古柯




古柯（英语：coca），在古柯科古柯屬下四種植物的通稱，原產於南美洲。在阿根廷，秘魯，玻利維亞，烏拉圭，哥倫比亞等國家中，這是重要的經濟作物，也是一種傳統藥草，在印加帝國文化中佔有重要地位。古柯葉子中富含生物鹼成份，其中包含咖啡因與古柯鹼等。因為它是製作古柯鹼的主要原料，因此其種植常是非法的。


古柯葉子中的古柯鹼含量，只有0.25%至0.77%之間，含量很低。要經過數道提煉程序後，才能被純化，製成古柯鹼。一般嚼食古柯葉，或是飲用古柯茶，不會出現毒性反應，或造成生理上的問題。從1885年開始，可口可樂的配方中，就包含了古柯葉的抽取物。在大約1929年前後，可口可樂在加入古柯葉添加物之前，會先移除其中的古柯鹼成份。




目录






  • 1 概論


  • 2 分類


  • 3 文化


  • 4 註釋





概論



分類


有四種植物被泛稱為古柯，同屬於古柯屬，包括：




  • 古柯樹（Erythroxylum coca）

    • 玻利維亞古柯，又稱瓦努科古柯，學名Erythroxylum coca var. coca

    • 亞馬遜古柯，學名Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu




  • 新格拉那達古柯（英语：Erythroxylum novogranatense）（Erythroxylum novogranatense）

    • 哥倫比亞古柯，學名Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense

    • 特魯希略古柯，學名Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense





文化


許多安第斯土著將古柯葉，當成草藥，用於醫療目的。[1]



註釋





  1. ^ Substances that produce addiction 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期October 26, 2006，. – University of Buenos Aires （西班牙文）.









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