Guatemalan Americans

Guatemalan Americans

Total population
1,416,175 (2016)[1] 0.44% of the U.S. population (2016)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Southern California, South Florida, Houston, San Francisco Bay Area
Languages
American English, Guatemalan Spanish, Mayan languages
Religion
Evangelical Christianity, Roman Catholic, Indigenous beliefs

Hispanic and Latino Americans
National origin groups Argentine Americans Bolivian Americans Brazilian Americans Chilean Americans Colombian Americans Costa Rican Americans Cuban Americans Dominican Americans Ecuadorian Americans Guatemalan Americans Honduran Americans Mexican Americans Nicaraguan Americans Panamanian Americans Paraguayan Americans Peruvian Americans Puerto Ricans (stateside) Salvadoran Americans Spanish Americanss Uruguayan Americans Venezuelan Americans
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Organizations Association of Hispanic Arts Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference LULAC MALDEF MEChA NALEO NALFO National Council of La Raza National Hispanic Institute RNHA SHPE UFW USHCC
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v t e

Guatemalan Americans (Spanish: guatemalteco-americanos, norteamericanos de origen guatemalteco or estadounidenses de origen guatemalteco) are Americans of full or partial Guatemalan descent. The Guatemalan American population at the 2010 Census was 1,044,209. Guatemalans are the sixth largest Latino group in the United States and the second largest Central American population after Salvadorans. Half of the Guatemalan population is situated in two parts of the country, the Northeast and Southern California.

Contents

• 
  1 History of Guatemalans in the United States
  


• 
  2 Immigration
  


• 
  3 Cultural
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Guatemalan Mayas and Ladinos
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Religion
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Socioeconomic Mobility
  


• 
  5 Demographics
  
  
  
  • 
    5.1 Distribution by State
    
  
  
  • 
    5.2 Cities with largest Guatemalan population
    
  
  
  • 
    5.3 US communities with largest population of people of Guatemalan ancestry
    
  
  
  • 
    5.4 US communities with high percentages of people of Guatemalan ancestry
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  6 Notable people
  


• 
  7 References
  

History of Guatemalans in the United States

Main article: History of Guatemalan migrants in the United States

Guatemalans have migrated to the USA since the 1930s and 1940s. Along with other Central Americans they first arrived by way of Mexico and settled in urban areas like Los Angeles, Chicago, New Orleans, Houston, New York City, Oakland, San Francisco, Maryland, Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia.

The large influx of Guatemalans into United States, however, occurred starting in the 1970s and 1980s, peaking in the 1990s due to the Guatemalan Civil War. Tens of thousands of Guatemalan refugees moved into the United States via Mexico; these refugees were both documented and undocumented. The Guatemalan Civil War ended in 1996. After September 11, 2001, new laws were enacted in Mexico limiting immigration visas and introduced other measures on the southern Mexican border through Plan Sur, a binational treaty with the Guatemalan government. There were 430,000 undocumented Guatemalans by 2008. 71% of Guatemalan immigrants are undocumented. Of all Hispanics in the United States, those of Guatemalan origin are 50%^[2]

Immigration

During the 1950s, there were 45,000 documented immigrants from Central America. In the 1960s, this number more than doubled to 100,000. In the decade after, it increased to 134,000. 26,000 of these immigrants were Guatemalan.^[3] Following the 1950s, Guatemala had been full of unrest with military wars, civil wars, and a thirty six year long guerrilla war. These wars have produced over 200,000 deaths as well as the displacement of nearly one million refugees. In 1996, the Guatemalan government signed a peace accord. Thus, ending the war; however, the war did not end for many Guatemalans who had to live alongside those who inflicted violence throughout their country.

During the Cold War, many Guatemalans immigrated to the United States due to the lack of stability from US intervention. Consequently, many Guatemalans received Temporary Protected Status during that time period. These same Guatemalans lost that status following the war's completion.^[2]

Migration from Central America had always been below 50,000. However, in 1970, the census had counted 113,913 Central American immigrants. 17,536 of those immigrants were of Guatemalan descent. This was a dramatic increase from the 5,381 count from the decade prior.^[4] The 1970s was when the United States experienced a high increase of Guatemalans. According to the 1970 census, there were 17,356 Guatemalans. This is a stark increase considering that there were only 5,381 Guatemalans when the 1960 census was taken.^[4] Immigration to the United States from Guatemala truly increased in 1977 with a total of 3,599. This was an 82% increase since the year prior.^[4] At large, this can be accounted for the lack of stability within Guatemala’s agricultural economy. For many Guatemalans, the agricultural economy was the job market for those impoverished. This market was not enough to sustain Guatemalans at the time. The unemployment rate was 25% and the poverty rate was at 84%^[4] In the 1970s, Guatemala experienced a culmination of factors that decreased their ability to uplift themselves from poverty. The infant mortality rate of from 1970-1973 in Guatemala was around 82%.^[4] These circumstances included an increasing unemployment rate as well as decreasing wages and opportunities in the rural sector. In 1976, they experienced an earthquake that left many homeless. These factors combined with the general violence caused many Guatemalans to look toward internal, intraregional, and international migration throughout the 1970s and 1980s. When fleeing conflict, many Guatemalans sought refuge in Mexico. For many, Mexico was just another check point within their journeys. In 1982, Mexico experienced economic crisis which had made it difficult for many Guatemalans to sustain themselves. This helps explain the increase of Guatemalans entering the United States throughout the 1980s.^[3] Many indigenous Guatemalan workers, in Mexico, were recruited to work with companies within the United States. Many of these workers were already workers at Central American assembly plants. Therefore, the skills were transferrable to plants in the US. As a result, many moved to Los Angeles during the 1970s.^[3] Unemployment increased from 25% in the 1970s to over 40% in the 1980s. Rural poverty was at 84% and urban poverty was at 47%. This was difficult for many impoverished Guatemalans because many were reliant on the agricultural economy as their job market.^[5]

During the 1980s were many revolutions led by the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca (URNG), the Guatemalan government responded with military action- which largely included genocide of 150,000 civilians during 1981 to 1983. Ultimately, this formed a ripple effect which called for displacement and migration to both Mexico and the United States for many Guatemalans and Mayas.^[5] Mass migration from Guatemala occurred during the 1980s; as a result, changing the relationship with the United States. This time period Guatemala was experiencing high levels of poverty along with social and political unrest.^[5] Guatemalans sought refuge during the 1980s due to civil war and economic devastation. However, at the time, they were not granted asylum. Despite, this female asylees have been able to receive asylum since then. Femicide has become more prevalent in Guatemala. In this manner, many United States courts have been granting asylum due to the increase in femicide in Guatemala.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed in the United States in the year of 1986. Following IRCA, most documented Guatemalan Americans were able to receive legal admission through the petitioning of family members already in the United States. Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) disadvantaged incoming Guatemalan immigrants because it allowed for documentation to those who entered prior to 1982; however, Guatemalan immigration largely took part following 1982.

In 1997, immigration was further limited for Guatemalans through the Nicaraguan and Central American Relief Act. This act allowed Central American asylees to be documented in the United States but called for deportation for those undocumented. At the time, many of those people were Guatemalan Americans.^[2] Deportation of undocumented immigrants have consequences of socioeconomic mobility within Guatemala. Households in Guatemala that receive money from Guatemalans in the United States are able to pull themselves into a better economic standing. Whereas, households who lose that money receive downward mobility.^[6]

Cultural

Guatemalan Mayas and Ladinos

Guatemalan Americans are a very culturally diverse group of people, included about 23 distinct ethnic groups, whose languages are different, although maintain unique cultural traditions. The groups are, in majority, Maya. The Ladino are a different group that speak Spanish language and have the Spanish culture. So, Guatemalan Americans are a multicultural community. This reason is why the assimilation processes, traditional beliefs, and customs vary differently between groups.

Immigrant Maya American communities have preserved their ethnic customs. The Guatemalans of European descent (most of Spanish ancestries) often mixed with other U.S. Hispanic groups. However, it is unknown the transmission of cultural traditions Guatemalans of immigrants to their descendants by lack of studies, not knowing anything about their descendants.

Some traditions have remained in most neighborhoods of Guatemalan immigrants, especially in Los Angeles, Houston, and southern Florida, sections in that the Guatemalan traditions are being transformed, and lost due to American acculturation. Some Guatemalan traditions are the celebration of Quinceañeras, the formation of soccer leagues, and the Organization de las Fiestas de la Patronal (Organization of Patronal Parties).^[7]

There are one million Maya Natives in the United States- largely from both Mexico and Guatemala. Despite this, the United States fails to recognize Maya Natives as refugees from Guatemala despite the political and social conditions that produce the need for immigration.^[8] Mayas are at the bottom of the social stratum in Guatemala. This can be accounted by racism within Guatemalan along with the vulnerability that is produced during migration to the United States through Mexico.^[6]

Maya Indian Organizations in the United States^[8]

Organization	Location
Corn Maya Organization	Jupiter, Florida
Guatemalan Maya Center	Lake Worth, Florida
Summer Language Program	Los Angeles, California
Maya Vision	Los Angeles, California

Religion

The difference with Guatemalans in the US from other Latinos is that a large percentage of Guatemalans are Evangelical Protestants. Guatemala had seen a rise of Protestant and Evangelist churches in the late 20th century, although the majority of Guatemalans are Roman Catholics.

According to the national census in 2006, Protestants constituted about 30% of the population in Guatemala, the majority are from rural indigenous communities. Guatemalan-Americans are a contributor to the rise of Hispanic Protestants in the USA during the 2000s.

Socioeconomic Mobility

Compared to the U.S. Hispanic population and U.S. population in total, Guatemalans are found to have significantly lower levels of educational attainment across the population. They are less likely than U.S. born citizens to earn a bachelor's degree, with only 9% of Guatemalans age 25 or older having received one in 2013.^[9] Despite this, studies demonstrate that Guatemalan Americans have one of the highest levels of participation within the work force. 31% of those Guatemalan Americans work within the service sector.^[10]

Demographics

Half of the Guatemalan population is situated in two parts of the country, the Northeast and Southern California. A combined population of 267,335 resides in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties.

The Northeast megalopolis, extending from Northern Virginia to north of Boston is home to a population of 257,729 Guatemalans. Cities such as Langley Park, Maryland, Trenton, New Jersey, Stamford, Connecticut, Providence, Rhode Island, and Lynn, Massachusetts have significant concentrations of Guatemalans along the corridor.

Distribution by State

State/Territory	Guatemalan Population[11]	Percent
Alabama	14,282	0.3%
Alaska	508	0.1%
Arizona	13,426	0.2%
Arkansas	4,533	0.2%
California	332,737	0.9%
Colorado	7,488	0.1%
Connecticut	16,715	0.5%
Delaware	5,202	0.6%
District of Columbia	2,635	0.4%
Florida	83,882	0.4%
Georgia	36,874	0.4%
Hawaii	565	0.0%
Idaho	1,168	0.1%
Illinois	35,321	0.3%
Indiana	5,933	0.1%
Iowa	4,917	0.2%
Kansas	5,538	0.2%
Kentucky	5,231	0.1%
Louisiana	6,660	0.1%
Maine	457	0.0%
Maryland	34,491	0.6%
Massachusetts	32,812	0.5%
Michigan	8,428	0.1%
Minnesota	6,754	0.1%
Mississippi	2,978	0.1%
Missouri	6,610	0.1%
Montana	200	0.0%
Nebraska	8,616	0.5%
Nevada	13,407	0.5%
New Hampshire	743	0.1%
New Jersey	48,869	0.6%
New Mexico	2,386	0.1%
New York	73,806	0.4%
North Carolina	20,206	0.2%
North Dakota	134	0.0%
Ohio	8,680	0.1%
Oklahoma	7,960	0.2%
Oregon	7,703	0.2%
Pennsylvania	11,462	0.1%
Rhode Island	18,852	1.8%
South Carolina	8,883	0.2%
South Dakota	1,620	0.2%
Tennessee	14,323	0.2%
Texas	66,244	0.3%
Utah	6,877	0.2%
Vermont	215	0.0%
Virginia	33,556	0.4%
Washington	9,520	0.1%
West Virginia	347	0.0%
Wisconsin	3,037	0.1%
Wyoming	418	0.1%
Total US Guatemalan Population	1,044,209	0.3%

Cities with largest Guatemalan population

The largest population of Guatemalans are situated in the following areas (Source: Census 2010):

1. 
   Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA - 231,304


2. 
   New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA - 101,257


3. 
   Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA - 52,421


4. 
   Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA - 47,699


5. 
   Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA - 38,147


6. 
   San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA MSA - 37,700


7. 
   Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA - 33,573


8. 
   Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA - 28,726


9. 
   Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA - 27,571


10. 
    Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA - 22,241


11. 
    Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA MSA - 21,540


12. 
    Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA - 14,978


13. 
    Bridgeport-Stamford-Norwalk, CT MSA - 12,754


14. 
    Trenton-Ewing, NJ MSA - 12,548


15. 
    Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ MSA - 11,702


16. 
    Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA - 10,460


17. 
    Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA - 8,114


18. 
    San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA MSA - 7,305


19. 
    Baltimore-Towson, MD MSA - 6,512


20. 
    Port St. Lucie, FL MSA - 6,269

US communities with largest population of people of Guatemalan ancestry

The top 25 US communities with the highest populations of Guatemalans (Source: Census 2010)

1. 
   Los Angeles – 138,139


2. 
   New York City – 30,420


3. 
   Houston, Texas – 25,205


4. 
   Chicago – 17,973


5. 
   Providence, Rhode Island – 11,930


6. 
   Trenton, New Jersey – 8,691


7. 
   Stamford, Connecticut – 7,707


8. 
   Phoenix, Arizona – 6,722


9. 
   San Francisco, California – 6,154


10. 
    San Rafael, California – 5,895


11. 
    Lynn, Massachusetts – 5,715


12. 
    Oakland, California – 5,223


13. 
    Long Beach, California – 5,134


14. 
    Langley Park, Maryland – 5,029


15. 
    Boston, Massachusetts – 4,451


16. 
    Lake Worth, Florida – 4,432


17. 
    Plainfield, New Jersey – 4,302


18. 
    Oklahoma City, Oklahoma – 4,256


19. 
    Dallas, Texas – 4,238


20. 
    Miami, Florida – 4,135


21. 
    West Palm Beach, Florida – 3,897


22. 
    Hawthorne, California – 3,669


23. 
    Palmdale, California – 3,618


24. 
    Inglewood, California – 3,593


25. 
    Las Vegas, Nevada – 3,592

US communities with high percentages of people of Guatemalan ancestry

The top 25 US communities with the highest percentages of Guatemalans as a percent of total population (Source: Census 2010)

1. 
   Marydel, Maryland – 42.55%


2. 
   Brewster, New York – 38.16%


3. 
   Indiantown, Florida – 37.15%


4. 
   Templeville, Maryland – 31.88%


5. 
   Georgetown, Delaware – 31.86%


6. 
   Chamblee, Georgia – 30.89%


7. 
   Henderson, Maryland – 29.45%


8. 
   Langley Park, Maryland – 26.81%


9. 
   Ellijay, Georgia – 19.39%


10. 
    Tice, Florida – 18.66%


11. 
    Collinsville, Alabama – 18.51%


12. 
    East Ellijay, Georgia – 18.31%


13. 
    Mount Kisco, New York – 16.38%


14. 
    Fairview, New Jersey – 15.84%


15. 
    Schuyler, Nebraska – 13.99%


16. 
    Saluda, South Carolina – 13.74%


17. 
    Central Falls, Rhode Island – 13.28%


18. 
    Greenport, New York – 13.06%


19. 
    Carthage, Missouri – 12.80%


20. 
    Lake Worth, Florida – 12.70%


21. 
    Quioque, New York – 12.62%


22. 
    Stacy Street, Florida – 12.59%


23. 
    Modest Town, Virginia – 11.41%


24. 
    Trion, Georgia – 10.84%


25. 
    Monterey, Tennessee – 10.77%

Notable people

Oscar Isaac performing at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, February 2015.

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v t e

Luis E. Arreaga – American diplomat and United States Ambassador in Guatemala and Iceland.

Luis von Ahn – Entrepreneur and an associate professor in the Computer Science Department at Carnegie Mellon University

Aston Matthews – American hip hop artist from Los Angeles, California.

Luis Beza – American trumpet player for third-wave ska band Suburban Legends.

David Campos – Guatemalan-American attorney and member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors representing District 9.

David Estrada (boxer) – of Guatemalan descent.

Francisco Goldman – American novelist, journalist, and Allen K. Smith Professor of Literature and Creative Writing. He is son of a Guatemalan Catholic mother and Jewish-American father.^[12]

Ted Hendricks – Guatemalan born, former American football linebacker who logged 15 seasons for the Baltimore Colts (1969–73), the Green Bay Packers (1974) and the Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders (1975–83) in the National Football League.

Oscar Isaac – Guatemalan born American raised^[13] actor and singer.

Tania Lopez – Guatemalan-American journalist. Reporter at Newsday, New York.

Ed Lopez – American Republican Party activist and National Vice Chairman of the Republican Liberty Caucus. He is of Guatemalan descent.^[14]

Manny Marroquin – Grammy winning mixing engineer. Guatemalan born, his family moved to Los Angeles when he was nine due to the Guatemalan Civil War.^[15]

Benito Martinez (actor) – American actor most known for his role as police captain (later city councilman) David Aceveda in the television series The Shield

Rubio Rubin – American soccer player of Guatemalan and Mexican descent.^[16][17]

AraabMuzik – American hip hop record producer of Dominican and Guatemalan descent.^[18]

Lorena Pinot – American recording artist and songwriter.

KC Porter – American record producer, songwriter, musician and singer

Bridget Powers – American hardcore pornographic actress.

Pam Rodriguez – American glamour model of Guatemalan and Puerto Rican descent.^[19]

Devorah Rose – Guatemalan/Venezuelan American socialite

Juana Samayoa – Guatemalan-American actress and television presenter.

Estuardo Sanchez – American soccer player who currently plays for Los Angeles Misioneros in the Premier Development League.

Gadi Schwartz – NBC News Correspondent ^[20]

Willie Sims (footballer) – Guatemalan born, American raised footballer

Ryan Spilborghs – American professional baseball outfielder in the Texas Rangers organization.

Matias de Tezanos – co-Founder and CEO of PeopleFund

Héctor Tobar – Los Angeles author and journalist.

Norma Torres – Politician. She is Guatemalan born but American raised.

David Unger (author) – Guatemalan-American author and translator.

Edio Garcia

Daphne Zuniga – American actress (Melrose Place, One Tree Hill and Spaceballs). Her father was originally from Guatemala.^[21]

Anthony Gonzalez (actor) – American actor.

References

1. 
   ^ ^ab US Census Bureau 2016 American Community Survey B03001 1-Year Estimates HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN retrieved September 14, 2017.
   


2. 
   ^ ^abc Massey, Douglas S.; Pren, Karen A. (2012). "Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Policy: Explaining the Post-1965 Surge from Latin America". Population and Development Review. 38 (1): 1–29. JSTOR 41857355..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


3. 
   ^ ^abc Hamilton, Nora; Chinchilla, Nora (2001). Seeking Global Community in a Global City: Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   


4. 
   ^ ^abcde Foxen, Patricia; Rodman, Debra H. (2012). "GUATEMALANS IN NEW ENGLAND: TRANSNATIONAL COMMUNITIES THROUGH TIME AND SPACE". Practicing Anthropology. 34 (1): 17–21. JSTOR 24781903.
   


5. 
   ^ ^abc Jonas, S.; Rodriguez, N. (1982). Guatemala-U.S. Migration: Transforming REgions. University of Texas Press.
   


6. 
   ^ ^ab "ProQuest Ebook Central". ebookcentral.proquest.com. Retrieved 2018-03-07.
   


7. 
   ^ "Guatemalan Americans - History, Immigration to the united states, Settlement patterns". www.everyculture.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
   


8. 
   ^ ^ab Davis, Shelton H. (2012). "SUPPORTING MAYA HOME TOWN ASSOCIATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES". Practicing Anthropology. 34 (1): 45–48. JSTOR 24781909.
   


9. 
   ^ Gustavo, López. "Hispanics of Guatemalan Origin in the United States". Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project.
   


10. 
    ^ National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials (U.S.) and Tomas River Policy Institute (1997). Constructing the Los Angeles Area Latino Mosaic: A Demographic Portrait of Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Claremont, CA: Tomas River Policy Institute and NALEO Educational Fund.
    


11. 
    ^ "QT-P10 - Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
    


12. 
    ^ Jaggi, Maya (February 2, 2008). "A life in writing: Francisco Goldman". The Guardian. London.
    


13. 
    ^ Madeleine Marr: Miami actor Oscar Isaac rule 'Robin Hood'. The Miami Herald, May 16, 2010, retrieved April 16, 2011
    


14. 
    ^ Language of Lopez Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine.
    


15. 
    ^ Daley, Dan. "Manny Marroquin". Sound on Sound. May 2005. Retrieved February 10, 2007
    


16. 
    ^ "For Rubio Rubin, It's All About the Red, White & Blue". Brian Sciaretta. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
    


17. 
    ^ "Getting to Know: U.S. U-17 MNT Forward Rubio Rubin". ussoccer.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015.<
    


18. 
    ^ "AraabMUZIK". Schedule.sxsw.com. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
    


19. 
    ^ "Pam Rodriguez interview". Open Your Eyes Magazine. 2008-06-11. Archived from the original on 2009-12-24. Retrieved 2009-12-24.
    


20. 
    ^ "GADI SCHWARTZ". 11 July 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
    


21. 
    ^ "Daphne Zuniga displays snob appeal in 'Spaceballs'". Chicago Sun-Times. June 28, 1987.
    

v t e Hispanic and Latino American groups in the United States
Caribbean	Cuban Dominican Puerto Rican Nuyorican
North American1	Hispano Californio Nuevomexicano Tejano Creoles of Louisiana Isleño Mexican Chicano Indigenous Mexican Punjabi
Central American	Costa Rican Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian Salvadoran
South American	Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan
European	Spanish Asturian Basque Catalan Canarian Galician Jews
Racial groups	All groups Amerindian Asian Punjabi Black White Multiracial Quadroon Castizo "Cholo" Mestizo Mulatto Pardo Zambo
Languages	American English Chicano New Mexico New York Latino Spanish New Mexican Spanish Spanglish Portuguese
Ethnic and religious groups	Christians Garifuna Jews Muslims
Related ethnic groups	Belizean Filipino Guyanese Haitian Portuguese Surinamese
Notes 1 Mexicans and descendants of Spanish and Mexicans settlers in the modern United States.

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