Rheumatism

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Rheumatism
Synonyms	Rheumatic disease
Specialty	Rheumatology

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorder is an umbrella term for conditions causing
chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints and/or connective tissue.
The study of, and therapeutic interventions in, such disorders is called rheumatology.^[1]
The term "rheumatism", however, does not designate any specific disorder, but covers at least 200 different conditions.^[2]

Sources dealing with rheumatism tend to focus on arthritis,^{[citation needed]} but "rheumatism" may also refer to other conditions causing chronic pain, grouped as "non-articular rheumatism", also known as "regional pain syndrome" or "soft tissue rheumatism".^[3] The term "Rheumatic Diseases" is used in MeSH to refer to connective tissue disorders.^[4]

Contents

• 
  1 Types
  


• 
  2 Treatment
  


• 
  3 History
  


• 
  4 See also
  


• 
  5 References
  


• 
  6 Further reading
  


• 
  7 External links
  

Types

Many rheumatic disorders of chronic, intermittent joint pain have historically been caused by infectious diseases. Their etiology was unknown until the 20th century and not treatable, like Lyme disease (in the Northern and Northeastern US), coccidiomycosis or Valley fever (in the Western US), and Chikungunya in India and a myriad of causes for postinfectious arthritis also known as reactive arthritis like, for example, the once very common rheumatic fever after Group A Streptococcus infection up to the rare Whipple's disease.

Major rheumatic disorders currently recognized^{[according to whom?]} include

• Back pain


• 
  Bursitis/Tendinitis of the shoulder, wrist, biceps, leg, knee cap (patella), ankle, hip, and Achilles tendon


• Capsulitis


• Neck pain


• Osteoarthritis


• 
  Palindromic rheumatism has been theorized to be a form of rheumatoid arthritis.^[5]
  

Although these disorders probably have little in common in terms of their epidemiology, they do share three characteristics: they cause chronic, often intermittent pain, they are difficult to treat and are collectively very common.

Rheumatic diseases caused by autoimmunity include:

• Ankylosing spondylitis


• 
  relapsing polychondritis^[6]
  


• systemic lupus erythematosus


• rheumatoid arthritis


• 
  gout, inflammatory arthritis, pseudogout
  


• juvenile arthritis


• Sjögren syndrome


• scleroderma


• Polymyositis


• Dermatomyositis


• Behçet's disease


• 
  Psoriatic arthritis^[7]
  

Treatment

A vast number of traditional herbal remedies have been recommended for "rheumatism".^[8] Modern medicine, both conventional and alternative, recognises that the different rheumatic disorders have different causes (and several of them have multiple causes) and require different kinds of treatment.

Nevertheless, initial therapy of the major rheumatological diseases is with analgesics, such as paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), members of which are ibuprofen and naproxen. Often, stronger analgesics are required.

The ancient Greeks recorded that bee venom had some beneficial effects on some types of rheumatism. Bee and ant stings were known as a folk remedy in the late 19th century, and at least one physician developed a treatment consisting of repeated formic acid injections.^[9] Certain Amazonian tribes, including the Zo'é, use fire ant stings as a remedy for aches and pains.^[10]

Cod liver oil has also been used as a remedy.

Neem Tree Oil according to East Indian cultures has also been used as a remedy.^[11]

History

The term rheumatism stems from the Late Latin rheumatismus, ultimately from Greek ῥευματίζομαι "to suffer from a flux", with rheum meaning bodily fluids, i.e. any discharge of blood or bodily fluid. In the Gospel of Mark 5:25 ῥύσις, from the same root, is used for "flow of (menstrual) blood", translated as "issue" in the King James Version of the Bible.

Before the 17th century, the joint pain which was thought to be caused by viscous humours seeping into the joints was always referred to as gout, a word adopted in Middle English from Old French gote "a drop; the gout, rheumatism", not to be confused with the present day specific term referring to excess of uric acid.^{[citation needed]}

The English term rheumatism in the current sense has been in use since the late 17th century, as it was believed that chronic joint pain was caused by excessive flow of rheum which means bodily fluids into a joint.^[12]

See also

• Corbett's electrostatic machine

References

1. 
   ^ "rheumatism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
   
   


2. 
   ^ N. Altorok, S. Nada, V. Nagaraja, B. Kahaleh (2016). Medical Epigenetics, Chapter 17 - Epigenetics in Bone and Joint Disorders. Boston: Academic Press. pp. 295–314. ISBN 978-0-12-803239-8.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


3. 
   ^ "eMedicine - Nonarticular Rheumatism/Regional Pain Syndrome : Article by Daniel Muller".
   


4. 
   ^ Rheumatic+Diseases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
   


5. 
   ^ Salvador G, Gomez A, Vinas O, et al. (August 2003). "Prevalence and clinical significance of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and antikeratin antibodies in palindromic rheumatism. An abortive form of rheumatoid arthritis?". Rheumatology (Oxford). 42 (8): 972–5. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg268. PMID 12730510.
   


6. 
   ^ Puéchal, X; Terrier, B; Mouthon, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Guillevin, L; Le Jeunne, C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis". Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 81 (2): 118–24. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001. PMID 24556284.
   


7. 
   ^ Janeways: "immunology"
   


8. 
   ^ Vogl, S; Picker, P; Mihaly-Bison, J; Fakhrudin, N; Atanasov, AG; Heiss, EH; Wawrosch, C; Reznicek, G; Dirsch, VM; Saukel, J; Kopp, B (2013). "Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 149 (3): 750–71. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PMC 3791396. PMID 23770053.
   


9. 
   ^ "British Bee Journal & Bee-keepers Adviser". 13 August 2018 – via Google Books.
   


10. 
    ^ Isolated: The Zo'é tribe (documentary)
    


11. 
    ^ Isha Foundation
    


12. 
    ^ Barnhart, Robert K., ed., Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology, H.W. Wilson Co., 1988. Quote "The meaning of a disease of the joints is first recorded in 1688, because rheumatism was thought to be caused by an excessive flow of rheum into a joint thereby stretching ligaments"
    

Further reading

• 
  The Rheumatology Handbook (WSPC 2012)
  ISBN 978-1-84816-320-1
  

External links

Classification	D ICD-10: M79.0 ICD-9-CM: 729.0 MeSH: D012216

• American College of Rheumatology


• EULAR - The European League Against Rheumatism


• Cloudy with a Chance of Pain - A smartphone-based study.


• 
  National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases - US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

v t e Soft tissue disorders / Rheumatism / Connective tissue arthropathy (M65–M79, 725–728)
Capsular joint	Synoviopathy Synovitis/Tenosynovitis Calcific tendinitis Stenosing tenosynovitis Trigger finger De Quervain's syndrome Transient synovitis Ganglion cyst osteochondromatosis Synovial osteochondromatosis Plica syndrome villonodular synovitis Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath Bursopathy Bursitis Olecranon Prepatellar Trochanteric Subacromial Achilles Retrocalcaneal Ischial Iliopsoas Synovial cyst Baker's cyst Calcific bursitis
Noncapsular joint	Ligamentopathy Ligamentous laxity Hypermobility Enthesopathy/Enthesitis/Tendinopathy .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} upper limb Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder Impingement syndrome Rotator cuff tear Golfer's elbow Tennis elbow lower limb Iliotibial band syndrome Patellar tendinitis Achilles tendinitis Calcaneal spur Metatarsalgia Bone spur other/general: Tendinitis/Tendinosis
Nonjoint	Fasciopathy Fasciitis: Plantar Nodular Necrotizing Eosinophilic Fibromatosis/contracture Dupuytren's contracture Plantar fibromatosis Aggressive fibromatosis Knuckle pads

Authority control	GND: 4049836-0 NDL: 00569901

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