Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi






































Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi

Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi.jpg
Borujerdi, late 1950s

Title Grand Ayatollah
Personal
Born
(1875-03-23)March 23, 1875

Boroujerd, Iran
Died March 30, 1961(1961-03-30) (aged 86)

Qom, Iran
Ethnicity Iranian
Era Modern history
Creed
Usuli Twelver Shia Islam
Main interest(s) Usool Fiqh
Senior posting

Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi (Luri/Persian:آیت الله العظمی سید حسین طباطبایی بروجردی, transcript Ayatollah al-azmi Seyyed Hossein(e) Tabatabai(ye) Borujerdi) March 1875 – 30 March 1961) was an Iranian Shia Marja' and the leading Marja in Iran from roughly 1947 to his death in 1961.[1]




Contents






  • 1 Life


    • 1.1 Family


    • 1.2 Children




  • 2 Education and academic specialties


  • 3 Tenure as Ayatollah and Marja


    • 3.1 Efforts toward Islamic unity


    • 3.2 Permission for narrating Hadith


    • 3.3 Teaching Method


    • 3.4 Books


      • 3.4.1 Arabic books


      • 3.4.2 Persian Books




    • 3.5 Popular students


    • 3.6 Political leanings




  • 4 Moral Virtues


    • 4.1 Charitable Works




  • 5 Death


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





Life


Borujerdi was born in March 1875 in the city of Borujerd in Lorestan Province in Iran, hence the surname. His family traced its lineage 30 generations to Hassan ibn Ali the grand son of the Prophet Muhammad.[2]
His father Sayyid Ali Tabataba'i was a religious scholar in Borujerd and his mother, Sayyidah Agha Beygum, was the daughter of Sayyid Mohammad Ali Tabataba'i.



Family


He had two sons and three daughters from his first wife all but one of whom died in childhood. The one who survived, died due to a difficult birthing two years after marriage.


He had two sons and two daughters from his second wife (the daughter of Hajj Muhammad Ja'far Roughani Isfahani).


His third wife was his cousin, the daughter of Sayyid ‘Abd al-Wahid Tabataba'i.[3]



Children



  • One of his sons, Sayyid Muhammad Hasan Tabataba'i Burujirdi was born in 1925 in Burujird; he was in charge of writing the official verdicts of his father. He died in 1977 in Qom.

  • Sayyid Ahmad Tabataba'i was born in 1937 in Burujird and died in Qom at the age of 19.

  • Agha Fatemeh Ahmadi Tabataba'i, his older daughter and the wife of Sayyid Ja'far Ahmadi. She died in 1993 at the age of 80.

  • Agha Sakina Ahmadi, his second daughter was born in 1933 and was the wife of Sayyid Muhammad Husayn ‘Alawi Tabataba'i.[4]



Education and academic specialties


After entering elementary school at the age of seven, Sayyid Husayn's father realized his talent for learning and sent him to Nurbakhsh seminary in Borujerd.
At the age of 11 he began his education at the theological schools of his city, under his father Sayed Ali. Then in 1310 (1892–93) he went to the theological school of Isfahan to continue his education. In the ten years that he studied in Isfahan he completed his sutuh studies and was also granted the level of Ijtihad from his teachers, and began teaching Usul. Around the age of 30 Burujerdi moved from Isfahan to the theological seminary of Najaf, Iraq to continue his education.
[5]


In his youth, Borujerdi studied under a number of Shia masters of fiqh such as Mohammad-Kazem Khorasani and Aqa Zia Iraqi, and specialized in fiqh. He studied the fiqahat of all the Islamic schools of thought, not just his own, along with the science of rijal. Though he is known for citing Masumeen to support many of his deductions, Borujerdi is known for elucidating many aspects himself and is an influential fiqh jurist in his own right. He has had a strong influence on Islamic scholars like Morteza Motahhari and Hussein-Ali Montazeri.



Tenure as Ayatollah and Marja


Borujerdi revived the hawza of Qom in 1945 (1364 AH), which had waned after the death in 1937 of its founder, Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi. When Sayyid Abul Hasan Isfahani died the following year, the majority of Shi'a accepted Ayatullah Borujerdi as Marja'. Scholar Roy Mottahedeh reports that Borujerdi was the sole marja "in the Shia world" from 1945-6 until his death in 1961.[6]



Efforts toward Islamic unity


Borujerdi was the first Marja to look beyond Iraq and Iran. He sent Sayyid Muhaqqiqi to Hamburg, Germany, Aqa-e-Shari'at to Karachi, Pakistan, Al-Faqihi to Medina and Musa al-Sadr to Lebanon.


He established cordial relations with Mahmud Shaltut, the grand Shaykh of al-Azhar Mosque. Together, the two scholars established the "House for Bringing Muslim Sects Nearer" in Cairo. Shaltut issued a famous fatwa accepting the Shi'a faith as one of the recognised sects of Islam.



Permission for narrating Hadith


He was authorized as a Mujtahid by his outstanding teachers: Akhund Khurasani, Shaykh al-Shari'ah Isfahani and Sayyid Abu al-Qasim Dihkurdi. He was also given the permission of narrating Hadith by Akhund Khurasani, Shaykh al-Shari'ah Isfahani, Shaykh Muhammad Taqi Isfahani known as Aqa Najafi Isfahani, Sayyid Abu al-Qasim Dihkurdi, Agha Buzurg Tihrani and 'Alam al-Huda Malayiri.[7]



Teaching Method


He used a simple language in his lessons and avoided unnecessary extra discussions. Like early Shi'a 'ulama such as Shaykh al-Mufid and Sayyid Murtada, Shaykh al-Tusi, Shaykh Tabarsi and Allamah Bahr al-'Ulum, he had a comprehensive knowledge of different Islamic studies. He also studied jurisprudential verdicts of Shi'a and Sunni faqihs of the past.
He had a unique method in ‘Ilm al-rijal by studying the chain of narrators of hadiths in the Four Books independently from narrations. Through this method, he made great contributions to later researches.[8]



Books



Arabic books


Jami' ahadith al-shi'a (31 vol)
Sirat al-nijat
Tartib asanid man la yahduruh al-faqih



  1. Tartib Rijal asanid man la yahduruh al-faqih

  2. Tartib asanid amali al-saduq

  3. Tartib asanid al-Khisal

  4. Tartib asanid 'ilal al-sharayi'

  5. Tartib asanid tahdhib al-ahkam

  6. Tartib rijal asanid al-tahdhib

  7. Tartib asanid thawab al-a'mal wa 'iqab al-a'mal

  8. Tartib asanid 'idah kutub

  9. Tartib rijal al-Tusi

  10. Tartib asanid rijal al-kashshi

  11. Tartib asanid rijal al-najjashi

  12. Tartib rijal al-fihristayan

  13. Buyut al-shi'a

  14. Hashiyah 'ala rijal al-najjashi

  15. Hashiyah 'ala 'umdat al-talib fi ansab al abi talib

  16. Hashiyah 'ala manhaj al-maqal

  17. Hashiyah 'ala wasa'il al-shi'a

  18. Al-mahdi (a) fi kutub ahl al-sunnah

  19. Al-athar al-manzumah

  20. Hashiyah 'ala majma' al-masa'l

  21. Majma' al-furu'

  22. Hashiyah 'ala tabsirah al-muta'allimin

  23. Anis al-muqalladin[9]



Persian Books



  1. Tudih al-manasik

  2. Tudih al-masa'l

  3. Manasik haj[10]



Popular students



  • Imam Khomeini

  • Sayyid Muhammad Rida Gulpayigani

  • Hossein Vahid Khorasani

  • Husayan ‘ali Muntaziri

  • Sayed Ali Khamenei

  • Sayyid Ali al-Sistani

  • Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani

  • ‘ali Safi Gulpayigani

  • Muhammad Fadil Lankarani

  • Dr. Seyed Ali Mirlohi Falavarjani

  • Sayyid Musa Shubiyri Zanjani


[11]



Political leanings


Unlike many clergy and temporal rulers, Borujerdi and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, are said to have had cordial and mutually beneficial relations, starting with a visit by the Shah to Borujerdi's hospital room in 1944. Borujerdi is said to have generally remained aloof from politics and given the Shah his "tacit support," while the Shah did not follow his father's harsh anti-clericalism (for example he exempted clergy from military service), and until Borujerdi's death occasionally visited the cleric.[12]


Borujerdi's belief in quietism, or silence of state matters, extended to keeping silent in public on such issues as Israel's treatment of the Palestinians, the overthrow of Mohammad Mosaddegh and the end of his campaign to nationalize and control the British-owned oil industry in Iran, and the Baghdad Pact alliance with the US and UK.[13] It is thought that as a reward for this support the Shah ensured more religious instruction in state schools, tightened control of cinemas and other offensive secular entertainment during Moharram.


Ayatollah Borujerdi passively opposed the Pahlavi regime's agrarian reforms, which he called "agrarian destruction."[14] In his view, the confiscations of large concentrations of landholdings of aristocrats and clergy by the Pahlavi shahs disrupted the fabric of rural life and eroded religious institutions.


Ruhollah Khomeini, who would lead the Iranian people's revolution in 1979, was a pupil of Borujerdi and Borujerdi forbade him to take part in political activities, a ban which only ended with Borujerdi's death.



Moral Virtues


He was a sincere believer. Whenever he was praised by others for his contributions to Shi'a community, he would say: "purify your acts from hypocrisy, for the watcher (God) is very sharp-sighted."


He never abandoned education and acquisition of knowledge until the last moments of his life. He used to say, "I never get tired of studying, rather when I get tired, I get relaxed by studying."


He would tolerate disrespectful behaviors of his critics and forgave them. This was one of the reasons made him a unique religious leader.


In the last days of his life, Professor Muris (French physician) came from Paris to visit him for his health issues. Before he visited Professor Muris, he asked for a comb to tidy his beard first. His friends told him it was not necessary since he was sick, but he answered, “I am the religious leader of Shi'a and it is not acceptable that I visit a non-Muslim with untidy look."


In regards with some superstitious customs in the mourning ceremonies of Imam Husayn(a), he was not afraid of what people would say and he declared his opposition frankly.


Ayatollah Burujirdi vowed not to become angry, otherwise he would fast for one year.



Charitable Works


According to Martyr Motahhari, Ayatollah Burujirdi was eager to establish schools with religious management and doing so, the new generation would become religious and knowledgeable. He thus spent a considerable amount of religious tax for establishing such schools.


Because of the World War II, the price of food went up in Burujerd and people were living in hardship. He invited famous people and businessmen to his house and asked them to help the needy with money. He himself spent much of his property for this purpose.


The city of Burujerd lacked electricity, but by the order of Ayatollah Burujirdi and the help of some religious people, they constructed a power plant.


Under his directorship, many political and social changes happened in administration of seminaries and also publication of religious books.


Under his leadership, many religious scholars were sent to other cities and countries to preach religious beliefs and to fulfill religious needs of people.


Many charitable and religious organizations were built at his time; some of those are as follows: ‘A'zam Mosque in the holy Shrine of Lady Ma'sumah in Qom, Baghdad Mosque, a hospital in Najaf, Neku'i hospital in Qom, Islamic Centre Hamburg, Germany.



Death


Borujerdi died in Qom on March 30, 1961.[15] The Shah proclaimed three days of mourning and attended a memorial service in his honor.[16]



See also



  • Ruhollah Khomeini

  • Marja'

  • List of Islamic studies scholars



References





  1. ^ Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran, One World, Oxford, 1985, 2000, p.231


  2. ^ Davvani, Ali. مفاخر اسلام [Mafakhir Islam] (in Persian). 12. pp. 69–95..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  3. ^ Davvani, Ali. مفاخر اسلام [Mafakhir Islam] (in Persian). 12. p. 538.


  4. ^ Davvani, Ali. مفاخر اسلام [Mafakhir Islam] (in Persian). 12. pp. 538–540.


  5. ^ Algar, Hamid (1989). "BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ". Archived from the original on 2014-05-17.


  6. ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.231


  7. ^ Davvani, Ali. مفاخر اسلام [Mafakhir Islam] (in Persian). 12. p. 177.


  8. ^ Hawza. 43: 3–4–5. Missing or empty |title= (help)


  9. ^ Noor-e-Elm (in Persian). 12: 87–88. Missing or empty |title= (help)


  10. ^ Noor-e-Elm (in Persian). 12: 89. Missing or empty |title= (help)


  11. ^ سیر مبارزات امام خمینی به روایت ساواک [Seir e mobarezat e imam khomeini be revayat e savak] (in Persian). 1. p. 45. and http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2130/bio


  12. ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.230


  13. ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.237-8


  14. ^ Sayyid Husain Borujirdi


  15. ^ "Bourjerdi dies in Iran," The New York Times, March 31, 1961, p. 27.


  16. ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.240




External links


  • Biography of Borujerdi












Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Information security

Image
This article is part of a series on Information security Related security categories Internet security Cyberwarfare Computer security Mobile security Network security Threats Computer crime Vulnerability Eavesdropping Malware Spyware Ransomware Trojans Viruses Worms Rootkits Bootkits Keyloggers Screen scrapers Exploits Backdoors Logic bombs Payloads Denial of service Defenses Computer access control Application security Antivirus software Secure coding Secure by default Secure by design Secure operating systems Authentication Multi-factor authentication Authorization Data-centric security Encryption Firewall Intrusion detection system Mobile secure gateway Runtime application self-protection (RASP) v t e Information security , sometimes shortened to InfoSec , is the practice of preventing unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction of information. Th...
Read more

Lambak Kiri

Image
For Lambak Kiri public housing area, see Lambak Kiri Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme. Village in Brunei-Muara, Brunei Lambak Kiri Village Location in Brunei Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Coordinates: 4°59′26″N 114°57′04″E  /  4.990472°N 114.951114°E  / 4.990472; 114.951114 Country Brunei District Brunei-Muara Mukim Berakas A Government  • Village head Hamdani Omar Postcode BB1214 Lambak Kiri is a populated place in Brunei-Muara District, Brunei. It is officially a village subdivision under Berakas A, a mukim in the district. Lambak Kiri may also refer to the greater area which includes the Lambak Kiri public housing area of the Landless Indigenous Citizens' Housing Scheme (Malay: Skim Tanah Kurnia Rakyat Jati ), although the latter is a separate subdivision. Contents 1 Name 2 Administration 3 See also 4 References Name ...
Read more

章鱼与海女图

Image
本条目 可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充 。 （2014/5/25） 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记 {{Translated page}} 标签。 本条目 需要擴充。 （2013年8月15日） 请協助改善这篇條目，更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 《 章鱼与海女 》（日语： 蛸と海女 ／ たことあま   Tako to ama ）是一幅由日本畫家葛饰北斋创作的浮世绘，出自1814年（文化4年）出版的艳本《喜能会之故真通》（日语： 喜能会之故真通 ／ きのえのこまつ   Kinoe no Komatsu ）。畫中有兩隻章鱼以觸手攻擊一名採珠的海女，並進行擬似戀獸癖的交媾行為。作品尺寸为6½" × 8¾" （16.51 cm × 22.23 cm）。 [1] 在此之前的类似作品还有北尾重政的艳本《謡曲色番組》及勝川春潮的艳本《艳本千夜多女志》等，有被北斋作为参考的可能性。 《章鱼与海女图》有不同英文翻译，一般称The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife，又作Girl Diver and Octopi、Diver and Two Octopi，Richard Douglas Lane称其为 Girl Diver and Octopi [2] ，Mathi Forrer 称其为 Pearl Diver and Two Octopi [3] ，Danielle Talerico 称其为 Diver and Two Octopi 。 [4] 目录 1 作品介绍 1.1 画中对话 1.2 解释 2 评价 3 影响 3.1 模仿作品 4 另见 5 参考来源 6 外部連結 作品介绍 画中对话 原文 译文 大蛸： いつぞハいつぞハとねらいすましてゐたかいがあつて、けふといふけふ、とうとうとらまへたア。てもむつくりとしたいいぼぼだ。いもよりハなをこうぶつだ。サアサア、すつてすつてすいつくして...
Read more