	No permit required for both residents and non-residents.
State Preemption of local restrictions?	Yes	Yes
NFA weapons restricted?	No	No
Background checks required for private sales?	No	No

US Territories

American Samoa

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	N/A	A license is required to possess or import long guns or ammunition. Handguns are prohibited for civilian possession despite D.C. v Heller and McDonald v Chicago.
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes	All firearms must be registered with the American Samoa Public Safety Department.
Assault weapon law?	No	No	All handguns and centerfire firearms banned; Only 12, 16, 20 and 410 gauge shotguns and shotgun shells and 22 caliber rifles and their ammunitions are allowed
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Concealed carry allowed?	N/A	No	Concealed carry is illegal.
License required for open carry?	Yes	Yes	Open carry is legal for holders of a valid License to Possess which are required to purchase and possess firearms;^[129] though Licenses to Possess have been restricted to only shotguns and rimfire rifles since 1991, effectively banning handguns.^[130] Licenses issued for handguns and other firearms prior to 1991 are grandfathered as long as they remain valid.^[131]
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	Explosive weapons, machine guns, gas guns, short barreled rifles, short barreled shotguns, and silencers are prohibited.^[132]
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	Federal law (FOPA) applies.

Guam

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Relevant Statutes	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	60103, 60106	FOID required.
Owner License Required	Yes	Yes	60106
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes	60110
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	60109	Shall Issue. Bill 296-32 passed by legislature for shall issue,^[133] signed by Governor.^[134]
License required for open carry?	Yes	Yes		FOID required.^[135]
Assault weapon law	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes		SBR, SBS, Machine guns, and silencers are prohibited. Destructive devices and AOW's are legal with NFA tax stamp.
Castle law	Yes^[136]

Northern Mariana Islands

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	A license is required to purchase guns or ammunition.
Firearm registration?	No	No	Registration of firearms has been ruled unconstitutional.^[137]^[138]
Assault weapon law?	No	No	Ban on assault weapons was ruled unconstitutional.^[137]^[138]
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes	No magazines over 10 rounds.^[139]
Concealed carry allowed?	N/A	No	Concealed carry remains illegal.
License required for open carry?	N/A	No	The general ban on carrying operable firearms in public was ruled unconstitutional. Lawful gun owners may carry loaded handguns openly as long as other laws are not violated, such as gun-free zones.^[137]^[138]
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	Short barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, machine guns, suppressors, and grenade launchers are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	Federal law (FOPA) applies.

Puerto Rico

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	Firearms purchases are subject to the requirements of US federal law
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes
Assault weapon law?	No	No
Magazine capacity restriction?	No	No
Owner license required?	Yes	Yes
Permit required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	May-Issue according to law, but permits are rarely granted to ordinary citizens. Unrestricted concealed carry was technically allowed from June 20, 2015 to October 31, 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico's restrictive gun laws. The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court, which reversed the lower court's decision. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case, effectively restoring Puerto Rico's restrictive permitting policy for concealed carry.^[140]
Open carry allowed?	No	No	Permitless open carry was technically allowed from June 20, 2015 to November 16, 2016 following a lawsuit challenging Puerto Rico's restrictive gun laws. The lower court ruling striking down many of the territory's laws was appealed by the government to the Appeals Court, which reversed the lower court's decision on November 16, 2016. The Puerto Rico Supreme Court has declined to hear the appeal of the Appeals Court ruling from the plaintiffs in the case, effectively restoring Puerto Rico's ban on open carry.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	Automatic firearms, short barreled shotguns, and silencers are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	Federal law (FOPA) applies.

U.S. Virgin Islands

Subject/Law	Long guns	Handguns	Notes
Permit required to purchase?	Yes	Yes	A license is required to purchase any firearm or ammunition.
Firearm registration?	Yes	Yes	All firearms must be registered with the Virgin Islands Police Department.
Assault weapon law?	Yes	Yes	Assault weapons and .50 BMG rifles prohibited.
Magazine capacity restriction?	Yes	Yes
License required for concealed carry?	N/A	Yes	The territory currently has a "may issue" policy for concealed carry permits. To obtain one, the applicant must meet a stringent set of requirements, so few people receive permits.
Open carry allowed?	No	No	Open carry is prohibited.
NFA weapons restricted?	Yes	Yes	Automatic firearms and short barreled shotguns are prohibited.
Peaceable journey laws?	No	No	Federal law (FOPA) applies.

References

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^ "New York Civil Rights – Article 2 – § 4 Right to Keep and Bear Arms". Law and Legal Research. March 30, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

^ Liptak, Adam (June 28, 2010). "Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling", New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.

^ "U.S. Concealed Carry Reciprocity Map on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

^ "Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997)". FindLaw. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

^ "Printz v. United States". Stephen P. Halbrook. Retrieved March 28, 2010. Congress may not require the States to administer a federal regulatory program

^ Kirby, Brendan (August 4, 2014). "Alabama Has One Concealed-Carry Permit Law, 67 Ways to Apply It", AL.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.

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^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Arizona: Governor Ducey Signs Legislation Protecting the Transfer of Private Property". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-02.

^ ARS 13-925(C); Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County, Guidelines for Report of Psychiatrist or Psychologist in Support of Petition for Restoration of Right to Possess Firearms Pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-925 (16 June 2011): Significantly, ARS 13-925(C) places the burden of proof on the prohibited possessor (patient) at the restoration hearing to present clear and convincing psychological or psychiatric evidence in support of the petition to restore his/her right to possess a firearm. This would normally require the affidavit and/or testimony of a treating or evaluating psychiatrist or psychologist willing to affirm that the circumstances that led to the original order, adjudication or finding are no longer in effect, that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety, and that restoring the patient's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest.

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^ "California Penal Code Section 11106", Onecle. Retrieved December 10, 2016. "(2) The registry shall consist of all of the following ... (A) The name, address, identification of, place of birth (state or country), complete telephone number, occupation, sex, description, and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale... (B) The name and address of, and other information about, any person (whether a dealer or a private party) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale...(D) The manufacturer's name if stamped on the firearm, model name or number if stamped on the firearm, and, if applicable, the serial number, other number (if more than one serial number is stamped on the firearm), caliber, type of firearm, if the firearm is new or used, barrel length, and color of the firearm, or, if the firearm is not a handgun and does not have a serial number or any identification number or mark assigned to it, that shall be noted."

^ http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=26840.

^ https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/forms/ab991frm.pdf

^ https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=27560.&lawCode=PEN

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^ https://law.justia.com/codes/california/2017/code-pen/part-6/title-4/division-10/chapter-5/article-1/section-32310/

^ Federal judge blocks California ban on "large-capacity" gun magazines, Reuters, June 30, 2017

^ Liptak, Adam (2016-06-26). "Supreme Court Turns Down Case on Carrying Guns in Public". Retrieved 2017-06-27.

^ Ruling on Peruta v. San Diego, 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, June 9, 2016

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^ "Court OKs application of California gun waiting period". Retrieved June 15, 2017.

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^ "Sterling Codifiers, Inc". sterlingcodifiers.com. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

^ ^a^b "Boulder City Council unanimously passes ban on assault weapons". Retrieved 2018-06-24.

^ "Sterling Codifiers, Inc". sterlingcodifiers.com. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

^ "Commissioner of Public Safety Letter to David A Cough, September 12, 2013".

^ Carry, Connecticut. "Unconcealed (Open) Carry of Pistols". ctcarry.com.

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^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Indiana: 2017 Legislative Session Adjourns". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-03.

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^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Indiana: Governor Pence Signs Pro-Gun Bill". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-03-27.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Iowa: Governor Branstad Signs the Hearing Protection Act". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-04-02.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Iowa: Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-04-14.

^ ^a^b^c Senate Bill 281: Firearm Safety Act of 2013, Maryland Legislature 2013 Regular Session. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

^ "Ban On 'Bump Stocks' Among New Gun Regulations In Maryland | WAMU". WAMU. Retrieved 2018-04-28.

^ Firearms Records Bureau v. Simkin, 466 Mass. 168 (2013)

^ "Michigan Legislature - Section 28.432". legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.

^ "Michigan Open Carry - FAQ". Michigan Open Carry, Inc.

^ "MCL 750.227". Michigan Legislature.

^ "Senate Bill 2394 (As Sent to Governor)", Mississippi Legislature, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2016.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Mississippi: Gov. Phil Bryant Signs NRA-Backed Permitless Carry Bill & Other Pro-Second Amendment Measures into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-04-16.

^ Staff, WLOX. "Gov. Bryant signs Church Protection Act". www.wdam.com. Retrieved 2016-04-16.

^ "House Bill 506" (PDF). Retrieved June 13, 2013.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Mississippi Supreme Court Rules That Enhanced Carry Permit Holders Can Carry in Courthouses". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-06-09.

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^ Mississippi Supreme Court decision: Mississippi v. Smith Archived 2013-09-03 at the Wayback Machine., State of Mississippi Judiciary. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Missourians Celebrate a Win for Self-Defense Rights on Wednesday". Retrieved 2016-09-15.

^ http://moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/02100007501.html, Missouri Revised Statutes, 21.750 Firearms legislation preemption by general assembly, exceptions--limitation on civil recovery against firearms or ammunitions manufacturers, when, exception.

^ "SAF Sues Montana over Law Barring CCW Permits for Legal Resident Aliens". Second Amendment Foundation. Retrieved June 1, 2016.

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^ Larson, Seaborn. "Judge rules in favor of Missoula ordinance requiring background checks on all gun sales". missoulian.com. Retrieved 2018-10-19.

^ Lochhead, Colton (June 11, 2015). "What Happens to Firearm 'Blue Cards' Now that State Controls Registration?". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

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^ "North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9§32.040 - Dangerous or Deadly Weapon defined". Municode.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014.

^ "SB175". Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

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^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | New Hampshire: Governor Sununu Signs Constitutional/Permitless Carry Bill Into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(a-c)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

^ New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:58-5". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | New Mexico Gun Laws". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-10-18.

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^ 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30: Criminal Offenses Article 2: Homicide, 30-2-1 through 30-2-9 Section 30-2-7: Justifiable homicide by citizen. Retrieved July 6, 2016.

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^ "Osterweil v. Bartlett. 999 N.E.2d 516". Retrieved 10 July 2016.

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^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-415.23.html

^ "CHAPTER 62.1-03 HANDGUNS" (PDF).

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Ohio: Kasich Signs Critical Self-Defense Bill Into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-12-22.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Ohio: Legislature Overrides Governor Kasich's Veto of Self-Defense Legislation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-12-29.

^ Senate Bill 1733, Oklahoma Secretary of State. Retrieved August 15, 2014.

^ Handgun purchase minimum age limit is controlled by federal law.

^ City of Portland Code, Chapter 14A.60 Weapons and Explosives.

^ City of Beaverton Charter, Chapter 5.08.240.

^ City of Tigard Municipal Code, 7.32.125.

^ Oregon City Code of Ordinances, 9.24.020.

^ Salem Revised Code, 95.095.

^ Independence Code of Ordinances, Sec. 18-231(b).

^ Multnomah County Ordinance No. 1203, 15.064.

^ "11-47-35.1". www.rilin.state.ri.us. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

^ "Gadomski v. Tavares", FindLaw. Retrieved September 6, 2015.

^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f Lexis Nexis Tennessee Code Annotated (http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/)

^ "New Tennessee law allows gun owners to keep loaded firearms in vehicle". Retrieved 2016-09-27.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Tennessee: Governor Signs Multiple Pro-Gun Bills into Law". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-04.

^ "SENATE BILL 983/HOUSE BILL 752" (PDF).

^ HB0955 (April 24, 2015) amends TCA Title 39, Chapter 17, Part 13 "HB0995 Bill Information".

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^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.

^ ^a^b^c Crow, Jack (April 12, 2018). "Vermont Governor Signs State's First Significant Gun-Control Laws". National Review. Retrieved April 13, 2018.

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^ "H.5 (Act 61): An act relating to hunting, fishing, and trapping". Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

^ "Attorney General Opinion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.

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^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Washington: NRA and SAF File Lawsuit Against City of Edmonds". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-08-11.

^ Salerno, Christina (March 7, 2014). "Legislature OKs Short-Barreled Rifles", TVW. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

^ 137 Wn.2d 533 State of Washington v. Studd; Decided 1999/04/01.

^ 150 Wn.2d 489 State of Washington v. Reynaldo Redmond; Decided 2003/12/06.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | West Virginia: Permitless Carry Went Into Effect on May 24!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-06-01.

^ "States Recognizing West Virginia Concealed Handgun Licenses". www.ago.wv.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-07.

^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | West Virginia: Attorney General Morrisey Announces Expanded Concealed Handgun Recognition". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-10-07.

^ User, Super. "46.4203 Unlawful use of weapons". www.asbar.org.

^ User, Super. "46.4221 License-Required when". www.asbar.org.

^ User, Super. "46.4229 Sales to persons without licenses-Grandfather clause". www.asbar.org.

^ "State Laws and Published Ordinances – Firearms (31st Edition: 2010 – 2011)". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Retrieved January 29, 2017.

^ "Senators make more changes to concealed carry bill | Pacific Daily News | guampdn.com". guampdn.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

^ "Governor signs 12 bills, vetoes 2". www.kuam.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15.

^ "Guam". handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

^ "Castle Doctrine bill passed, allowing residents to protect themselves". kuam.com. 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

^ ^a^b^c Bagnol, Raquel C. (September 30, 2016). "US court: $1,000 tax on handguns unconstitutional". Marianas Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2016.

^ ^a^b^c "Murphy v. Guerrero" (PDF).

^ "Northern Mariana Islands" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved August 7, 2014.

^ "Tribunal Supremo reitera constitucionalidad de la Ley de Armas" ("Supreme Court reaffirms constitutionality of the Firearms Law"), Noticel. Retrieved November 16, 2016.

External links

U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives – State Laws and Published Ordinances – Firearms (32nd Edition)

National Rifle Association – State Firearms Laws

Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence – Gun Laws by State

[1] Volokh, Eugene (2006). "State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions". UCLA School of Law. Retrieved November 23, 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[2] "New York Civil Rights – Article 2 – § 4 Right to Keep and Bear Arms". Law and Legal Research. March 30, 2010. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

[3] Liptak, Adam (June 28, 2010). "Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling", New York Times. Retrieved February 21, 2015.

[4] "U.S. Concealed Carry Reciprocity Map on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

[5] "Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997)". FindLaw. Retrieved November 23, 2011.

[6] "Printz v. United States". Stephen P. Halbrook. Retrieved March 28, 2010. Congress may not require the States to administer a federal regulatory program

[7] Kirby, Brendan (August 4, 2014). "Alabama Has One Concealed-Carry Permit Law, 67 Ways to Apply It", AL.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.

[8] "Concealed Weapons Permitting in Arizona". Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. September 30, 2016. Retrieved June 23, 2017.

[9] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Arizona: Governor Ducey Signs Legislation Protecting the Transfer of Private Property". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-02.

[ARS925-10] ARS 13-925(C); Arizona Superior Court, Maricopa County, Guidelines for Report of Psychiatrist or Psychologist in Support of Petition for Restoration of Right to Possess Firearms Pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-925 (16 June 2011): Significantly, ARS 13-925(C) places the burden of proof on the prohibited possessor (patient) at the restoration hearing to present clear and convincing psychological or psychiatric evidence in support of the petition to restore his/her right to possess a firearm. This would normally require the affidavit and/or testimony of a treating or evaluating psychiatrist or psychologist willing to affirm that the circumstances that led to the original order, adjudication or finding are no longer in effect, that the patient is not likely to act in a manner that is dangerous to public safety, and that restoring the patient's right to possess a firearm is not contrary to the public interest.

[:0-11] "Gun laws in Arkansas" (PDF).

[12] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Governor Signs NRA - Backed Personal Protection Bill in Arkansas". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-03-23.

[13] ttp://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2017/2017R/Bills/SB724.pdf

[14] "Retention of Sales & Background Check Records in California", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, October 29, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2016. "California law requires most firearm transfers to be processed through a licensed firearms dealer.... Firearms dealers are required to report all Dealer Record of Sale ("DROS") transactions to the California Department of Justice ("DOJ") electronically."

[15] "California Penal Code Section 11106", Onecle. Retrieved December 10, 2016. "(2) The registry shall consist of all of the following ... (A) The name, address, identification of, place of birth (state or country), complete telephone number, occupation, sex, description, and all legal names and aliases ever used by the owner or person being loaned the particular firearm as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale... (B) The name and address of, and other information about, any person (whether a dealer or a private party) from whom the owner acquired or the person being loaned the particular firearm and when the firearm was acquired or loaned as listed on the information provided to the department on the Dealers Record of Sale...(D) The manufacturer's name if stamped on the firearm, model name or number if stamped on the firearm, and, if applicable, the serial number, other number (if more than one serial number is stamped on the firearm), caliber, type of firearm, if the firearm is new or used, barrel length, and color of the firearm, or, if the firearm is not a handgun and does not have a serial number or any identification number or mark assigned to it, that shall be noted."

[16] ttp://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=26840.

[17] ttps://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/firearms/forms/ab991frm.pdf

[18] ttps://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=27560.&lawCode=PEN

[19] ttps://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=17000.

[20] "New Firearms Legislation". State of California - Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General. 2016-12-12. Retrieved 2017-03-03.

[21] California Penal Code section 32310-32390, Official California Legislative Information. Retrieved August 15, 2014.

[LATimesProp63-22] McGreevy, Patrick (November 8, 2016). "California Voters Approve Gun Control Measure Proposition 63". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2016.

[23] ttps://law.justia.com/codes/california/2011/pen/part-6/32310-32390/32310/

[24] ttps://law.justia.com/codes/california/2017/code-pen/part-6/title-4/division-10/chapter-5/article-1/section-32310/

[25] Federal judge blocks California ban on "large-capacity" gun magazines, Reuters, June 30, 2017

[26] Liptak, Adam (2016-06-26). "Supreme Court Turns Down Case on Carrying Guns in Public". Retrieved 2017-06-27.

[27] Ruling on Peruta v. San Diego, 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, June 9, 2016

[28] "Silvester v. Harris, CASE NO. 1:11-CV-2137 AWI SAB" (PDF). US District Court, Eastern District of California. Retrieved March 21, 2015.

[29] "Court OKs application of California gun waiting period". Retrieved June 15, 2017.

[30] "Jeff Silvester v. Attorney General Xavier Becerra (10-day waiting period lawsuit)". Retrieved February 20, 2018.

[31] "Sterling Codifiers, Inc". sterlingcodifiers.com. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

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[34] "Commissioner of Public Safety Letter to David A Cough, September 12, 2013".

[35] Carry, Connecticut. "Unconcealed (Open) Carry of Pistols". ctcarry.com.

[36] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Delaware Gun Laws". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[37] "Delaware", Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Retrieved October 4, 2015.

[38] "Ninth Circuit strikes Hawaii law that only security guards may get handgun carry permits".

[39] "Concealed Weapons Permitting Policy Summary", Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, August 28, 2013. Retrieved March 19, 2014.

[40] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Indiana: 2017 Legislative Session Adjourns". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-03.

[41] "Open Carrying in Indiana". Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2019-01-02.

[42] "Gun Guy: Police May Not Detain Armed Hoosiers to Check for Handgun License | 93.1 WIBC". 93.1 WIBC. Retrieved 2017-05-12.

[43] "Does Indiana law require me to carry my handgun on my person in a concealed or exposed manner?", Frequently Asked Questions, IN.gov. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

[44] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Indiana: Governor Pence Signs Pro-Gun Bill". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-03-27.

[45] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Iowa: Governor Branstad Signs the Hearing Protection Act". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-04-02.

[nraila-46] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Iowa: Governor Branstad Expands the Second Amendment Rights of Gun Owners Across Iowa". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-04-14.

[SB281-2013-47] Senate Bill 281: Firearm Safety Act of 2013, Maryland Legislature 2013 Regular Session. Retrieved October 9, 2013.

[48] "Ban On 'Bump Stocks' Among New Gun Regulations In Maryland | WAMU". WAMU. Retrieved 2018-04-28.

[49] Firearms Records Bureau v. Simkin, 466 Mass. 168 (2013)

[50] "Michigan Legislature - Section 28.432". legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-07.

[51] "Michigan Open Carry - FAQ". Michigan Open Carry, Inc.

[52] "MCL 750.227". Michigan Legislature.

[53] "Senate Bill 2394 (As Sent to Governor)", Mississippi Legislature, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2016.

[NRA-Self-Defence-54] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA Mississippi: Gov. Phil Bryant Signs NRA-Backed Permitless Carry Bill & Other Pro-Second Amendment Measures into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-04-16.

[55] Staff, WLOX. "Gov. Bryant signs Church Protection Act". www.wdam.com. Retrieved 2016-04-16.

[56] "House Bill 506" (PDF). Retrieved June 13, 2013.

[57] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Mississippi Supreme Court Rules That Enhanced Carry Permit Holders Can Carry in Courthouses". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-06-09.

[58] "Ward v. Colom" (PDF).

[59] "State of Mississippi Judiciary". courts.ms.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-16.

[60] Mississippi Supreme Court decision: Mississippi v. Smith Archived 2013-09-03 at the Wayback Machine., State of Mississippi Judiciary. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

[Celebrate-61] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Missourians Celebrate a Win for Self-Defense Rights on Wednesday". Retrieved 2016-09-15.

[21.750-62] ttp://moga.mo.gov/mostatutes/stathtml/02100007501.html, Missouri Revised Statutes, 21.750 Firearms legislation preemption by general assembly, exceptions--limitation on civil recovery against firearms or ammunitions manufacturers, when, exception.

[63] "SAF Sues Montana over Law Barring CCW Permits for Legal Resident Aliens". Second Amendment Foundation. Retrieved June 1, 2016.

[64] "LAWS Detailed Bill Information Page". laws.leg.mt.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-11.

[65] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Montana: Attorney General's Opinion States Missoula Background Check Ordinance is Illegal". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

[66] Larson, Seaborn. "Judge rules in favor of Missoula ordinance requiring background checks on all gun sales". missoulian.com. Retrieved 2018-10-19.

[67] Lochhead, Colton (June 11, 2015). "What Happens to Firearm 'Blue Cards' Now that State Controls Registration?". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved November 9, 2016.

[68] "North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9§32.080 - Deadly weapon prohibited in vehicle — Exceptions". Municode.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014.

[69] "North Las Vegas Municipal Ord. 9§32.040 - Dangerous or Deadly Weapon defined". Municode.com. Retrieved April 28, 2014.

[70] "SB175". Leg.state.nv.us. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

[71] "18 USC §922(b)4 - Unlawful Transfer". GPO.gov. April 1, 2012.

[72] "27 CFR §478.98 - Sales or deliveries of destructive devices and certain firearms". GPO.gov. April 1, 2012.

[73] Anderson, Ric (November 9, 2016). "Ballot Question Closing Background Check Loophole Passes in Nevada". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved November 9, 2016. The measure makes private transactions subject to the same legal requirement as purchases involving licensed dealers, for which federal background checks are necessary.

[74] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Nevada Attorney General Says Question One Background Check Law 'Unenforceable'". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-01-01.

[75] "AG Opinion" (PDF). Ag.nv.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

[76] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | New Hampshire: Governor Sununu Signs Constitutional/Permitless Carry Bill Into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-02-22.

[77] New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-1". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

[78] New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:39-3(a-c)". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

[79] New Jersey General Assembly. "N.J.S.A. 2C:58-5". Statutes of New Jersey. New Jersey.

[80] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | New Mexico Gun Laws". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-10-18.

[81] "Large Capacity Ammunition Magazines in New Mexico | Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence". lawcenter.giffords.org. Retrieved 2017-10-18.

[82] Military CCW Applicants, New Mexico Department of Public Safety, Retrieved Mar 29, 2016

[83] "New Mexico". OpenCarry.org. 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2017-10-18.

[84] Reciprocity Agreements, New Mexico Department of Safety. Retrieved August 8, 2016.

[85] 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30: Criminal Offenses Article 7: Weapons and Explosives, 30-7-1 through 30-7-22 Section 30-7-2.4: Unlawful carrying of a firearm on university premises; notice; penalty. Retrieved August 24, 2016.

[86] 2011 New Mexico Statutes Chapter 30: Criminal Offenses Article 2: Homicide, 30-2-1 through 30-2-9 Section 30-2-7: Justifiable homicide by citizen. Retrieved July 6, 2016.

[87] New Mexico Has Stand Your Ground for Certain Juries, Albuquerque Journal, July 29, 2013.

[Osterweil-88] "Osterweil v. Bartlett. 999 N.E.2d 516". Retrieved 10 July 2016.

[volokh.com-89] Kopel, David (December 31, 2010). "Victory for Firearms Preemption in New York", The Volokh Conspiracy. Retrieved August 15, 2014.

[90] "City of Buffalo, NY Firearms, Arrows and Other Weapons". ecode360.com. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

[91] "City of Rochester, NY Dangerous Articles". ecode360.com. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

[92] "City of Albany, NY Firearms and Ammunition". ecode360.com. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

[93] "2012 New York Consolidated Laws: Article 39-DDD – (898) Private Sale or Disposal of Firearms, Rifles and Shotguns". Justia Law. Retrieved 2016-02-28.

[94] "North Carolina Firearms Laws", North Carolina Department of Justice, December 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2016.

[ncga.state.nc.us-95] ttp://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-415.23.html

[96] "CHAPTER 62.1-03 HANDGUNS" (PDF).

[:1-97] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Ohio: Kasich Signs Critical Self-Defense Bill Into Law!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-12-22.

[98] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Ohio: Legislature Overrides Governor Kasich's Veto of Self-Defense Legislation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-12-29.

[99] Senate Bill 1733, Oklahoma Secretary of State. Retrieved August 15, 2014.

[FedLaw-100] Handgun purchase minimum age limit is controlled by federal law.

[Portland-101] City of Portland Code, Chapter 14A.60 Weapons and Explosives.

[Beaverton-102] City of Beaverton Charter, Chapter 5.08.240.

[Tigard-103] City of Tigard Municipal Code, 7.32.125.

[OregonCity-104] Oregon City Code of Ordinances, 9.24.020.

[Salem-105] Salem Revised Code, 95.095.

[Independence-106] Independence Code of Ordinances, Sec. 18-231(b).

[Multnomah-107] Multnomah County Ordinance No. 1203, 15.064.

[108] "11-47-35.1". www.rilin.state.ri.us. Retrieved 21 December 2017.

[109] "Gadomski v. Tavares", FindLaw. Retrieved September 6, 2015.

[TCA-110] Lexis Nexis Tennessee Code Annotated (http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode/)

[111] "New Tennessee law allows gun owners to keep loaded firearms in vehicle". Retrieved 2016-09-27.

[112] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Tennessee: Governor Signs Multiple Pro-Gun Bills into Law". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-04.

[113] "SENATE BILL 983/HOUSE BILL 752" (PDF).

[HB0995-114] HB0955 (April 24, 2015) amends TCA Title 39, Chapter 17, Part 13 "HB0995 Bill Information".

[115] "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.

[116] "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.

[NR_2018-117] Crow, Jack (April 12, 2018). "Vermont Governor Signs State's First Significant Gun-Control Laws". National Review. Retrieved April 13, 2018.

[118] Bidgood, Jess (2018-03-30). "Vermont Legislature Passes Sweeping Gun Restrictions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-04-02.

[119] "H.5 (Act 61): An act relating to hunting, fishing, and trapping". Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.

[120] "Attorney General Opinion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24.

[121] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Washington: NRA and SAF File Lawsuit Against City of Seattle". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-08-11.

[122] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Washington: NRA and SAF File Lawsuit Against City of Edmonds". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2018-08-11.

[123] Salerno, Christina (March 7, 2014). "Legislature OKs Short-Barreled Rifles", TVW. Retrieved August 16, 2014.

[124] 137 Wn.2d 533 State of Washington v. Studd; Decided 1999/04/01.

[125] 150 Wn.2d 489 State of Washington v. Reynaldo Redmond; Decided 2003/12/06.

[126] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | West Virginia: Permitless Carry Went Into Effect on May 24!". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-06-01.

[127] "States Recognizing West Virginia Concealed Handgun Licenses". www.ago.wv.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-07.

[128] NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | West Virginia: Attorney General Morrisey Announces Expanded Concealed Handgun Recognition". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2016-10-07.

[auto2-129] User, Super. "46.4203 Unlawful use of weapons". www.asbar.org.

[130] User, Super. "46.4221 License-Required when". www.asbar.org.

[131] User, Super. "46.4229 Sales to persons without licenses-Grandfather clause". www.asbar.org.

[132] "State Laws and Published Ordinances – Firearms (31st Edition: 2010 – 2011)". Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. Retrieved January 29, 2017.

[guampdn2-133] "Senators make more changes to concealed carry bill | Pacific Daily News | guampdn.com". guampdn.com. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

[134] "Governor signs 12 bills, vetoes 2". www.kuam.com. Retrieved 2016-03-15.

[Handgunlaw-135] "Guam". handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

[kuam-136] "Castle Doctrine bill passed, allowing residents to protect themselves". kuam.com. 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-05-12.

[MV30sept2016-137] Bagnol, Raquel C. (September 30, 2016). "US court: $1,000 tax on handguns unconstitutional". Marianas Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2016.

[mvg-138] "Murphy v. Guerrero" (PDF).

[handgunlaw-139] "Northern Mariana Islands" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved August 7, 2014.

[justicia-140] "Tribunal Supremo reitera constitucionalidad de la Ley de Armas" ("Supreme Court reaffirms constitutionality of the Firearms Law"), Noticel. Retrieved November 16, 2016.

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