Cumberland

This article is about the historic county of Cumberland in England. For other uses, see Cumberland (disambiguation).

Cumberland
Flag
Area
• 1831	969,490 acres (3,923.4 km2)1831 Census cited in Vision of Britain – Ancient county data
• 1911	973,086 acres (3,937.94 km2)
• 1961	973,146 acres (3,938.18 km2)
Population
• 1911	265,746 Vision of Britain – Cumberland population (density and area)
• 1961	294,303
Density
• 1911	0.27/acre
• 1961	0.3/acre
History
• Origin	Historic
• Created	12th Century
• Abolished	1974
• Succeeded by	Cumbria
Status	Administrative county (1889–1974) Ceremonial county (until 1974)
Chapman code	CUL
Government	Cumberland County Council (1889–1974)
• HQ	Carlisle
Subdivisions
• Type	Wards (ancient)

Cumberland (/ˈkʌmbərlənd/ KUM-bər-lənd) is a historic county of North West England that had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974. It was bordered by Northumberland to the east, County Durham to the southeast, Westmorland and Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish counties of Dumfriesshire and Roxburghshire to the north. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1914) and now forms part of Cumbria.

Contents

• 
  1 Early history
  


• 
  2 Boundaries and subdivisions
  
  
  
  • 
    2.1 Division into wards
    
  
  
  • 
    2.2 Ward of Cumberland
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  3 Local government from the 19th century
  
  
  
  • 
    3.1 Poor law and municipal reform
    
  
  
  • 
    3.2 Local boards and sanitary districts
    
  
  
  • 
    3.3 Local government acts of 1888 and 1894
    
  
  
  • 
    3.4 Reform in 1934
    
  
  
  
  


• 
  4 Legacy
  


• 
  5 Surnames
  


• 
  6 See also
  


• 
  7 References
  


• 
  8 Further reading
  


• 
  9 External links
  

Early history

The first record of the term "Cumberland" appears in 945, when the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that the area was ceded to Malcolm I by King Edmund of England. As with Cymru, the native Welsh name for Wales, the names Cumberland and Cumbria are derived from *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant "compatriots".^[1][2] At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 most of the future county remained part of Scotland although some villages in the ancient district of Millom, which were the possessions of the Earl of Northumbria, were included in the Yorkshire section with the Furness region.^[3]

In 1092 King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf Meschyn. In 1133 Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese, largely identical with the area of the earldom. However, on the death of King Henry I in 1135, the area was regained by Scotland's King David I. He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war. In 1157 Henry II of England resumed possession of the area from Malcolm IV of Scots, and formed two new counties from the former earldom: Westmorland and "Carliol" although Westmorland also included areas the former Honour or Earldom of Lancaster. The lead and silver-mining area of Alston, previously associated with the Liberty of Tynedale was later also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons.^[4] By 1177 the county of Carliol was known as Cumberland.^[5] The border between England and Scotland was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237.

Boundaries and subdivisions

Map of Cumberland showing wards, 1824

The boundaries formed in the 12th century did not change substantially over the county's existence. It bordered four English counties and two Scottish counties. These were Northumberland and County Durham to the east; Westmorland to the south, the Furness part of Lancashire to the southwest; Dumfriesshire to the north and Roxburghshire to the northeast.

To the west the county was bounded by the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea. The northern boundary was formed by the Solway Estuary and the border with Scotland running east to Scotch Knowe at Kershope Burn. The boundary ran south from Scotch Knowe along the Cheviot Hills, then followed a tributary of the River Irthing and crossed Denton Fell to the River Tees. From Tees Head the boundary crossed the Pennines to descend Crowdundale Beck, from where it followed the rivers Eden and Eamont to the centre of Ullswater. The line then followed the Glencoin Beck to the top of the Helvellyn ridge, thence to Wrynose Pass and along the River Duddon to the sea near Millom.

The highest point of the county was Scafell Pike, at 3,208 feet (978 m) the highest mountain in England. Carlisle was the county town.

Division into wards

The Earldom of Carlisle was divided into baronies, but on the creation of the county these were replaced by wards. These took the place of hundreds found in most other English counties, and originated in military subdivisions organised for the defence of the county from incursions by Scottish troops.^[6] Each ward was composed of a number of parishes, areas originally formed for ecclesiastical administration. In common with other counties of northern England, many parishes in Cumberland were very large, often consisting of a number of distinct townships and hamlets. Many of these subdivisions were eventually to become civil parishes and form the lowest level of local government.
The wards and their constituent parishes in 1821 were:^[7]

Ward	Parishes	Notes
Allerdale above Derwent
	Arlecdon
	Beckermet St John	Included part of township of Calder & Beckermet or Calderbridge
	Beckermet St Bridget	Included townships of Ennerdale & Kinniside, Eskdale & Wasdale
	Bootle
	Brigham	Included townships of Blindbothel, Buttermere, Cockermouth, Eaglesfield, Embleton, Greysouthen, Mosser, Setmurthey, Whinfell
	Cleator
	Corney
	Crosthwaite (part)	Included township of Borrowdale
	Dean
	Drigg and Carlton
	Egremont
	Gosforth	Included township of Bolton
	Haile
	Harrington
	Irton with Santon	Included township of Santon & Murthwaite
	Lamplugh	Included townships of Kelton & Winder, Murton
	Lorton	Included townships of Brackenthwaite, Wythop
	Loweswater
	Millom	Included hamlet of Birker with Austhwaite, township of Ulpha
	Moresby	Included township of Parton
	Muncaster
	Ponsonby	Included part of township of Calder & Beckermet or Calderbridge
	St Bees	Include townships of Hensingham, Lowside Quarter, Netherwasdale, Preston Quarter, Rottington, Sandwith, Wheddicarr, Whitehaven
	Waberthwaite
	Whicham
	Whitbeck
	Workington	Included townships of Great Clifton, Little Clifton, Stainburn, Winscales
Allerdale below Derwent	Allhallows
	Aspatria	Including townships of Hayton & Mealo, Oughterside & Allerby
	Bassenthwaite
	Bolton	Including townships of Bolton Gate, Bolton Wood & Quarry Hill, Bolton Lowside, Isel Old Park, Sunderland
	Bridekirk	Including townships of Dovenby, Great Broughton, Little Broughton
	Bromfield (part)	Including townships of Allonby, Langrigg & Mealrigg, Papcastle, Tallentire, Westnewton
	Caldbeck (part)
	Cammerton	Including township of Seaton
	Crosscanonby	Including townships of Birkby & Canonby, Blennerhasset & Kirkland, Crosby, Maryport
	Crosthwaite (part)	Included townships of Castlerigg St John's & Wythburn, Keswick, Ribton, Underskiddaw
	Dearham	Including township of Ellenborough & Ewanrigg
	Flimby
	Gilcrux
	Holme Cultram	Including townships of Abbey Quarter (or Holme Abbey), Holme East Waver Quarter, Holme St Cuthbert's Quarter, Holme Low Quarter
	Ireby	Including townships of High Ireby, Low Ireby
	Isel	Including township of Blindcrake and Redmain
	Plumbland
	Torpenhow	Including townships of Bewaldeth and Snittlegarth, Bothel & Thrupland
	Uldale
	West Ward
Cumberland	Aikton
	Beaumont
	Bowness	Included townships of Anthorn, Drumburg, Fingland
	Bromfield (part)	Included townships of Blencogo, Dundraw
	Burgh by Sands
	Carlisle, St Mary's (part)*	Townships of Caldewgate Quarter, Cummersdale Quarter, Wreay
	Carlisle St Mary Within*	Included township of Rickergate Quarter
	Carlisle St Cuthbert's Within*
	Carlisle St Cuthbert's Without*
	Dalston
	Eaglesfield Abbey*
	Grinsdale
	Kirkandrews upon Eden
	Kirkbampton
	Kirkbride
	Orton	Included township of Baldwinholme
	Rockcliffe
	Sebergham	Low and High Quarters
	Thursby
	Warwick
	Wetheral
	Wigton	Included townships of Oulton Water, Waverton High & Low, Woodside Quarter
Eskdale
	Arthuret	Included townships of Braconhill, Lineside, Longtown, Netherby
	Bewcastle
	Brampton
	Castlecarrock
	Crosby	High & Low
	Cumrew	Outside and Inside
	Cumwhitton	Included township of Northsceugh
	East Farlam
	Hayton	Included townships of Little Crosby, Fenton & Faugh, Talkin
	Irthington	Included townships of Kingwater, Laversdale, Newby, Newtown
	Kingmoor (hamlet)	Extra-parochial liberty belonging to the Corporation of Carlisle
	Kirkandrews upon Esk	Included townships of Kirkandrews Moat, Kirkandrews Nether Quarter, Kirkandrews Upper Quarter, Nichol Forest
	Kirklinton	Included townships of Hethersgill, Westlinton (or Levington)
	Lanercost	Included townships of Askerton, Burtholme & Banks, Lineside
	Nether Denton
	Scaleby	East and West
	Stanwix
	Stapleton	Included townships of Belbank, Solport Quarter, Trough
	Upper Denton
	Walton	High and Low
	West Farlam
Leath
	Addingham	Included townships of Gamblesby, Glassonby, Hunsonby & Winskill
	Ainstable and Rushcroft
	Alston with Garrigill	Included the Chapelry of Garrigill
	Caldbeck (part)	Township of Mosedale
	Carlisle, St Mary's (part)	Township of Middlesceugh & Braithwaite
	Castle Sowerby
	Croglin
	Dacre
	Edenhall	Included township of Langwathby
	Great Salkeld
	Greystoke	Included townships of Berrier & Murrah, Bowscale, Hutton John, Hutton Roof, Hutton Soil, Matterdale, Mungrisdale, Threlkeld, Watermillock
	Hesket in the Forest
	Hutton in the Forest
	Kirkland	Included townships of Culgaith, Kirkland & Blencarn
	Kirkoswald	Included township of Staffield
	Lazonby	Included township of Plumpton Wall
	Melmerby
	Newton Reigny	Included township of Catterlen
	Ousby
	Penrith
	Renwick
	Skirwith

• Parts or all of these parishes and townships constituted the City of Carlisle, and were largely outside the jurisdiction of Cumberland Ward.

Ward of Cumberland

The ward of Cumberland was one of the ancient divisions of the historic county of Cumberland, England. In most other counties these divisions were called hundreds or Wapentakes.

The ward included Carlisle and Wigton and took in parts of Inglewood Forest. It was bounded on the north and east by Eskdale Ward, on the south by Leath Ward and the west by Allerdale-below-Derwent Ward.

The parish of Stanwix just to the north of Carlisle was partly in both Eskdale and Cumberland wards.

Local government from the 19th century

During the 19th century a series of reforms reshaped the local government of the county, creating a system of districts with directly-elected councils.

Poor law and municipal reform

Map of Cumberland in 1845 showing poor law unions and parliamentary divisions

The first changes concerned the administration of the poor law, which was carried at parish level. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 provided for the grouping of parishes into poor law unions, each with a central workhouse and an elected board of guardians. Cumberland was divided into nine unions: Alston with Garrigill, Bootle, Brampton, Carlisle, Cockermouth, Longtown, Penrith, Whitehaven and Wigton.

In the following year the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 was passed, reforming boroughs and cities in England and Wales as municipal boroughs with a uniform constitution. The corporation of the City of Carlisle was accordingly remodelled with a popularly elected council consisting of a mayor, aldermen and councillors.

Local boards and sanitary districts

Outside of municipal boroughs, there was no effective local government until the 1840s. In response to poor sanitary conditions and outbreaks of cholera, the Public Health Act 1848 and the Local Government Act 1858 allowed for the formation of local boards of health in populous areas. Local boards were responsible inter alia for water supply, drainage, sewerage, paving and cleansing. Eleven local boards were initially formed at Brampton, Cleator Moor, Cockermouth, Egremont, Holme Cultram, Keswick, Maryport, Millom, Penrith, Whitehaven, Wigton and Workington.

Further reform under the Public Health Act 1875 saw the creation of sanitary districts throughout England and Wales. The existing municipal boroughs and local boards became "urban sanitary districts", while "rural sanitary districts" were formed from the remaining areas of the poor law unions.

Three more local boards were formed: Arlecdon and Frizington in 1882, Harrington in 1891 and Aspatria in 1892. In addition Workington and Whitehaven received charters of incorporation to become municipal boroughs in 1883 and 1894 respectively.

Local government acts of 1888 and 1894

Main article: Cumberland County Council, England

In 1889, under the Local Government Act 1888, the Cumberland County Council was created as the county council for Cumberland, taking over administrative functions from the Court of Quarter Sessions. The Local Government Act 1894 reconstituted the existing sanitary districts as urban districts and rural districts, each with an elected council.

The Act of 1888 also allowed any municipal borough with a population of 50,000 people or more to become a "county borough", independent of county council control. In 1914, Carlisle successfully applied for this status, ceasing to form part of the administrative county, although remaining within Cumberland for the purposes such as Lieutenancy and shrievalty.

Reform in 1934

The Local Government Act 1929 imposed the duty on county councils of reviewing the districts within their administrative county so as to form more efficient units of local government. In general, this meant the merging of small or lightly populated areas into larger units. A review was carried in Cumberland in 1934. The following table lists the urban and rural districts before and after the changes.

District 1894–1934	District 1934–1974
Alston with Garrigill RD
Arlecdon & Frizington UD	Part of Ennerdale RD
Aspatria UD	Absorbed by Wigton RD
Bootle RD	Part of Millom RD
Brampton RD	Part of Border RD
Carlisle RD	Part of Border RD
Cleator Moor UD	Part of Ennerdale RD
Cockermouth RD
Cockermouth UD
Egremont UD	Part of Ennerdale RD
Harrington UD	Absorbed by Workington MB
Holme Cultram UD	Absorbed by Wigton RD
Keswick UD
Longtown RD	Part of Border RD
Maryport UD
Penrith RD
Penrith UD
Whitehaven RD	Part of Ennerdale RD

The distribution of population in 1971 was as follows:1971 Census; Small Area Statistics

District	Population
County Borough of Carlisle	71,580
Cockermouth Urban District	6,366
Keswick Urban District	5,184
Maryport Urban District	11,612
Penrith Urban District	11,308
Municipal Borough of Whitehaven	26,721
Municipal Borough of Workington	28,431
Alston with Garrigill Rural District	1,917
Border Rural District	29,267
Cockermouth Rural District	21,520
Ennerdale Rural District	30,983
Millom Rural District	14,088
Penrith Rural District	11,380
Wigton Rural District	21,830

In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county and county borough were abolished and their former area was combined with Westmorland and parts of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The area from Cumberland went on to form the districts of Carlisle, Allerdale, Copeland and part of Eden.^[8]

Legacy

The flag of Cumberland, adopted in 2012

The name continues in use as a geographical and cultural term, and it survives in Cumberland sausages; HMS Cumberland; Cumberland County Cricket Club; the Cumberland Fell Runners Club; the Cumberland Athletics Club; and various organisations and companies, such as the local newspapers The Cumberland News, and The West Cumberland Times and Star, and the Cumberland Building Society.

In June 1994, during the 1990s UK local government reform, the Local Government Commission published draft recommendations, suggesting as one option a North Cumbria unitary authority (also including Appleby, the historic county town of Westmorland). It also suggested that Cumberland could be reinstated as an independent ceremonial county. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, apparently due to lack of expression of support for the proposal to the commission.

As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Grass-of-Parnassus as the county flower. Parnassus flowers had been associated with the county since 1951, when they were included in the coat of arms granted to the Cumberland County Council. They subsequently featured in the arms granted to Cumbria County Council and Copeland Borough Council, in both cases to represent Cumberland.

In 2012, a flag based on the arms of the former Cumberland County Council was registered as the flag of Cumberland with the Flag Institute.

One of America's Founding Fathers Thomas Nelson Jr originated in Cumberland.

Surnames

Most common surnames in Cumberland at the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1881,^[9] by order of incidence:

1. Graham


2. Bell


3. Wilson


4. Thompson


5. Armstrong


6. Smith


7. Robinson


8. Hodgson


9. Johnston


10. Brown

See also

• 
  Cumberland portal
  

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Cumberland.

• List of Lord Lieutenants for Cumberland


• List of High Sheriffs for Cumberland


• 
  Custos Rotulorum of Cumberland - Keepers of the Rolls


• List of MPs for Cumberland constituency


• 
  Broughan (Cumberland surname)

References

1. 
   ^ "Cymric". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 25 September 2010..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
   


2. 
   ^ Davies, John (2007) [1990]. A History of Wales. Penguin Books. pp. 68–69.
   


3. 
   ^ Barrow, G W S (2006). The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Century, 2nd edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1803-1.
   


4. 
   ^ Carlisle Diocese: History and Description in "CCEd, the Clergy of the Church of England database" (Accessed online, 2 February 2014)
   


5. 
   ^ Marr, J E (1910). Cambridge County Geographies: Cumberland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   


6. 
   ^ W L Warren (1984). "The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency: The Prothero Lecture". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th Ser. 34. JSTOR 3679128.
   


7. 
   ^ Youngs, Frederic A, Jr. (1991). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.2: Northern England. London: Royal Historical Society. pp. 648–649. ISBN 0-86193-127-0.
   Whillier, Thomas (1825). A General Directory to all the Counties, Hundreds, Ridings, Wapentakes, Divisions, Cities, Boroughs, Liberties, Parishes, Townships, Tythings, Hamlets, Precincts, Chapelries &c. &c. in England. London: Joseph Butterworth & Son. pp. 28–31.
   


8. 
   ^ Local government in England and Wales: A Guide to the New System. London: HMSO. 1974. ISBN 0-11-750847-0.
   


9. 
   ^ Most Common Surnames in Cumberland
   

Further reading

• 
  Cumberland Heritage by Molly Lefebure (Chapters include Camden, Briathwaite, Millbeck, Fellwalkers, Carlisle Canal, Armboth, John Peel (farmer) and the Blencathra), with endpaper maps of old Cumberland.Detail taken from a copy of Cumberland Heritage published by Victor Gollancz, London in 1970 with an ISBN of 0 575 00376 6

External links

• CUMBERLAND, England – History and Description, 1868


• 
  Map of Cumberland on Wikishire
  

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