麗齒獸亞目














 

如何讀生物分類框
麗齒獸亞目
化石時期： 二疊紀中期到晚期

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狼蜥獸重建圖
狼蜥獸重建圖


保护状况

化石


科學分類


































界：
动物界 Animalia
門：
脊索动物门 Chordata

亞門：
 脊椎动物亚门 Vertebrata


羊膜動物 Amniota
綱：
合弓綱 Synapsida
目：
獸孔目 Therapsida

亞目：
麗齒獸亞目 Gorgonopsia
Seeley, 1895
科：
麗齒獸科 Gorgonopsidae
Lydekker, 1890


亞科


  • 麗齒獸亞科 Gorgonopsinae

  • 狼蜥獸亞科 Inostranceviinae

  • Rubidgeinae亞科



麗齒獸亞目（Gorgonopsia）又譯蛇髮女妖獸亞目，是合弓綱獸孔目的一個亞目。雖然合弓綱最初被認為是爬行動物的一個亞綱。在近年的親緣分支分類法上，合弓綱包括其後代哺乳類。麗齒獸亞目的屬名意為「蛇髮女妖面孔」，以希臘神話的蛇髮女妖為名。




目录






  • 1 特徵


  • 2 演化史


  • 3 分類


  • 4 參考資料





特徵


麗齒獸類通常被認為是似哺乳爬行動物，但因為許多類似哺乳類的特徵，只有少數類似爬行動物的特徵，牠們更常被認為是類似爬行動物的哺乳類。麗齒獸類的類似哺乳類特徵包括：特化的牙齒形狀（異齒型）、完全發展的顳顬孔、直立的後肢、具有耳骨。麗齒獸類屬於獸孔目中較特化的獸齒類。麗齒獸類是二疊紀晚期的最大型肉食性動物之一。目前已知最大型的屬是狼蜥獸（Inostrancevia），身長接近4.5公尺，頭骨有45公分長，刀刃狀的牙齒有12公分長，應該是肉食性的演化結果。目前仍不確定麗齒獸類是否擁有皮毛、鱗片、或皮膚。



演化史


麗齒獸類、犬齒獸類、以及犬齒獸類的哺乳類後代，都屬於獸孔目中的獸齒類。麗齒獸類是二疊紀中期的獸孔類動物演化而來。早期麗齒獸類的體型不大於狗。二疊紀中期的優勢動物恐頭獸類的滅亡，使麗齒獸類在二疊紀晚期成為優勢掠食動物。在二疊紀晚期，許多麗齒獸類發展到大型狗或牛的大小，有些成長至犀牛的大小，例如最大型的麗齒獸類狼蜥獸（Inostrancevia）。麗齒獸類在二疊紀-三疊紀滅絕事件時滅亡，是唯一在這是滅絕事件滅亡的獸齒類演化支。



分類


麗齒獸亞目是獸齒類的三個主要演化支之一，另兩個是獸頭亞目與犬齒獸亞目。獸齒類與草食性的二齒獸類有接近親緣關係。麗齒獸類通常包括三個亞科：麗齒獸亞科、狼蜥獸亞科、Rubidgeinae亞科，還有許多未分類到以上三個亞科的屬。其中最著名的是麗齒獸、狼蜥獸、Rubidgea。


目前最廣泛的麗齒獸類研究是由Denise Sigogneau-Russell在1989年所寫。然而，到目前還沒有詳細的親緣分支分類法研究。





雷塞獸





麗齒獸





熊面獸





狼蜥獸



  • 獸齒類 Therapsida


  • 麗齒獸亞目 GORGONOPSIA

    • 麗齒獸科 Gorgonopsidae


      • 貓頜獸 Aelurognathus


      • 貓龍獸 Aelurosaurus


      • 狐龍獸 Aloposaurus


      • 熊頜獸 Arctognathus


      • 熊面獸 Arctops


      • 布魯姆頭獸 Broomisaurus

      • Cephalicustroidus

      • Cerdorhinus

      • Clelandina


      • 犬龍獸 Cyonosaurus


      • 恐蛇髮女妖獸 Dinogorgon


      • 始熊面獸 Eoarctops


      • 鼩鱷獸 Galesuchus


      • 麗齒獸 Gorgonops


      • 獅頭獸 Leontocephalus


      • 雷塞獸 Lycaenops

      • Paragalerhinus

      • Scylacognathus

      • Sycosaurus

      • Viatkogorgon


      • 蛇髮女妖獸亞科 Gorgonopsinae


        • 蜥熊獸 Sauroctonus

        • Scylacops




      • Rubidgeinae亞科


        • 布魯姆頭獸 Broomicephalus

        • Niuksenitia

        • Prorubidgea

        • Rubidgea




      • 狼蜥獸亞科 Inostranceviinae

        • Pravoslavleria


        • 狼蜥獸 Inostrancevia








參考資料



  • Robert T. Bakker (1986), The Dinosaur Heresies, Kensington Publishing Corp.

  • Cox, B. and Savage, R.J.G. and Gardiner, B. and Harrison, C. and Palmer, D. (1988) The Marshall illustrated encyclopedia of dinosaurs & prehistoric animals, 2nd Edition, Marshall Publishing

  • Carol Lane Fenton and Mildred Adams Fenton (1958) The Fossil Book, Doubleday Publishing

  • Hore, P.M. (2005), The Dinosaur Age, Issue #18. National Dinosaur Museum

  • Denise Sigogneau-Russell, 1989, "Theriodontia I - Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia" Part 17 B I, Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York

  • Peter Ward (2004), Gorgon, Viking Penguin


  • Gebauer (2007), Phylogeny and Evolution of the Gorgonopsia with a Special Reference to the Skull and Skeleton of GPIT/RE/7113 (‘Aelurognathus?’ parringtoni). Ph.D. Dissertation, Tübingen University.[失效連結]




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